Outbreak of Salmonellosis Caused by Salmonella enterica Serovar Newport MDR‐AmpC in a Large Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital

Background: Nosocomial salmonellosis is an important problem for large animal veterinary teaching hospitals (VTHs). Objective: To describe failure of an Infection Control Program (ICP) that resulted in an outbreak of salmonellosis caused by Salmonella Newport multidrug resistant (MDR)‐AmpC at a large animal VTH. Animals: Sixty‐one animals identified with the outbreak strain of Salmonella. Methods: Retrospective study: Data collected included signalment, presenting complaint, duration of hospitalization, discharge status, and financial information. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization was performed on Salmonella isolates. Results: The outbreak occurred despite an existing ICP; the ICP was reviewed and weaknesses identified. Routine patient surveillance was not performed before or during the outbreak; fecal sampling was triggered only by a patient algorithm based on clinical signs. Sixty‐one animals were infected with the outbreak strain of S. Newport, and the majority were horses (n = 54). Case fatality rate was 36.1%. S. Newport isolates demonstrated high genetic similarity (Dice ≥ 0.96), and all had the MDR‐AmpC phenotype. Environmental persistence of the organism necessitated complete hospital closure, extensive decontamination, and remediation of the facility. A paradigm shift in the relevance of biosecurity in a VTH and the establishment of a stringent ICP were integral components of successful hospital reopening. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: An ineffective ICP resulted in a nosocomial outbreak caused by a MDR S. Newport in a VTH. Closure of a VTH affected all missions of the institution and had substantial financial impact (US$4.12 million).     

Evaluation of Specific Infection Control Practices Used by Companion Animal Veterinarians in Community Veterinary Practices in Southern Ontario

This study evaluated specific infection control practices in community veterinary practices in southern Ontario. Environmental disinfection, management of infectious patients and antimicrobial use in clean surgical procedures were investigated. Community companion animal veterinary practices (n = 101) in Southern Ontario were recruited, and a questionnaire was administered to one veterinarian and one veterinary technician from each practice. The veterinarian questionnaire gathered data on clinic demographics, management of infectious patients, infectious diseases of concern, environmental disinfection and antimicrobial use in surgical procedures. The veterinary technician questionnaire gathered data on environmental disinfection. None of the veterinary practices had a formal infection control programme. Sixty‐five per cent (n = 66) of the veterinary practices did not have an isolation area and 61% (n = 40) of these practices did not employ any specific infection control measures for infectious cases. The products most frequently used for environmental disinfection were hydrogen peroxide based or quaternary ammonium compounds. Bleach was the agent most commonly used for environmental disinfection of infectious body fluids; however 60% of the veterinarians and 40% of the veterinary technicians did not identify a product for environmental disinfection of infectious body fluids. Twenty‐four per cent of the veterinarians reported using antimicrobials in animals undergoing elective sterilization surgeries and 60% reported using antimicrobials in other clean surgical procedures. There is a need for community veterinary practices to develop infection control programmes specific to their individual practice. In addition, veterinarians should discontinue the common use of antimicrobials for clean elective sterilization surgical procedures.     

Detection and Control of a Nosocomial Outbreak Caused by Salmonella Newport at a Large Animal Hospital

Background: Nosocomial salmonellosis is often assumed to occur because infection control and surveillance practices are inadequate, but published evidence is lacking to support the related contention that rigorous application of these practices can impact the severity of outbreaks. Objective: Describe active surveillance, early recognition, and intensive mitigation efforts used in an effort to control an outbreak of nosocomial Salmonella enterica serotype Newport infections without hospital closure. Animals: Large animals hospitalized at a referral hospital. Methods: This prospective outbreak investigation was initiated when Salmonella Newport infections were detected among hospitalized animals by active surveillance. Data were analyzed to identify temporal and spatial patterns for epidemic spread of Salmonella in the hospital. Mitigation efforts were aggressively adjusted in response to surveillance data. Genetic relatedness of isolates was investigated by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis. Results: Of 145 large animals sampled, 8 (5.6%) were infected with the Salmonella strain associated with this outbreak, and all but 1 shed Salmonella in the absence of or before the onset of disease. This strain was recovered from 14.2% (42/295) of environmental samples (ENV samples), indicating that widespread environmental contamination had occurred. Isolates of Salmonella Newport obtained from infected animals and the environment were genetically indistinguishable, confirming clonal dissemination. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Active surveillance allowed early detection of nosocomial Salmonella transmission and hospital contamination. Use of aggressive interventions was followed by cessation of transmission. Active surveillance can allow earlier recognition and mitigation compared with programs by only sampling of clinically affected animals.     

<青海畜牧兽医杂志>(1992-1998)参考文献评析

用文献计量法对《青海畜牧兽医杂志》（１９９２－１９９８年）被引证文献进行统计分析,主要项目有被引文献数量及年代分布、引文运用率和篇均引文量、被引文献的类型和语种分布、普赖斯指数、自引与自引率、时效与半衰期等。     

畜牧养殖小区污染防治技术

通过分析畜牧养殖小区存在的环境污染问题、找出其污染源，并提出了相应的技术措施，以提高畜牧养殖小区的综合效益。     

Identification of predictors of salmonella shedding in adult horses presented for acute colic

Background

Colic has been associated with shedding of Salmonella. Horses with salmonellosis typically develop diarrhea, fever, and leukopenia. Overlooking additional predictors may result in failure to detect shedding horses and increase environmental contamination.

Objectives

Evaluate associations between signalment and clinicopathologic data during early hospitalization and Salmonella shedding in horses treated for acute colic.

Animals

Horses with acute colic admitted to a referral hospital. A total of 59 horses shedding Salmonella compared to 108 Salmonella‐negative horses.

Methods

Retrospective case‐control study evaluating patient and Salmonella culture data. Associations between variables and Salmonella shedding were identified using logistic regression. Two multivariable models were developed pertaining to (1) information available within 24 hours of admission and (2) clinical findings that developed later during hospitalization.

Results

Variables retained for multivariable model 1 indicated that Warmbloods and Arabians had increased odds for shedding Salmonella, as did horses requiring surgery (OR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.10–5.75) or having more severe gastrointestinal disease (OR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.08–6.20). Retained variables for model 2 demonstrated that horses that were treated surgically (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 0.70–3.62), developed fever >103°F (OR, 2.70; 95% CI, 0.92–7.87), had abnormal leukocyte count (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 0.61–3.09), or became inappetent and lethargic (OR, 16.69; 95% CI, 4.08–68.24) had increased odds for shedding Salmonella.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

In horses with acute colic that present without signs of diarrhea, fever, or leukopenia, additional predictors associated with shedding Salmonella could be used to more promptly identify horses likely to shed organisms .     

The Bacteria Isolated from the Skin of 20 Horses at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital

The objective of this study was to isolate bacteria on the skin of the proximal to distal equine limb to guide the practitioner in the selection of prophylactic antimicrobial protocols. This prospective study involved 20 client-owned horses that were admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital for routine elective surgery. Each horse spent between 12 and 36 hours at our hospital before sampling. Samples were collected from the skin of the left mid-thorax and the dorsal aspect of nine joints on the left side of each horse: front and hind coffin and fetlock joints, carpi, elbows, shoulders, hocks, and stifles. Samples were cultured aerobically and speciated when possible. When evaluating bacterial composition by location, a 40% difference was considered clinically significant. When comparing proximal sites above the fetlock to distal sites, the odds of isolating gram-positive bacteria were 1.23 times (P = .0124) higher at proximal sites; the odds of isolating coliform bacteria were 1.32 times (P = .023) higher at distal sites; and the odds of isolating a common septic arthritis pathogen were 1.16 times (P = .018) higher at distal sites. Coagulase-positive Staphylococcus was not isolated in this study. All comparisons between sites and between the proximal and distal limb were <40%, and thus were not considered clinically significant. No coagulase-positive Staphylococcus was isolated from any of the 200 sites in this study, suggesting that iatrogenic infections by that organism may not be because of preexisting flora. These data suggest that antibiotic prophylaxis targeting preexisting normal flora should be similar regardless of the area of interest on the limb.     

中药精液消毒剂的消杀效果及安全性评价研究

为了解新研制的中药精液消毒剂的消毒效果和安全性,本研究开展了体外抑菌杀毒和安全性综合评价实验。体外药效学实验显示:该消毒剂对大肠杆菌高敏,对门氏菌、禽巴氏杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均中敏,4种菌的体外MIC值分别为31.3、62.5、62.5和31.3 mg/mL;消毒剂按1∶400及以上浓度与新城疫病毒互作,可在5 min内对该病毒有100%杀灭率。安全性评价实验显示:该消毒剂的小鼠急性毒性LD50值>5000 mg/Kg,无毒性;对兔子的皮肤和眼睛染毒,无刺激;消毒剂按1∶10浓度及以下,对常温稀释保存的种公鸡精液中精子生存指数影响不大。临床应用实验显示:在冻融条件下,该消毒剂1∶10浓度组的种公鸡精液中精子存活率要显著高于其它试验组(P<0.01);消毒剂按1∶10浓度对种公鸡精液稀释消毒,种蛋受精率和孵化率都有明显提高,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明:该消毒剂不仅对种公鸡精液中常见病原微生物具有较好的杀灭效果,而且安全无刺激、无毒,对种鸡繁育无不良影响。     

新时期做好畜牧兽医工作者布病防控的探讨

布鲁氏菌病(以下简称布病)是由布鲁氏菌引起的严重危害人民健康和影响畜牧业发展的人畜共患传染病,我国将其列为二类动物疫病,同时也被《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》列入乙类传染病。2019年12月,中国农业科学院兰州兽医研究所发生的因实验室操作不规范,而引起的布病感染事件,为畜牧兽医工作者的布病防控再一次敲响了警钟。本文结合畜牧兽医行业实际,对畜牧兽医工作者的布病防控进行了探讨,提出了一些具有针对性和可操作性的对策建议。     

兽用生物制品活菌计数方法改进的研究

活菌计数是细菌类活疫苗质量标准中重要的检验参数,与疫苗的保护效果显著相关。现行兽用细菌类生物制品检验中的活菌计数方法部分步骤易产生误差,试验成立标准表述笼统,最终影响到细菌活疫苗质量评判。因此,从检验实际需求出发,参照国内外活菌计数相关规程,通过比对试验研究,对“活菌计数法”中平板干湿程度、菌液滴加方法、菌液分散方法进行改进,提出及验证以标准差(s)衡量结果的有效性并提供参考值。改进后的方法要求更明确,普适性更高,从而减少了操作误差,提升了“活菌计数法”的规范性、可操作性及检验结果可靠性。     

泡沫消毒剂在养殖场的临床应用研究

为考察泡沫消毒剂对鸡场的消毒效果,选取洛阳周边一家蛋鸡场进行试验。将戊二醛苯扎漠鞍溶液按1 : 100倍稀释,使用自吸式泡沫清洗一体机进行消毒,分别考察泡沫消毒后30 min对地面、墙面和料槽的消毒效果,结果表明,使用泡沫型消毒剂戊二醛苯扎漠钱溶液以1 : 100倍稀释消毒30 min后,消毒效果在99.93%以上,消毒效果良好,这种泡沫消毒方法值得临床推广应用。     

Evaluation of Environmental Mycobacteria Contamination in a Specific Pathogen Free Animal Facility from a Tropical Country

With the evidence showing the protection variability of bacille Calmette‐Guérin, new potential vaccines for tuberculosis have been tested around the world. One of the general concerns in tuberculosis vaccine development is the possibility of priming the host immune system with prior exposure to environmental mycobacteria antigens, which can change the efficacy of subsequent vaccination. As there is a great homology between the species from Mycobacterium genera, the previous contact of experimental animals with environmental mycobacteria could sensitize the mice and, in this way, could influence subsequent vaccine research. The aim of our study was to investigate critical points in an animal facility to search for environmental mycobacteria that eventually could be in direct or indirect contact with the experimental animals. Samples were collected from surfaces of walls, floor, animal cages and shelves and analysed using the Ogawa–Kudoh decontamination method. Samples of drinking water, food and sawdust were collected for analysis by the NALC/NaOH decontamination method. Also, the samples were cultivated directly in broth medium, without any method for decontamination. After decontamination methods, we observed bacterial colony growth in 4.31% of the total of samples analysed. These samples were stained with Ziehl–Neelsen and we did not detect any acid‐fast bacilli, suggesting that the animal facility analysed is free from contamination by environmental mycobacteria and is not a source of mycobacterial antigens. Furthermore, our study showed a new paradigm in tuberculosis vaccine development: concern about the animal facility environment in terms of immune system priming of experimental animals by nascent bacterial contaminants.     

畜牧兽医类科技期刊的种类与特征

简要介绍了我国畜牧兽医类科技期刊的基本状况,并进行了种类划分、特征归纳和分析,以期为从业者了解畜牧兽医类期刊发展现状提供参考。     

州市动物疫控机构兽用生物制品储运管理应注意的问题

从实际工作需要出发,以保山市动物疫病预防控制中心的工作实践为基础,本文较系统地分析总结了州市级动物疫控机构兽用生物制品储运管理应注意的问题。它具有较强的可操作性和实用性,对保证疫苗质量、提高免疫效果至关重要,为州市级动物疫控机构加强兽用生物制品储运管理和从事该项工作但缺乏工作经验的专业人员提供了可操作的参考意见。     

河南省动物卫生监督暨畜牧兽医执法标准化建设实践

近年来,河南省努力推进动物卫生监督暨畜牧兽医执法标准化建设,在工作机制、机构建设、队伍建设、工作实效等方面取得了显著成效,但也存在着资金投入不足、工作开展不均衡、执法难度大等难题。本文从标准研究、财政支持、队伍管理、执法办案等提出发展建议,以期为深化综合执法改革,全面提升基层执法能力提供参考。     

Evaluation of a Veterinary Glucometer for Use in Horses

Background: Glucose assessment and regulation are important factors in the treatment of hospitalized horses and foals. Hypothesis/Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare glucose measurement by a veterinary glucometer, adjusted by code for use in horses and foals, to a reference chemistry analyzer. It was hypothesized that the veterinary glucometer and reference analyzer would yield similar results and that interpretation of glucose values obtained from a veterinary glucometer would result in clinically appropriate decisions. Animals: Fifty blood samples from adult horses and 50 blood samples from neonatal foals admitted to the Colorado State University Veterinary Hospital or Equine Reproduction Laboratory for evaluation. Methods: Glucose concentrations from fresh whole blood samples were evaluated in duplicate with a veterinary glucometer and these values were compared with those obtained with a reference plasma chemistry analyzer. The accuracy of glucometer measurement was evaluated with a Clarke error grid. Results: The veterinary glucometer accurately measured whole blood glucose concentrations in both horses and foals when compared with a reference plasma chemistry analyzer. Nearly 97% of the glucometer values obtained in this study would have resulted in appropriate clinical decisions based on the Clarke error grid analysis. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The veterinary glucometer evaluated has potential utility for point‐of‐care whole blood glucose evaluation in both horses and foals.     

A scheme for the placement of rodenticide baits for rat eradication on confinement livestock farms

We investigated whether the allocation of rodenticide baiting points to specific structural elements would result in complete rat eradication on livestock farms, as opposed to assigning the baiting points only to places where there were obvious signs of rat activity. The goal was to establish an effective rodent-control program that is easy for untrained persons to conduct.

Rat-control strategies were examined on 25 farms in Velen (Muensterland), Germany, where an average of 20% of trapped rats were resistant for bromadiolone according to a blood-clotting response (BCR) test. All farms were investigated for signs of rat activity prior to and after the control measure. Differences in the percentage level of farmer compliance in setting up the baiting points as prescribed were analysed for each type of baiting point and in total, and were compared between the group of farms which achieved complete rat eradication and those which did not.

Farms achieving complete eradication had an average of 81% compliance with prescribed control plans, whereas a significantly lower compliance level of only 51% was recorded on farms that did not achieve eradication. A ≥75% level of implementation of the control plan always resulted in complete control success. The new method of bait-point allocation was incorporated into a self-explanatory computer program, which was verified to be effective during a rat-control campaign in the restricted area after an outbreak of classical swine fever near Soltau in northern Germany, in July 2001. This program, which is available on the Internet, enables the creation of individualised rat-control plans, including complete documentation of the control measure.     

涉农本科高校畜牧兽医专业双语教学调查分析

双语教学符合经济全球化对高等教育国际化的要求,可为国家培养懂专业又懂外语的复合型人才,是我国高等教育改革的热点之一。论文从师资水平、学习双语课程中的困难、双语教材的使用情况以及课堂教学效果四个方面调查涉农本科高校畜牧兽医专业双语教学现状。调查证实了双语教学在使学生掌握专业知识的同时又能提高学生的英语水平;同时还发现河南省涉农本科高校畜牧兽医专业双语教学存在如下问题:双语教师专业能力较强而外语运用能力较弱,学生双语学习的主要困难在于专业术语和词汇,教材的使用缺乏规范。     

产业转型期规模猪场建设工程防控技术思考

非洲猪瘟和环保的双重影响刺激了中国养猪业快速向集约化、高效化和自动化方向转型,而舍间交叉感染、疫病难控、环境污染等问题依然未能得到有效解决。在猪场建设和管理中,人们的关注重点主要有疾病控制、粪污臭气治理和无抗饲料三个方面,分别对应着生物安全、环保安全和食品安全三个安全底线。在重视猪场生物安全体系建设时,人们往往忽视工程防控技术措施的整体应用,其贡献尚无法得以很好的体现。文章从工程技术的角度,分析了隔离、合理分区和防止交叉感染等对猪场生物安全防控的作用,为猪场的工程防疫体系建设、守住三个安全底线提供指导。     

2015—2020年国内饲料霉菌毒素污染调查报告统计分析

为了解我国近年来全价饲料及玉米、小麦、豆粕等主要谷物原料的霉菌毒素污染状况,收集“中国知网”以及“奥特奇”“奥迈”等生物科技有限公司2015年1月—2020年6月发布的30份调查报告,对相关数据进行统计分析。结果显示:我国大部分省区市饲料中存在霉菌毒素污染,其中华东地区最为严重,4种霉菌毒素检出率均较高;谷物原料中存在优势霉菌毒素,其中玉米中主要是伏马毒素B1和脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇,小麦更容易受呕吐毒素污染,而豆粕中霉菌毒素检出率较低;全价饲料中黄曲霉素B1、伏马毒素B1、玉米赤霉烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇均存在较高检出率和阳性值。结果表明,我国饲料及谷物原料霉菌毒素污染较严重,需要采用发酵、高压等去污技术和严格的法律法规加以管控。本研究为我国畜禽业用粮指导和霉菌毒素污染限量标准制定提供了数据支持。