Host Plant Associations and Parasitism of South Ecuadorian Eois Species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) Feeding on Peperomia (Piperaceae)

The very species-rich tropical moth genus Eois Hübner (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) is a promising model group for studying host plant specialization and adaptive radiation. While most Eois species are assumed to be specialized herbivores on Piper L. species, records on other plant taxa such as Peperomia Ruiz & Pavón (Piperaceae) are still relatively scarce. Moreover, little is known about life history traits of most species, and only a few caterpillars have been described so far. We collected caterpillars associated with Peperomia (Piperaceae) host plants from June 2012 to January 2013 in three elevational bands of montane and elfin rainforests on the eastern slopes of the Andes in southern Ecuador. Caterpillars were systematically searched and reared to the adult stage. We were able to delimitate ten species of Eois on Peperomia by comparison of larval and adult morphology and by using 658 bp fragments of the mitochondrial COI gene (barcode sequences). Three of these species, Eois albosignata (Dognin), Eois bolana (Dognin), and Eois chasca (Dognin), are validly described whereas the other seven taxa represent interim morphospecies, recognized unequivocally by their DNA barcodes, and their larval and adult morphology. We provide information about their host plants, degree of parasitism, and describe the larval stages in their last instar. Additionally, caterpillars and moths are illustrated in color plates. This is the first comparative study dealing with Eois moths whose caterpillars feed on Peperomia hosts.     

山茶炭疽菌对茶树的致病性及其对杀菌剂的敏感性研究

山茶炭疽菌（Colletotrichum camelliae）是引起茶树叶部病害的优势致病菌。从中国13个产茶省的茶树病叶中分离获得65株炭疽菌菌株,基于多基因系统发育树,结合菌落和分生孢子形态特征,对分离菌株进行鉴定,结果表明,分离菌株均属于山茶炭疽菌。采用离体叶片接种的方法进行致病力测试,结果显示,所有菌株均能导致茶树叶片发病,但不同菌株间的致病力存在显著差异。YCW1180、YCW1331、YCW1382、YCW1387、YCW1419、YCW1443、YCW1451、YCW1453、YCW1454、YCW1461、YCW1613和YCW2134等12个菌株致病力显著强于其他菌株,菌株YCW1378致病力最弱。采用菌落生长速率法测试65个山茶炭疽菌菌株对25%吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性,药剂敏感性结果显示,25%吡唑醚菌酯对菌株YCW1436的菌丝生长抑制率仅为36.00%,抑菌效果最差,而对大部分菌株的抑制率高于70.00%,表明大部分菌株对该药剂高度敏感。显微镜观察结果显示,25%吡唑醚菌酯影响了山茶炭疽菌分生孢子的萌发。以上研究结果为有效防治茶树叶部病害提供了理论基础。     

Life history of Closterotomus (Calocoris) trivialis (Costa) (Heteroptera: Miridae) in olive and citrus orchards in Crete

The population density of Closterotomus trivialis (Costa) and its damage potential were studied in citrus and olive orchards of Crete. C. trivialis was found to be most abundant in wild radish Raphanus raphanistrum L., annual mercury Mercurialis annua L., Urtica sp. and upright pellitory Parietaria officinalis L. compared to mallow Malva sylvestris L., prickly goldenfleece Uropermum picroides (L.), sowthistle Sonchus oleraceus L., citrus or olive trees. Its damage potential on the setting of olive fruit was investigated at the early inflorescence stage. When 1, 5 or 10 adults of C. trivialis were enclosed with stems at the 55th and 57th phenological growth stages, the number of fruits was significantly reduced compared to controls.The developmental biology of individuals of C. trivialis was studied on R. raphanistrum at seven constant temperatures 15, 20, 25, 30, 32.5, 35 and 37 °C, under laboratory conditions. No nymphs survived above 35 °C. The highest nymph to adult survival (89.6%) was found at 20 °C and the lowest (40.6%) at 32.5 °C. Mean developmental time as well as adult longevity decreased with increasing temperature. The developmental time from 1st nymphal instar to adult ranged from at least 9.0 at 32.5 °C to 27.8 days at 15 °C. The adults lived from 2.9 days at 32.5 °C to 45.3 days at 15 °C. It required 212.7 degree-days to complete development above a minimum threshold of 7.72 °C as estimated by linear regression and 8 °C as estimated by nonlinear model. The importance of these findings in the management of this species through the prediction of its seasonal appearance is discussed.     

Role of Genes in Regulating Host Plants Expansion in Tephritid Fruit Flies (Diptera) and Potential for RNAi-Based Control

Host plant expansion is an important survival strategy for tephritids as they expand their range. Successful host expansion requires tephritids to adapt to the chemical and nonchemical properties of a novel host fruit, such as fruit color, phenology, and phytochemicals. These plant properties trigger a series of processes in tephritids, with each process having its own genetic basis, which means that various genes are involved in regulating host plant expansion by tephritids. This review summarizes current knowledge on the categories and roles of genes involved in host plant expansion in several important tephritid species, including genes related to chemoreception (olfactory and gustation), vision, digestion, detoxification, development, ribosomal and energy metabolism. Chemoreception- and detoxification- and digestion-related genes are stimulated by volatile chemicals and secondary chemicals of different hosts, respectively, which are involved in the regulation of nervous signal transduction that triggers behavioral, physical, and chemical responses to the novel host fruit. Vision-, nerve-, and development-related genes and metabolism-associated genes are activated in response to nonchemical stimuli from different hosts, such as color and phenology, to regulate a comprehensive adaptation of the extending host for tephritids. The chemical and nonchemical signals of hosts activate ribosomal and energy-related genes that result in the basic regulation of many processes of host expansion, including detoxification and development. These genes do not regulate novel host use individually, but multiple genes regulate multilevel adaptation to novel host fruits via multiple mechanisms. These genes may also be potential target genes for RNAi-based control of tephritid pests.     

内蒙古固阳冷凉干旱区甜菜营养生长特性的研究

通过田间观察和定期生长分析,明确了冷凉干旱区采用地膜覆盖、灌溉栽培甜菜的各营养生长期的根、叶生长和糖分积累特点,讨论了甜菜生长中心的转移推迟和糖分积累期生长速率、净同化率大幅度降低的原因,提出提早间、定苗和通过水肥调控促进甜菜早发,加速生长中心转移,缩短叶丛快速生长期和改善水分状况,促进块根增长和糖分积累的措施。     

Parasitism,Emergence, and Development of Spalangia endius (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in Pupae of Different Ages of Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The wasp Spalangia endius Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) is a major parasitoid of the pupae of fruit flies, which are a common agricultural pest. An understanding of this intricate host–parasitoid interaction could provide basic information necessary for the sustainable integrated biological control of fruit flies. In this study, we investigated the effect of S. endius on different-aged pupae of the melon fly Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett by using choice and nonchoice tests under laboratory conditions. We showed that S. endius females oviposited, and their progeny successfully developed, in different-aged pupae of B. cucurbitae regardless of the method of exposure. There was an oviposition preference for 3–5-d-old pupa. The highest mean percentage parasitism occurred on 4- and 5-d-old hosts, followed by 2- and 3-d-old hosts. The average development time for both males and females was significantly longer in 6–7-d-old hosts than in the younger host stages. Adult females that developed from younger host pupae (2–5-d old) were significantly heavier than those from older host pupae (6–7-d old), and they also lived longer. The sex ratio (proportion of females) of the parasite progeny decreased with an increase in host age. Host mortality also decreased gradually as the pupal age increased. The differences in development time, body weight, and longevity between females and males were significant. These results suggest that S. endius is a good candidate for the biological control of B. cucurbitae.     

Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida) and insecticide mixtures to control Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in corn crops

The main insect pest in Brazilian corn is fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) can be used to control this pest, and can be applied together with various insecticides. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of mixtures of EPNs and insecticides to control S. frugiperda in corn crops. In laboratory bioassays three species of EPNs were tested (Heterorhabditis indica, Steinernema carpocapsae and Steinernema glaseri) together with 18 registered insecticides to control S. frugiperda in corn. Efficacy of association between insecticides and EPNs on S. frugiperda larvae was evaluated against the insect's third instar, 2 and 4 days after applications in laboratory. Experiments in the field were performed in two consecutive years, with located application of H. indica and S. carpocapsae (250 IJs/cm²) mixed with chlorpyrifos (0.3 L/ha) and lufenuron (0.15 L/ha) on the corn husk. In laboratory, after two days exposure the interaction between chlorpyrifos and H. indica was synergistic, while interaction with cypermethrin, spinosad, methoxyfenozide and deltamethrin + triazofos was additive, as was interaction between lufenuron, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin with S. carpocapsae. In contrast, the interaction between chlorpyrifos (Vexter™ and Lorsban™) and lufenuron with S. glaseri was synergistic. In the field, the best treatment was the mixture of H. indica with lufenuron (0.15 L/ha), with 62.5% and 57.5% larval mortality in the two evaluation years in the field, respectively.     

Effect of host plant resistance and insecticide on brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) and predator population development in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Crop yield and populations of brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), whitebacked planthopper Sogatella furcifera (Horvath) (Homoptera: Delphacidae), green leafhopper Nephotettix spp. (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), and hemipteran and spider predators were monitored on rice varieties susceptible, moderately resistant, and highly resistant to N. lugens, under insecticide-treated and insecticide-free conditions. Nilaparvata lugens outbreaks and hopperburned plants were observed only in plots of the insecticide-treated susceptible varieties. In insecticide-free plots, the yield of the susceptible variety was lower than those of resistant varieties in only one of four seasons. In plots of a moderately resistant and a highly resistant variety, populations of N. lugens, S. furcifera, Nephotettix spp., and predators were generally similar, and yields did not differ, under both insecticide-treated and insecticide-free conditions. In insecticide-free plots, predator-N. lugens ratios were generally higher on resistant varieties than susceptible varieties. Two conclusions can'be drawn from our results relevant to the question of what levels of N. lugens host plant resistance are appropriate for farmers who do not overuse insecticides. First, susceptible varieties will not necessarily be damaged by N. lugens, even when N. lugens outbreaks occur in adjacent plots. Second, moderate and high levels of N. lugens resistance do not appear to be incompatible with biological control of N. lugens or other homopteran pests.     

玉米功能性Insertｉon/Deｌetｉon(InDeｌ)分子标记的挖掘及其在杂交种纯度鉴定中的应用

InDel作为重要的遗传标记已被广泛用于作物连锁图谱的构建及多样性研究。通过生物信息学方法从玉米全基因组水平进行InDel标记的挖掘并对其在玉米杂交种纯度鉴定中的应用进行分析,根据B73全基因组序列(第二版)及Mo17的二代电子拼接序列发现了40 000多个InDel位点,其中约有11 400个含有InDel位点的序列可用于特异性引物的开发。新发展的143个代表基因(<1 kb)或基因内部的功能性InDel标记在B73及Mo17间得到了验证并用于玉米杂交种纯度的鉴定。经过分析,共有13个共显性InDel标记在6个杂交种亲本间表现出明显的长度多态(>50 bp)。结合玉米子粒DNA快速提取方法,利用这些共显性InDel标记对6个杂交种1 400多个样本纯度进行鉴定,结果显示该方法可以快速、准确、经济地鉴定玉米杂交种纯度。     

水培茶树对铅的吸收与累积特性研究

添加铅盐进行水培茶树试验,用火焰原子吸收光度法测定铅含量,研究茶树对铅的吸收、累积及分布特性。结果表明,铅离子能被根系或叶片大量吸收和累积,并按浓度差通过茎段转运与再分布;根施或叶部喷施2500mg/L的铅盐溶液,根系铅含量分别为8.00×10⁴mg/kg和8.38×10³mg/kg,叶片铅含量分别为551.79mg/kg和1.03×10⁴mg/kg,两者的铅富集量很高,但仍未见茶树死亡;当铅盐质量浓度为800~2000mg/L时,茶树逐渐受到铅危害,早期吸收根转为透明状,再褐变,后期叶片部分脱落;当铅盐质量浓度为300~800mg/L,水培茶树35d,茶树长势良好,未见受害症状。研究表明,水培茶树对铅具有大量吸收与累积的能力,并对铅危害有很强的抵抗与耐受力。     

Induction of systemic resistance and defense-related enzymes after elicitation of resistance by rhizobacteria and silicon application against Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a devastating plant disease affecting several economically important crops. To trigger plant-mediated systemic resistance against the pathogen, silicon and the rhizobacteria strain Bacillus pumilis were applied as elicitors. The impact of each elicitor in the induction of systemic resistance was evaluated by individual or dual application in pathogen inoculated tomato genotypes. Application of silicon and B. pumilis significantly reduced bacterial wilt incidence by 50.7 and 26.7%, respectively, in the King Kong 2 genotype (moderately resistant) and by 31.1 and 22.2%, respectively, in the L390 genotype (susceptible) but the dual application of the elicitors did not. The pathogen responsive lipoxygenase (LOX) activity was decreased in the silicon-treated tomato plants and no significant difference was detected in B. pumilis treated-pathogen inoculated plants compared to the control. In addition, a non-significant increases of peroxidase (PO) activity and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity were observed in either silicon/B. pumilis treated and pathogen inoculated plants. However, the PO, PAL and LOX activities declined during the dual application due to antagonistic effect of the two pathways triggered by the two elicitors. Therefore, separate application of each elicitor is recommended as the best strategy for induction of systemic resistance against bacterial wilt in tomato with silicon being a stronger inducer than B. pumilis.     

Relative Fitness of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Seven Host Plants: A Perspective for IPM in Brazil

The cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a widespread pest of many cultivated and wild plants in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. In 2013, this species was reported in Brazil, attacking various host crops in the midwestern and northeastern regions of the country and is now found countrywide. Aiming to understand the effects of different host plants on the life cycle of H. armigera, we selected seven species of host plants that mature in different seasons and are commonly grown in these regions: cotton (Gossypium hirsutum, “FM993”), corn (Zea mays, “2B587”), soybean (Glycine max, “99R01”), rattlepods (Crotalaria spectabilis), millet (Pennisetum glaucum, “ADR300”), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor, “AGROMEN70G35”), and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata, “SEMPRE VERDE”). The development time of immatures, body weight, survivorship, and fecundity of H. armigera were evaluated on each host plant under laboratory conditions. The bollworms did not survive on corn, millet, or sorghum and showed very low survival rates on rattlepods. Survival rates were highest on soybean, followed by cotton and cowpea. The values for relative fitness found on soybean, cotton, cowpea, and rattlepods were 1, 0.5, 0.43, and 0.03, respectively. Survivorship, faster development time, and fecundity on soybean, cotton, and cowpea were positively correlated. Larger pupae and greater fecundity were found on soybean and cotton. The results indicated that soybean, cotton, and cowpea are the most suitable plants to support the reproduction of H. armigera in the field.     

基于高通量测序技术分析2种菌草根际土壤真菌群落多样性

为了解福州菌草基地巨菌草和绿洲一号2种菌草的根际土壤真菌群落多样性,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术和生物信息学方法,对菌草根际土真菌的多样性及群落结构进行分析。结果表明：从3份土壤样本中获得525 292条ITS序列,在97%序列相似性基础上可划分为7267个可操作分类单元（OTU）。真菌群落的丰富度指数（ACE）以菌草非根际土最低,绿洲一号根际土略高于巨菌草根际土;而多样性指数（Shannon-Wiener和Simpson）菌草根际土高于非根际土,绿洲一号根际土略高于巨菌草根际土。3份样品的优势菌门为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota）、接合菌门（Zygomycota）、壶菌门（Chytridiomycota）、球囊菌门（Glomeromycota）;优势菌纲为散囊菌纲（Eurotiomycetes）、粪壳菌纲（ Sordariomycetes）、座囊菌纲（Dothideomycetes）、伞菌纲（Agaricomycetes）、锤舌菌纲（Leotiomycetes）、圆盘菌纲（Orbiliomycetes）、银耳纲（Tremellomycetes）、粘膜菌纲（Wallemiomycetes）;优势菌属为篮状菌属（Talaromyces）、深黄伞形霉属（Umbelopsis）、枝孢菌属（Cladosporium）、暗双孢菌属（Cordana）、镰刀菌属（Fusarium）、隐球菌属（Cryptococcus）、淡紫紫霉属（Purpureocillium）、赤霉菌属 （Gibberella）、灵芝属（Ganoderma）。研究结果表明,菌草根际土真菌群落多样性高于非根际土,为进一步更好地利用菌草提供理论参考依据。     

利用SSR荧光标记构建37个中国橡胶树栽培品种指纹图谱

以37个橡胶树栽培品种为材料,利用SSR荧光标记技术进行DNA指纹图谱的构建和遗传关系分析,构建我国橡胶树栽培品种的SSR指纹图谱。共计筛选和确定出34对SSR引物作为构建橡胶树品种DNA指纹图谱库的核心引物,其中30对SSR引物可用于品种鉴定,4对SSR引物可作为备选引物用于后续新选育品种的鉴定。筛选和确定出的核心SSR引物表现出较高的多态性信息含量（PIC值）,其中PIC值高于0.5的引物高达97%,PIC值大于0.7的引物多达12对,PIC值大于0.8的引物有2对。引物rbm28的多态性最高,可作为最佳引物用于鉴定中国橡胶树主栽品系的遗传多样性,其他4条引物HESR025、HESR163、H-084、H-122同时具备较高的杂合率和多态性,可考虑作为备选引物。34对核心SSR引物在37个橡胶树品种中共检测到161个等位变异,平均每对引物检测到5.4个等位基因,平均PIC值为0.65,表现出高度多态性。利用30对核心SSR引物对37份橡胶树品种进行扩增,得到相关品种的准确SSR位点信息,获得包含37个橡胶树品种的标准DNA指纹图谱库,其中33个橡胶树品种均具有唯一的DNA特征指纹,可作为各品种特定的图谱,为橡胶树品种鉴定和育种实践提供依据。     

70份小麦品种(系)抗条锈病基因推导及检测

为了给小麦品种的合理布局和小麦条锈病防控提供参考信息,选用我国当前流行的条锈菌混合小种对70份小麦品种(系)进行成株期抗条锈性鉴定,利用基因推导的方法对供试品种(系)所含的基因进行分析,结合系谱信息,并采用分子标记进行已知抗病基因验证。结果表明,对条锈菌混合小种(CYR34、CYR33、CYR32、CYR31、CYR30、CYR29、CYR17和Su-1)表现免疫和近免疫的品种(系)有24份,占供试品种(系)的34.29%;表现高抗和中抗的品种(系)有17份,占24.29%。说明供试小麦品种(系)对当前流行条锈菌混合小种具有良好的成株期抗性,可用于品种布局。基因推导分析结果表明,供试小麦品种(系)中18份携带抗条锈病基因 Yr21,20份含 Yr3,11份含 Yr1,8份含 Yr5,3份含YrSD, 3份含 Yr32,6份含 Yr10,1份(烟836)含有YrSu,1份(金禾9123)含有 Yr26。分子标记检测结果表明,供试小麦品种(系)携带的抗性基因分别为 Yr5(11份)、 Yr9(2份)、 Yr10(9份)、 Yr15(1份)和 Yr26(4份)。由于遗传背景和遗传距离等因素,分子标记检测和基因推导结果不完全一致。     

Identification and Genetic Analysis of Fertility Restoration Ability in Dongxiang Wild Rice(Oryza rufipogon)

Two populations of Dongxiang wild rice(Oryza rufipogon),Shuitaoshu and Dongtangshang,were crossed with five male sterile rice lines with different cytoplasmic backgrounds(B06S,Zhenshan 97A,Xieqingzao A,Zhong 9A,and Yuetai A),and the seed setting rate of the F1 was used to judge the fertility restoration ability in the Dongxiang wild rice.With P1.F1,P2,and F2 populations as materials,the Akaike's Information Criterion(AIC)was used to identify the major genes affecting quantitative traits,and when the major genes existed,the genetic effects of the major gene and the polygene and their genetic variance were estimated through segregation analysis.The seed setting rates of the F1 generation varied from 45.98%to 76.57%,suggesting that the Dongxiang wild rice had the fertility restoration ability.One major gone plus polygene mixed inheritance model was the most fitted genetic model for this trait in all the F2 populations.The heritability values of the major genes varied from 56.63%to 88.29%and those of the polygenes from 2.74%to 30.97%,and the total heritability values were from 63.1 7%to 94.01%.The major gone inheritance of the combination Zhong 9A/Dongtangshang was controlled by the additive effect without dominant effect,and the other nine combinations were by the completely dominant inheritance.     

光温敏核不育水稻育性稳定性及其鉴定技术研究

在人工控制气候条件下,通过对大量光温敏不育材料的试验观察,对水稻光温敏核不育系育性稳定性的现象、本质、控制途径和鉴定技术等问题开展了系列研究。结果认为：(1)就现有资源而言,温度和光照都是引起不育系育性转换的因素,不存在纯光敏类型;(2)不同光温敏不育系育性转换对温度的最敏感期有差异,存在3种不同的类型;(3)实用不育系最关键的技术指标,就是导致不育的起点温度要相对地低,具体的安全不育起点温度指标的界定应根据选育地区历年的气候资料进行分析;(4)在常规繁殖条件下,光温敏不育系不育起点温度存在难以避免的世代间漂移现象,但在已经发生漂移的后代群体中,通过增加低温选择压力,可以遴选到不育起点温度仍保持稳定的典型单株。还对华中稻区适合的不育起点温度参数以及“漂移”控制途径(核心种子技术)进行了讨论。     

茶树咖啡碱代谢及低咖啡碱茶树育种研究进展

咖啡碱是茶树中最重要的次生代谢产物之一,一般为茶叶干物质重的2%～5%。咖啡碱具有兴奋神经、祛除疲劳及增加心血管系统活动等保健功能,但摄入过高含量咖啡碱也会引起副作用,因此,研究茶树咖啡碱代谢途径及其分子机理,培育低咖啡碱茶树品种具有非常重要的意义。本文综述了茶树咖啡碱的合成与分解代谢及其关键酶、以及近年来低咖啡碱茶树育种等方面的研究进展,并对这些研究领域目前存在的问题和今后努力的方向进行了讨论和展望。