盐度对点篮子鱼消化酶活性的影响

以自然海水组(盐度30～32)为对照,研究了20、10、5三种盐度对点篮子鱼(平均体重86.09 4-17.99g,平均全长13.90±1.53 cm)幽门盲囊、肠、胃和肝脏中蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活力的影响.结果表明:第24天盐度20的点篮子鱼幽门盲囊蛋白酶活力显著低于对照组(P<0.05);第24天和第48天,在同...     

投喂频率对点篮子鱼生长性能影响

以初始平均体重(114.71±3.631)g、体长(15.70±0.352) cm的点篮子鱼为研究对象,探讨不同的投喂频率对其生长性能及体成分的影响.结果表明,投喂频率对点篮子鱼的存活率没有显著影响(P＞0.05),试验期间各个试验组存活率均为100％.而投喂频率对点篮子鱼的特定生长率(SGR)、日均增重(DWG)和增重率(WG)有显著影响(P＜0.05).每天投喂1次(F1)到4次组(F4)的点篮子鱼的SGR、DWG和WG随投喂频率的增加而显著性升高,而每天投喂5次组(F5)的SGR、DWG和WG显著低于F4组.随着投喂频率的提高,点篮子鱼的摄食率(FR)逐渐上升.饵料系数(FCR)与投喂频率呈正相关.鱼体水分和灰分含量随着投喂频率的增加而下降,F1到F4组间有显著性差异(P＜0.05),F4到F5无显著性差异.各试验组鱼体蛋白质含量无显著变化,而脂肪含量随投喂频率增加显著增加(F1到F4组间差异显著(P＜0.05),F4与F5无差异).综合本试验点篮子鱼的生长性能、饲料转化率和体成分变化,认为人工养殖点篮子鱼的最适投喂频率为4次/d.     

饲料糖水平对点篮子鱼生长性能的影响

以鱼粉为蛋白源,糊精为糖源,配制等蛋白质(含量为35%)、等能量糖水平分别为5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,35%(标号分别为T1、T2、T3、T4、T5、T6)的6组配合饲料,对点篮子鱼(Siganus guttatus)投喂56d,研究了饲料中糖水平变化对体重为34.45±10.61 g点篮子鱼生长、体成分和生物学指标的影响。结果显示,随着饲料糖水平的增加,点篮子鱼的摄食率和生长率呈先增加后降低的趋势,特定生长率(SGR)与饲料糖水平之间适宜的二次方程:y=0.455 1+0.012 5x-0.000 3x2(R2=0.913 7),点篮子鱼饲料中糖的最适添加水平为20.83%;饲料系数(FCR)和肌肉中粗脂肪含量与饲料中糖水平变化成正相关;高糖组(T6)鱼的肝脏中粗脂肪含量显著高于低糖组(P<0.05)。综合实验结果认为:点篮子鱼饲料糖适宜添加量为15%～25%。     

不同养殖模式对点篮子鱼的生长和摄食的影响

本试验研究了上海地区低盐度条件下池塘单养和混养对点篮子鱼（Siganus guttatus）幼鱼生长和摄食的影响.平均体重1.14±0.63g、平均体长3.57±0.88 cm的点篮子鱼,经90d的养殖后,单养点篮子鱼成活率82.86％,平均体重增加到55.08 ±14.21 g,平均体长增加到11.39±1.19 cm,最大规格体重达101.42 g;与拟穴青蟹（Scylla paramamosain）混养点篮子鱼成活率85.26％,平均体重增加到56.37 ±4.60 g、平均体长增加到11.60 ±0.42 cm,最大规格达118.71 g,拟穴青蟹平均体重从0.04g增长到209.88 g,最大规格达350.13 g.结果表明,在本试验条件下,混养模式中的点篮子鱼的存活率较单养模式高,生长摄食情况好,增重速度快,且摄食率低而饲料转化效率高.     

饲料脂肪水平对点篮子鱼生长和体成分的影响

通过添加鱼油和豆油(1∶1)等比例混合油,配制6组脂肪水平分别为4.16%、7.42%、10.68%、14.20%、16.56%、19.62%的等氮饲料,标号依次为L1、L2、L3、L4、L5、L6。以初始体重28.09±0.60g的点篮子鱼(Siganus guttatus)为实验对象,经过八周的饲养,研究饲料脂肪水平对点篮子鱼生长及体成分的影响。结果表明:增重率(WG)、特定生长率(SGR),L3和L4组显著高于其它四组(P<0.05),且两指标均随饲料中脂肪含量的增加表现出先升后降的趋势。全鱼、肌肉及肝脏粗脂肪含量随饲料脂肪水平的升高而升高。全鱼粗蛋白含量L1与L6组最低,显著低于其它四组(P<0.05);肌肉蛋白、水分及灰分与饲料脂肪水平没有显著相关性(P>0.05)。肝脏水分含量随着饲料脂肪水平的升高而降低。综合点篮子鱼生长及鱼体成分分析,点篮子鱼饲料中脂肪适宜添加量为10.68%～14.20%,以增重率为指标,通过二次回归分析得出,点篮子鱼饲料中脂肪的最适添加量为13.94%。     

不同营养素配比对点篮子鱼幼鱼生长及肌肉组成的影响

采用"金字塔"设计法,用蛋白质、脂肪、糖作为饲料组成变量配制21组饲料,对不同配比饲料影响平均体重(6.43±0.17)g的点篮子鱼(Siganus guttatus)幼鱼的生长效果进行研究,确定点篮子鱼幼鱼饲料中蛋白质、脂肪和糖的最佳拟合比例。各试验组饲料中蛋白质、脂肪和糖的范围分别设为27%~45%、3%~18%和15%~24%,实验共持续56 d。结果表明,饲料中蛋白质水平对鱼体的特定生长率和相对增重率影响最大,脂肪水平的降低对鱼体生长有利,糖水平对鱼体生长的影响较小。低蛋白水平下,即饲料蛋白质水平低于40.38%时,饲料中脂肪水平和糖水平的升高或降低均不利于鱼体的生长;蛋白质水平高于43.75%的高蛋白低脂肪低糖饲料不能明显提高鱼体生长性能。当饲料中蛋白质水平为40.38%~42.49%、脂肪水平为6.33%~7.87%、糖水平为19.52%~21.14%时,鱼体生长性能和饲料效率最为理想。肌肉测定结果表明,点篮子鱼这种杂食性鱼类,饲料中蛋白质水平大于38.44%时,蛋白质就能在点篮子鱼肌肉中较好地沉积,高蛋白低脂肪低糖饲料不会显著提高肌肉中蛋白质的沉积,却会使脂肪和糖原的沉积量增加。综合点篮子鱼的生长性能和肌肉营养组成的研究结果,确定点篮子鱼饲料中蛋白质、脂肪和糖的最佳拟合比例为42.49%、6.33%和21.14%。     

Breeding and larval rearing of the rabbitfish,Siganus guttatus (Bloch)

Females of Siganus guttatus reared to sexual maturity in canvas tanks were induced to spawn by using human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG, Ayerst) at 500 IU/fish or about 2 IU/g body weight. The amount of HCG used depended on the initial mean egg diameter; the smaller the diameter, the more HCG was used. Fish with oocytes characterized by germinal vesicle migration (mean egg diameter ≥ 0.47 mm) spawned without HCG injection. Fertilization and hatching rates for both treated and untreated fish were more than 90%. The larvae were reared to metamorphosis using rotifers from day 2–17, rotifers + newly hatched Artemia nauplii from day 18–20 and rotifers + newly hatched Artemia nauplii + artificial feed from day 21–35. In addition, Isochrysis galbana was introduced to the rearing tanks from day 1–10 and Chlorella sp. and/or Tetraselmis sp. from day 1–35. Survival rates of larvae tended to be lower as the broodstock became older.     

点篮子鱼形态特征及其相关性参数分析

对捕捞自琼海海域的560 ind体重0.3~551.3 g、体长2.3~24.7 cm的野生点篮子鱼外部形态、可量可比性状、可数性状和内部结构进行了研究,分析了形态特征参数间相关关系。结果表明:(1)体呈椭圆形,侧扁;侧线完全,位高,与背缘平行,向后延伸至尾鳍基部;体侧有许多橙黄色斑,背鳍、胸鳍和腹鳍黄色,臀鳍、尾鳍浅灰褐色;背鳍末端下方有一圆斑,为该鱼明显特征。(2)属Y型胃,幽门部肌肉发达,具有4~6个指状粗大的幽门盲囊;消化道、肠道长度分别为体长的2.53±0.36、2.17±0.28倍,肠道长Li与体长Lb的关系式为Li=2.693 1Lb0.903 4(R2=0.879 4)。(3)可量可比性状表明,全长/体长变动范围最小,线性相关性最好,其相关方程为Lt=1.134 5Lb+0.493 6(R2=0.998);体长与体重关系为:W=0.037 6Lb2.893 3(R2=0.991 7);点篮子鱼的b值为2.893 3,小于3,为负异速生长,体长快于体重的增长。(4)分析各形态特征参数与体长关系发现,测定的12个参数均与体长显著相关(P0.01);进而控制体长的影响,分析这12个参数间的偏相关关系,显示与其它参数存在最多偏相关性的是头高,其与除体重外的其它8个参数间均显著相关(P0.01);而尾柄长与其它参数的偏相关性最差,其只与头高、体重显著相关。     

点篮子鱼幼鱼摄食浒苔的习性及生长特征

以点篮子鱼(Siganus guttatus)幼鱼为实验对象,通过水下摄像与直接观察相结合的方法,研究了点篮子鱼幼鱼摄食浒苔(Enteromorpha prolifra)的规律及生活习性。研究结果表明,点篮子鱼为白天摄食类型,喜结群,常栖息于水体中下层,警惕性高,容易受到惊吓,应激反应较强,有啃食网衣上附着物的特点。在饵料供应充足的情况下,平均体长(64.5±5.6)mm、体质量(7.6±1.3)g的点篮子鱼幼鱼对浒苔的平均日摄食量(湿重)为8.7 g,相当于自身体质量的1.1倍。日摄食高峰存在于白天的三个时段,第一个高峰时段是4∶00~6∶00,第二个高峰时段是7∶00~12∶00,第三个高峰时段是13∶00~17∶00,对应摄食高峰点依次是5∶00、9∶00、14∶00。点篮子鱼在19∶00~20∶30间有极少量的摄食,而在20∶30~3∶00之间没有观察到摄食行为。以浒苔饲喂平均体长(39.9±2.3)mm、体质量(2.1±0.2)g的点篮子鱼幼鱼,经过90 d养殖,幼鱼平均体长为(66.0±5.8)mm、体质量(9.8±2.2)g,日均增长0.29 mm,日均增重0.09 g。点篮子鱼幼鱼全长(TL)与体长(BL)呈线性关系TL=1.143 9BL+2.108 2(R2=0.944 9),体质量(W)与全长之间为幂函数关系W=0.000 024TL2.938 7(R2=0.954 3)。点篮子鱼幼鱼体质量与全长的幂函数关系中指数为2.938 7,接近3,点篮子鱼幼鱼为等速生长类型。点篮子鱼对浒苔的摄食量较大,利用点篮子鱼生态防治浒苔等大型藻类将会起到很好的效果。     

饲料脂肪水平对点篮子鱼消化酶活性和血液主要生化指标的影响

以鱼粉作为蛋白源(40%),鱼油和豆油(1∶1)为脂肪源,配制了脂肪水平分别为4.16%(L1)、7.42%(L2)、10.68%(L3)、14.20%(L4)、16.56%(L5)、19.62%(L6)6种等氮饲料,对点篮子鱼(Siganus guttatus)幼鱼(28.09±0.60)g进行了8周的实验,探讨了饲料脂肪水平对点篮子鱼消化性能和健康状况的影响。实验结果表明,胃蛋白酶活性在饲料脂肪水平为L4时最高,显著高于脂肪水平为L1、L5、L6的酶活性(P0.05),脂肪水平L4与L2、L3之间无显著性差异(P0.05);幽门盲囊中蛋白酶活性在脂肪水平L2和L3时最高;肠道和肝脏蛋白酶活性远低于胃和幽门盲囊,在中肠和肝脏中均以脂肪水平为L4时显示出较高的蛋白酶活性。前肠脂肪酶活性在饲料脂肪水平为L3时最高,且与其它组差异显著(P0.05);后肠中脂肪酶活性在脂肪水平为L4时活性最高,且脂肪水平L4与L2、L3之间无显著性差异(P0.05);胃、幽门盲囊和肝脏脂肪酶活性低于肠道,且不受脂肪水平的影响,在不同脂肪水平间无显著差异(P0.05);幽门盲囊淀粉酶活性在饲料脂肪水平为L3时最高,显著高于脂肪水平L1、L2、L5、L6各组(P0.05),与L4组间则无显著性差异(P0.05)。胃、肠道、肝脏淀粉酶活性较低,随着脂肪水平升高,胃、肠道淀粉酶活性呈下降趋势,肝脏淀粉酶活性呈先升高后降低趋势。血液中胆固醇浓度随着饲料脂肪水平的升高而增高;谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性随着饲料脂肪水平的升高大致呈逐渐显著降低趋势,分别在L3、L4时达到最低,L3、L4、L5组间无显著性差异(P0.05);碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性随脂肪水平的升高呈上升趋势,L2、L3、L4组间无显著性差异,但均显著高于L1,低于L5、L6;尿素(UREA)含量则呈下降的趋势。饲料中脂肪水平为10.68%~14.20%时对消化酶活性有促进作用,有利于点篮子鱼的生长,过高或过低不利于其生长。     

不同盐度对点斑蓝子鱼幼鱼生长、存活影响的研究

在4m×5m×1．0m的室内水泥池中进行了0、5、10、15、20五种盐度（‰）条件下点斑蓝子鱼（Siganusguttatus）幼鱼的养殖试验,观察了不同盐度条件下点斑蓝子鱼幼鱼的存活率及生长效果。结果表明：经过30d养殖,环境盐度5-20苗池鱼苗的存活率为95％～99％,环境盐度为0（淡水）苗池的存活率为65％;各苗池鱼苗的尾增重均值分别为0．36g、0．56g、0．64g、0．65g和0．85g,增重倍率分别为50％、77％、88％、89％和117％;其中,盐度10—20苗池鱼苗的生长率差异不显著,盐度0与20苗池鱼苗的生长率差异显著。结果显示尽管篮子鱼具有广盐性特点,但10—20的培育盐度似乎更适合篮子鱼的生长。     

嘉陵江渠化对主要经济鱼类产卵场的影响

为探究嘉陵江渠化对主要经济鱼类产卵场的影响,2019年3-4月,采用历史资料搜集、访问调查和实地勘察的方法,并结合DNA条形码技术鉴定野外采集的样品。结果显示,原有60个主要经济鱼类产卵场中,41个已经消失,14个存在但已经发生改变,只有5个基本未改变;从产卵场数量、类型和规模来看,均呈减少趋势,仍存在的主要为鲤（Cyprinus carpio）、鲫（Carassius auratus）产卵场。共鉴定鱼卵1 362粒、鱼苗539尾,隶属2目2科12种。鱼卵仅3种,其中,鲤1039粒,占比76.28%;鲫312粒,占比22.91%;红鳍原鲌（Cultrichthys erythropterus）11粒,占比0.81%。鱼苗11种,包括鲤、鲫、马口鱼（Opsariichthys bidens）、麦穗鱼（Pseudorasbora parva）、峨眉鱊（Acheilognathus omeiensis）、大鳍鱊（Acheilognathus macropterus）、兴凯鱊（Acheilognathus chankaensis）、?（Hemiculter leucisculus）、短须颌须鮈（Gnathopogon imberbis）、子陵吻虾虎鱼（Rhinogobius giurinus）、粘皮鲻虾虎鱼（Mugilogobius myxodermus）;其中,兴凯鱊最多,有372尾,占比69.02%;其次为鲫59尾,占比10.95%;鲤57尾,占比10.58%;其他占比仅9.46%。研究表明,产卵场的改变主要集中在水文情势、河床底质和水生植物等方面,梯级水电站开发和采砂作业等导致河道变宽、水位上升、流速降低、卵石漫滩等生境消失、水生植物生物量减少,是原有产卵场消失或改变的主要原因。     

利用篮子鱼控制池塘丝藻养殖刺参技术试验

为了解在刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)养殖池塘中放养篮子鱼(Siganus guttatus),利用其摄食丝藻(Ulothrix spp.),达到控制池塘中丝藻数量的效果,利用3个池塘进行刺参养殖对照试验,刺参放养密度均为600 kg/hm^2,其中:1^#塘放养篮子鱼3 000尾/hm^2,规格40 g/尾,不投喂刺参饵料;2^#塘不投放蓝子鱼、投喂海参专用饵料;3^#塘不投放蓝子鱼、不投喂海参专用饵料。经180 d试验,1^#塘刺参产量2 340 kg/hm^2,分别比2^#、3^#塘增产457.5和825 kg/hm^2;增加篮子鱼净产量105 kg/hm^2;塘中丝藻重量分别比2^#、3^#塘单位面积减少75.9%和75%;1^#塘经济效益33.1万元,与2^#、3^#塘相比分别增加了12.6万元和18.9万元,降低了打捞丝藻的人工成本,提升了刺参养殖产量、效益和品质。     

Induced Final Maturation and Spawning of the Marbled Grouper Epinephelus microdon Captured from Spawning Aggregations in the Republic of Palau, Micronesia

A high percentage (98.3%, N = 60) of the marbled grouper Epinephelus microdon individuals captured from spawning aggregations during July and August 1993 in the waters surrounding the island of Koror, Republic of Palau, Micronesia, were in the stage of maturity at which final maturation and spawning could be hormonally induced. The sex ratio of the captured fish was highly skewed towards males (4 male:1 female). Sexually immature females comprised the smallest size class, (<0.6 kg body weight (BW) or 33.0 cm total length (TL)), while sexually mature females were restricted to the 0.6–1.5 kg BW (33.0–46.4 cm TL) groups. Males predominated in size classes >0.6 kg BW, and individuals >1.5 kg BW (46.4 cm TL) were exclusively male. All females with oocytes that averaged ( N = 50) >400 μm in diameter were successfully induced to spawn by a two-injection protocol using human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) at total dosages of 2,100–3,200 IU/kg fish. All males used in the spawning trials were administered a single injection of HCG at dosages of 500 or 1,000 IU/kg fish. Fecundity ranged between 7.96 × 10⁵−1.24 × 10⁶kg BW, average spawned egg diameters ranged between 769–832 μm, percent fertilization ranged between 32.6%–99.9%, and hatching percentages were >90.0%. Total fat content of eggs obtained from a pooled spawning event was 14.1 mg/100 mg dry weight. The data indicate that HCG is a suitable treatment for the induction of spawning in marbled grouper females that possess a mean oocyte diameter of 400 μm or greater.     

Induced Maturation and Spawning of the Chinese Catfish Clarias fuscus

Chinese catfish ( Clarias fuscus ) were successfully spawned in Hawaii using human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) at dosage rates of two and four international units (IU) per gram body weight. Fish not injected with HCG did not produce viable eggs. Successful spawns with HCG occurred between May and October. Hatch rates of up to 80% were obtained during June, July, and August for those fish given either a 2 or 4 IU per gram body weight injection of HCG. Fish spawned in either May or October yielded significantly higher hatch rates when injected with 4 rather than 2 IU per gram body weight. Fish held at elevated temperatures (28 to 30 C) prior to the normal spawning season developed significantly larger oocyte diameters, 60 days earlier than fish held under ambient temperature conditions (21.5 to 24 C). Photoperiod manipulation at ambient temperature conditions was associated with earlier oocyte maturation, but photoperiod effects were much less important than temperature.     

池塘低盐养殖点篮子鱼肌肉营养成分的分析与评价

点篮子鱼(Siganus guttatus)在低盐池塘中养殖102 d后,对其营养成分及其品质进行了分析和评价。结果表明,点篮子鱼新鲜肌肉中水分、粗灰分、粗蛋白和粗脂肪的质量分数分别为(75.17±0.87)%、(0.60±0.08)%、(22.33±0.50)%和(1.96±0.13)%;其肌肉干样中共检出19种氨基酸,总量为(89.03±0.36)%,其中,必需氨基酸总量为(34.26±0.12)%,占总氨基酸含量的38.49%,半必需氨基酸总量为(7.39±0.10)%,非必需氨基酸总量为(46.50±0.48)%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值为73.68%。可见,低盐度养殖点篮子鱼的必需氨基酸构成比例符合联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织(FAO/WHO)的标准。根据氨基酸品质评价,其第一限制性氨基酸为色氨酸,第二限制性氨基酸为缬氨酸,必需氨基酸指数为75.44。低盐度养殖的点篮子鱼肌肉干样中鲜味氨基酸总量为(33.97±0.32)%,占总氨基酸含量的38.15%。综合来看,低盐度养殖的点篮子鱼必需氨基酸营养组成合理,鲜味氨基酸含量丰富,是一种营养丰富、味道鲜美的理想养殖对象。     

Effects of Broodstock Size and Source on Ovarian Maturation and Spawning of Penaeus monodon Fabricius from the Gulf of Thailand

The effects of broodstock source (pond-reared and wildcaught from shallow waters) and prawn size (large—weight >120 g, and small-weight < 110 g) on ovarian maturation and reproductive success of Penueus monodon were evaluated. Large females underwent stage IV ovarian maturation and spawned with greater success than did small prawns. Both pond-reared and wildcaught females of the same size exhibited comparable maturation and spawning success. Large females rematured and spawned more frequently than small ones. Total eggs produced by large prawns was significantly greater than for small prawns; nevertheless, prawn source and size had no significant influence on amount of eggs spawned per spawning event. Egg quality varied greatly in terms of percent fertilization, hatch rate, and metamorphosis to first protozwa stage.     

Observations and Techniques for Maturation, Spawning, and Larval Rearing of the Yellowtail Snapper Ocyurus chrysurus

Abstract.— This paper describes current techniques used at our laboratory for the controlled spawning, maturation and larval rearing of the yellowtail snapper. Juvenile yellowtail snapper were obtained from Florida and transferred to the Fisheries and Mariculture Laboratory in July 1990. Temperature and photoperiod manipulation resulted in precocial spawning in 1991, with sustained successive spawning beginning in February 1992. Average weekly spawning from 1992–1994 was 308,000 and 247,000 eggs/tank, with fertilization rates of 46.1 % and 32.5% for fish maintained in two separate spawning tanks. Observations on spawning activity from 1995 to 1996, during which a decreasing trend in egg and larval quality was observed, imply a possible problem with broodstock nutrition. Evaluation of feeding regimes during this period indicated a shift to a high (almost exclusively) usage of fresh squid and a reduction in fish and shrimp. Returning to a feeding regime of alternating feedings of fresh fish, squid. and shrimp have yielded improved spawning and egg quality. Larval rearing techniques using live and prepared feeds has resulted in an overall survival of 3% from egg to advanced juvenile. Growout of first generation (F1) juveniles yielded a marketable size (1 1b) fish in 25 mo. Spawning of F1 fish hegan in 1998. larval rearing and grow out of F2 fish are currently underway. Results demonstrate that yellowtail snapper culture is technically feasible; however. further research to develop species specific culture techniques will be required before the culture potential of this species can be accurately evaluated.     

Studies on the Maturation and Spawning of Milkfish Chanos chanos Forsskal in a Photoperiod-Controlled Room

Progress in propagation of milkfish has been impeded by the shortage of mature broodstock. This study was a first step toward revealing the environmental cues for the maturation of milkfish. Experiments were carried out during 1978-1985 in an indoor tank (5.2 × 4.8 × 13 m) under photoperiod control and in an outdoor tank (63 × 5.4 × 13 m). In two controlled, long-photoperiod regime experiments, 86 and 83% of the fish matured, the highest percentages yet reported. In these experiments, milkfish matured one month earlier than the normal spawning season, two months after the fish were exposed to the long daylight regime. Only 21% of the fish under a natural photoperiod regime in the outdoor tank matured. Results of the current study suggest that a change and increase in photoperiod are necessary for the onset of maturation.