不同施氮模式对设施茄子产量、品质及氮素气态损失的影响

以河北省永清县设施茄子为研究对象,通过田间原位方法,设置不施氮(T0)、传统施氮(CK,纯氮557.70 kg hm-)2、优化施氮1(T1,传统施氮量水平下减少20%)、优化施氮1+NP(T2,NP为硝化抑制剂)和优化施氮2(T3,传统施氮量水平下减少30%)5个处理,研究不同施氮模式对设施茄子产量、果实品质及氮素气态损失(N_2O、NH)3的影响。结果表明,T0处理茄子产量为6.39 t hm~(-2),显著低于CK、T1和T2,但与T3差异不显著;T1和T2的茄子产量分别为11.01 t hm-2和11.89 t hm~(-2),与CK差异不显著,但产量呈现增加趋势;品质指标均未呈现显著差异;各处理N_2O的排放速率均在施肥后1-2天出现高峰,基肥的排放高峰高于追肥,且随施氮量的减少而降低;除T0外,T2处理土壤N_2O-N累积排放量最低,为2.82 kg hm~(-2);T0、CK、T1、T2和T3的土壤NH3-N挥发损失量分别为2.15、8.25、6.92、7.96、6.47 kg hm~(-2);CK、T1、T2和T3处理的氮素利用率分别为23.54%、25.57%、29.14和20.63%,未达显著水平。因此,在传统生产中减氮20%,并添加NP的施氮模式,既能稳产保质,又能降低N_2O排放,对设施农田的减排增效与生态环境改善起到积极作用。     

常规灌溉条件下施氮对温室土壤氨挥发的影响

为明确温室土壤的氨挥发特征,探讨适宜的减量施氮措施对氨挥发损失量及黄瓜产量的影响,在常规灌溉条件下设置了3个施氮（尿素）处理,采用通气法测定了冬春季黄瓜地中的氨挥发速率。结果表明：温室土壤在氮肥基施后7 d出现氨挥发速率峰值,但在氮肥追施后,施肥带与非施肥带的氨挥发速率峰值分别在第1 d与第5 d出现,氨挥发速率的峰值比氮肥基施时下降了8.6%～46.3%,施肥带的累积氨挥发量是非施肥带的0.91～1.54倍。冬春季黄瓜地的氨挥发损失量为16.7～26.6 kg/hm2,其中减施氮25%处理N900（900 kg/hm2）与减施氮50%处理N600（600 kg/hm2）与习惯施氮处理N1200（1 200 kg/hm2）相比,氨挥发损失量分别降低了22.1%和37.2%。而2 a黄瓜产量的平均值以处理N600（600 kg/hm2）最高,比处理N1200（1 200 kg/hm2）增加了6.52%。综合考虑氨挥发损失量、黄瓜产量及施氮量,在河北省的温室冬春季黄瓜生产中,比农民习惯氮用量（1 200 kg/hm2）减少25%～50%的措施是可行的。     

不同水氮条件下双氰胺对设施番茄生长发育和土壤氮素淋失的影响

采用田间小区试验法研究不同水氮条件下硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)对设施番茄生长发育和土壤氮素淋失的影响。结果表明:在优化水氮处理条件下,配施DCD能显著抑制土壤NH4+-N含量的降低,提高氮素利用率;同时降低土壤硝态氮含量,从而减少氮淋失。与传统水氮处理相比,优化水氮配施DCD(W2N2+DCD、W2N3+DCD和W2N4+DCD)可使设施番茄施用氮素的平均利用率由13.84%提高到22.45%;可使表层(0-10cm)土壤的NO3--N淋失量降低49.34%～55.54%,0-30cm土层NO3--N含量降低35.21%～64.88%;平均减少30-120cm土层NO3--N淋失量61.08%～72.00%。同时,优化水氮配施DCD的调控措施还能够显著降低番茄体内硝酸盐含量,改善番茄果实品质,可使番茄果实硝酸盐含量降低51.94%～62.82%,且对番茄产量影响不大。综合评价,与传统水氮处理相比,优化水氮配施DCD处理W2N2+DCD在番茄生长期内减少施氮量59.02%,节约灌溉用水29.80%,能够使土壤0-10cm土壤NO3--N累积量减少54.01%,且在初果期、盛果期、末果期和拉秧期0-120cm剖面中NO3--N累积量分别降低58.32%,72.80%,63.23%和52.60%,并将氮素利用率提高到25.49%,番茄果实硝酸盐含量也降低59.81%,较好地实现了经济和环境效益双赢。     

施氮量对水稻氮素吸收、利用及损失的影响

以嘉兴地区水稻为研究对象,研究了不同施氮水平对水稻氮素吸收、利用及损失的影响。结果表明:水稻籽粒产量及吸氮量均随施氮量的增加而增加,与施氮量的关系均符合一元二次方程;施氮量为213.6 kg hm-2所对应的氮肥利用率最高,氮肥农学利用率则随施氮量的增加而下降;水稻的表观氮损失量、氮损失比例随施氮量的增加呈线性增长趋势,水稻氮损失量占氮总输入量的14%~52%,其中氨挥发损失的氮占氮总输入量的4%~12%;稻田氨挥发总量随施氮量的增加而增加,氨挥发量在施氮量为393.6 kg hm-2时发生明显跃增;增施有机肥有利于提高水稻籽粒的产量和植株吸氮量,并提高氮肥利用率及氮肥农学利用效率,但同时也增加了氮损失总量(包括氨挥发量)。从经济与环境双赢的角度出发,嘉兴的适宜施氮量为213.6 kg hm-2,且施氮量不宜超过303.6 kg hm-2。     

不同土地利用方式土壤温室气体排放对碳氮添加的响应

揭示不同土地利用方式下土壤N2O产生机制及其CO2和CH4的排放,有助于土壤温室气体减排措施的制定。本研究以长沙金井河流域酸性红壤上菜地、稻田、茶园和林地土壤为研究对象,控制温度和土壤含水量,采用静态培养-气相色谱法,研究4种利用方式土壤N2O、CO2和CH4的排放对不同碳氮和硝化抑制剂添加的响应。结果表明,由于土壤pH较低,酸性红壤外加氮源后仅有较小的N2O排放。葡萄糖能够促进尿素添加后N2O的排放及土壤反硝化作用N2O的排放。异养硝化作用可能是酸性红壤N2O产生的主要途径。硝化抑制剂双氰胺（DCD）对酸性红壤N2O减排无明显效果。碳氮添加后土壤N2O的总排放量表现为茶园 > 菜地 > 稻田 > 林地。外源有机碳能够显著促进4种利用方式土壤CO2的排放,表现为茶园、稻田 > 菜地、林地。但除稻田土壤CH4排放增加外,菜地、茶园和林地土壤CH4排放对外源有机碳无明显响应。     

不同减氮栽培模式对杂交籼稻氮素吸收利用及产量的影响

[目的]探索不同减氮栽培模式对水稻氮素吸收利用及产量的调控效应,为水稻减氮高产栽培提供理论依据.[方法]选用杂交籼稻品种'成优981'和'宜香优2115'为试验材料,以常规高产栽培为对照(湿润灌溉、种植密度20.0×104/hm2、施氮量187.5 kg/hm2,T0),设3种减氮栽培处理:单一减氮(湿润灌溉、种植密度...     

不同氮水平下黄瓜-番茄日光温室栽培土壤N_2O排放特征

为探讨日光温室黄瓜—番茄种植体系内N2O排放动态变化及其对不同氮水平的响应规律,采用密闭静态箱法,研究了常规氮量(黄瓜季1 200 kg/hm2,番茄季900 kg/hm2)、比常规氮量减25%(黄瓜季900 kg/hm2,番茄季675 kg/hm2)、减50%(黄瓜季600 kg/hm2,番茄季450 kg/hm2)以及不施氮对日光温室土壤N2O排放的影响。结果表明,温度是影响日光温室土壤N2O排放强度的重要因素,4-10月(平均气温为27.4℃)的N2O排放通量最高达818.4μg/(m2·h);而2-3月(平均气温15.1℃)以及11-12月(平均气温14.7℃)期间的N2O排放通量最高仅为464.5μg/(m2·h),比4-10月的N2O排放峰值降低了43.2%。N2O排放峰值在氮肥追施后5 d内出现,N2O排放量集中在氮肥施用后7 d内,可占整个监测期(271 d)排放量的64.7%~67.8%。施氮因增加了土壤硝态氮含量而引起N2O排放爆发式增长,0~10 cm土壤硝态氮含量与N2O排放量呈指数函数关系(P0.01)。日光温室黄瓜—番茄种植体系内的N2O排放量为0.99~9.92 kg/hm2,其中75.6%~90.0%由施氮造成。与常规氮用量相比,氮减量25%和50%处理的N2O排放量分别降低了40.4%和59.3%,总产量却增加4.9%和7.4%。综上所述,合理减少氮用量不仅可显著降低日光温室土壤N2O排放,而且不会引起产量的降低。该研究为日光温室蔬菜生产构建科学合理的施氮技术及估算中国设施农田温室气体排放量提供参考。     

添加外源炭对苹果园土壤无机氮变化和氨挥发损失的影响

大田条件下,采用磷酸甘油-双层海绵通气法,监测了玉米秸秆两种不同利用方式（直接施用和制成生物质炭施用）下的土壤无机氮含量和氨挥发速率的变化,研究了两种碳源对土壤氨挥发的影响。试验共设4个处理,分别为：CK（N0）、N（N 250 kg/hm2）、N+S（N 250 kg/hm2+生物秸秆）和N+B（N 250 kg/hm2+生物质炭）。结果表明：不同处理间氨挥发速率存在显著差异,施氮处理（N,N+S和N+B）的氨挥发速率均显著高于对照（CK）处理,氨挥发速率随着施肥后时间的推移迅速增大,均在施肥后第3天达到峰值,然后逐渐下降,呈“低-高-低”的单峰曲线。各施氮处理氨挥发峰值大小存在显著差异,N处理最大,为2.37 kg/(hm2·d),其次是N+S处理,为1.65 kg/(hm2·d),N+B处理最低,仅为1.32 kg/(hm2·d),N处理分别是N+S和N+B处理的1.44,1.80倍。0—10 cm土层土壤铵态氮浓度的变化趋势与氨挥发速率的变化趋势一致,与氨挥发速率呈极显著正相关,但各处理间土壤铵态氮含量的峰值存在显著差异,N处理最大,N+S处理次之,N+B处理最小。去掉CK本底值后,氨挥发损失量以N处理最大,为15.29 kg/hm2,占施氮量的6.12%;N+S处理次之,为9.32 kg/hm2和3.73%;N+B处理最低,仅为6.01 kg/hm2和2.40%。因此,添加外源炭显著降低了氨挥发损失,以添加生物质炭效果最好。     

追氮方式对夏玉米土壤N2O和NH3排放的影响

【目的】研究氮肥与硝化抑制剂撒施及条施覆土三种追施氮肥方式下土壤N2O和NH3排放规律、 O2浓度及土壤NH4+-N、 NO2--N和NO3--N的时空动态,揭示追氮方式对两种重要环境气体排放的影响及机制。【方法】试验设置3个处理: 1)农民习惯追氮方式撒施(BC); 2)撒施添加10%的硝化抑制剂(BC+DCD); 3) 条施后覆土(Band)。 3个处理均在施肥后均匀灌水20 mm。在夏玉米十叶期追施氮肥后的15天(2014年7月23日至8月8日)进行田间原位连续动态观测,并在玉米成熟期测定产量及吸氮量。采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定土壤N2O排放量,土壤气体平衡管-气相色谱法测定土壤N2O浓度,PVC管-通气法测定土壤NH3挥发,土壤气体平衡管-泵吸式O2浓度测定仪测定土壤O2浓度。【结果】农民习惯追氮方式N2O排放量为N 395 g/hm2,NH3挥发损失为N 22.9 kg/hm2,同时还导致土壤在一定程度上积累了NO2--N。与习惯追氮方式相比,添加硝化抑制剂显著减少N2O排放89.4%,使NH3挥发略有增加,未造成土壤NO2--N的累积。条施覆土使土壤N2O排放量显著增加将近1倍,但使NH3挥发显著减少69.4%,同时造成施肥后土壤局部高NO2--N累积。条施覆土的施肥条带上土壤NO2--N含量与N2O排放通量呈显著正相关。土壤气体的O2和N2O浓度受土壤含水量控制,当土壤WFPS大于60%时,020 cm土层中的O2浓度明显降低,而N2O浓度增加,土壤N2O浓度和土壤O2浓度间呈极显著负相关。各处理地上部产量及总吸氮量差异不显著。【结论】土壤NO2--N的累积与铵态氮肥施肥方式密切相关,NO2--N的累积能够促进土壤N2O的排放,且在条施覆土时达到显著水平(P0.05)。追氮方式对N2O和NH3两种气体的排放存在某种程度的此消彼长,添加硝化抑制剂在减少N2O排放的同时会增加NH3挥发,条施覆土在显著减少NH3挥发的同时会显著增加土壤N2O排放。在条施覆土基础上添加硝化抑制剂,有可能同时降低N2O排放和NH3挥发损失,此推论值得进一步研究。     

水氮配施对绿洲温室黄瓜氮素代谢及产量品质的影响

为明确绿洲温室黄瓜的水氮适宜用量,以黄瓜品种"卓越99F1"为材料,采用田间随机区组排列设计,研究了不同水氮处理对黄瓜氮素代谢及产量品质的影响.结果表明:土壤含水量为田间持水量65％～80％、施氮量为234 kg·hm-2的处理,黄瓜植株体内硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶、谷氨酸草酰乙酸转氨酶和谷氨酸丙酮酸转氨酶活性最高;...     

水氮用量对设施栽培蔬菜地土壤氨挥发损失的影响

【目的】针对我国设施蔬菜生产中存在的水肥过量施用问题,研究不同水氮条件下黄瓜-番茄种植体系内的土壤氨挥发特征,探讨影响设施菜地土壤氨挥发的重要因子,为降低氮肥的氨挥发损失、 建立合理的灌溉和施肥制度提供参考。【方法】以华北平原设施黄瓜-番茄轮作菜地为研究对象,设常规灌溉(W1)和减量灌溉(W2)2个灌溉水平,每种灌溉水平下设不施氮(N0)、 减量施氮(N1)和常规施氮(N2)3个氮水平,共6个处理组合(W1N0、 W1N1、 W1N2、 W2N0、 W2N1、 W2N2)。采用通气法监测不同水氮条件下黄瓜-番茄轮作体系内的土壤氨挥发动态,分析与土壤氨挥发相关的主要影响因子。【结果】设施黄瓜-番茄种植体系内表层(0—10 cm)土壤铵态氮受施肥的影响波动较大,与常规施氮(N2)相比,相同灌水条件下减量施氮(N1)处理的0—10 cm土层铵态氮浓度最高值降低了25.1%~30.3%(P 0.05)。减量施氮可显著降低土壤氨挥发速率。与常规施氮(N2)相比,减量施氮处理(N1)在黄瓜季和番茄季内的氨挥发速率均值分别降低了21.1%~22.8%(P0.05)和16.5%~17.9%(P0.05)。整个黄瓜-番茄轮作周期内,土壤氨挥发损失量和氮肥的氨挥发损失率分别为17.8~48.1 kg/hm2和1.23%~1.44%。与常规施氮(N2)相比,减量施氮处理(N1)的土壤氨挥发损失量及氮肥的氨挥发损失率分别降低了19.3%~20.0%(P0.05)和0.85~0.92个百分点。各处理土壤氨挥发速率与0—10 cm土壤铵态氮浓度呈显著或极显著正相关,说明0—10 cm土壤铵态氮浓度是土壤氨挥发的重要驱动因子。与常规灌溉(W1)相比,减量灌溉(W2)条件下设施菜地土壤氨挥发速率及氨挥发损失量略有增加(P0.05)。适宜减少氮肥及灌溉量不仅能够维持较高的蔬菜产量,而且显著提高了灌溉水和氮肥的利用效率。其中减量施氮处理(N1)的氮肥农学效率比常规施氮(N2)提高了95.4%~146.4%; 减量灌溉(W2)的灌溉水农学效率比常规灌溉(W1)提高了27.7%~54.0%。【结论】通过合理的节水减氮措施可达到抑制氮肥氨挥发损失、 增加产量以及提高水氮利用效率的目的。在供试条件下,节水30%左右、 减施氮量25%的水氮组合(W2N1)具有较佳的经济效益与环境效应。     

加气灌溉水氮互作对温室芹菜地N2O排放的影响

为揭示加气条件下不同灌溉和施氮量对设施菜地N2O排放的影响,提出有效的N2O减排措施,该研究以温室芹菜为例,设置充分灌溉(1.0 Ep,I1;Ep为2次灌水间隔内φ20 cm标准蒸发皿的累计蒸发量)和亏缺灌溉(0.75 Ep,I2)2个灌溉水平和0 (N0)、150 (N150)、200 (N200)、250 kg/hm2 (N250)4个施氮水平,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对各处理土壤N2O的排放进行监测,并分析不同灌溉和氮肥水平下土壤温度、湿度、矿质氮(NH4+-N和NO3--N)、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的变化,以及对土壤N2O排放的影响.结果表明:充分灌水温室芹菜地N2O排放显著(P＜0.05)高于亏缺灌溉;施氮显著(P＜0.05)增加了土壤N2O排放,N150、N200和N250处理的N2O累积排放量分别是N0处理的2.30、4.14和7.15倍.设施芹菜地N2O排放与土壤温度、湿度和硝态氮含量呈指数相关关系(P＜0.01),与硝化细菌和反硝化细菌数量呈线性相关关系(P＜0.01),而与土壤铵态氮没有显著相关关系.灌水和施氮提高芹菜产量的同时,显著增强了土壤N2O排放.综合考虑产量和温室效应,施氮量150 kg/hm2、亏缺灌溉为较佳的管理模式.该研究为设施菜地N2O减排及确定合理的水氮投入量提供参考.     

Effects of nitrogen fertilization and irrigation on N2O emissions from a sandy soil in Germany

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supplemental irrigation on the amount of N₂O emissions on a sandy soil in north-east Germany. N₂O flux measurements were carried out over two vegetation periods from the emergence of plants to harvest. The level of N₂O emissions was low, which is typical for sandy soils in north-east Germany. In both periods, irrigation had no increasing effect on N₂O emissions. Relevant factors were the soil temperature and the soil water-filled pore space (WFPS), which were mainly influenced by weather conditions. This may indicate that nitrification was the main source of N₂O emissions. In conclusion, this study has confirmed that sandy soils under weather conditions of north-east Germany generally have a very low potential for N₂O emissions.     

灌溉量与减氮配施有机肥模式对温室黄瓜及土壤的影响

为探究设施农业中不同灌溉量与施肥模式对土壤理化特性、作物产量、品质、水分利用效率（water use efficiency,WUE）及氮肥偏生产力（nitrogen partial productivity,NPP）的影响。该研究通过对温室黄瓜设置充分（W1）与亏缺（W2）灌溉下不同比例减氮（N1：275 kg/hm²、N2：220 kg/hm²、N3：165 kg/hm²）配施腐熟羊粪有机肥（O1：12 t/hm²、O2：8 t/hm²）处理试验,分析充分与亏缺灌溉下不同减氮配施有机肥处理对土壤理化特性、黄瓜品质、产量、WUE及NPP的影响。结果表明,在相同灌溉条件下,减施氮肥和配施有机肥均能有效改善土壤结构,O1N3处理较其他处理土壤容重平均降低5.8%,孔隙度平均增加7.7%,三相组成优化,大粒径水稳性团聚体含量平均提高25.4%,0～30 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量平均降低21.8%。同时,配施有机肥能提高温室黄瓜WUE和NPP,在相同灌溉和氮肥条件下,O1较O2水平黄瓜WUE和NPP分别平均提高14.5%和15.7%。综合对比分析不同指标得出W1O2N2处理表现最佳,黄瓜可溶性葡萄糖、可溶性固形物、维生素C（VC）含量及产量较W1O1N1处理无显著差异（P>0.05）,同时能有效改善土壤环境,减少肥料用量,保证生产经济效益。研究结果对于设施农业科学水肥管理及绿色高效生产具有重要的参考意义。     

Effects of greenhouse intensive cultivation and organic amendments on greenhouse gas emission according to a soil incubation study

Soil cultivation changes and usage of agricultural wastes can have profound impacts on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from soil. In this study, the effects of soil cultivation and organic amendment on GHG emission were investigated using aerobic incubation. Surface soil (0–20 cm) from (1) rice–legume consecutive rotation (Rice) and (2) recently (<3 years) converted from rice field to plastic-covered intensive vegetable and flower production (VegC) were collected in Kunming, P.R. China. Rose (Rosa rugosa Thunb.) residues and cattle manure were applied at 5% by weight. Results indicated that N₂O and CO₂ fluxes were significantly influenced by soil cultivation, organic amendment, incubation time and their interaction (p <0.05). Applying cattle manure increased, while rose residue decreased, cumulative N₂O emissions from soil (84 days). Rose residue application significantly increased cumulative CO₂ emissions with peak values of 6371 (Rice) and 7481 mg kg^?1 (VegC), followed by cattle manure addition figure of 2265 (VegC) and 3581 mg kg^?1 (Rice). Both were significantly higher (p <0.05) than the un-amended Control at 709 (VegC) and 904 mg kg^?1 (Rice). Our study demonstrates that a low C/N ratio in cattle manure is better than a high C/N ratio in rose residue in regard to reducing the global warming potential of agricultural soil.     

Effects of various nitrogen fertilizers on emission of nitrous oxide from soils

Summary Field studies of the effects of different N fertilizers on emission of nitrous oxide (N20) from three Iowa soils showed that the N₂O emissions induced by application of 180 kg ha^–1 fertilizer N as anhydrous ammonia greatly exceeded those induced by application of the same amount of fertilizer N as aqueous ammonia or urea. On average, the emission of N₂O-N induced by anhydrous ammonia was more than 13 times that induced by aqueous ammonia or urea and represented 1.2% of the anhydrous ammonia N applied. Experiments with one soil showed that the N₂O emission induced by anhydrous ammonia was more than 17 times that induced by the same amount of N as calcium nitrate. These findings confirm indications from previous work that anhydrous ammonia has a much greater effect on emission of N₂O from soils than do other commonly used N fertilizers and merits special attention in research relating to the potential adverse climatic effect of N fertilization of soils.Laboratory studies of the effect of different amounts of NH₄OH on emission of N₂O from Webster soil showed that the emission of N₂O-N induced by addition of 100 g NH₄OH-N g^–1 soil represented only 0.18% of the N applied, whereas the emissions induced by additions of 500 and 1 000 g NH4OH-N g^–1 soil represented 1.15% and 1.19%, respectively, of the N applied. This suggests that the exceptionally large emissions of N₂O induced by anhydrous ammonia fertilization are due, at least in part, to the fact that the customary method of applying this fertilizer by injection into soil produces highly alkaline soil zones of high ammonium-N concentration that do not occur when urea or aqueous ammonia fertilizers are broadcast and incorporated into soil.     

Influence of water depth and soil amelioration on greenhouse gas emissions from peat soil columns

Recently, large areas of tropical peatland have been converted into agricultural fields. To be used for agricultural activities, peat soils need to be drained, limed and fertilized due to excess water, low nutrient content and high acidity. Water depth and amelioration have significant effects on greenhouse gas (GHG) production. Twenty-seven soil samples were collected from Jabiren, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, in 2014 to examine the effect of water depth and amelioration on GHG emissions. Soil columns were formed in the peatland using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe with a diameter of 21 cm and a length of 100 cm. The PVC pipe was inserted vertically into the soil to a depth of 100 cm and carefully pulled up with the soil inside after sealing the bottom. The treatments consisting of three static water depths (15, 35 and 55 cm from the soil surface) and three ameliorants (without ameliorant/control, biochar+compost and steel slag+compost) were arranged using a randomized block design with two factors and three replications. Fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) from the soil columns were measured weekly. There was a linear relationship between water depth and CO₂ emissions. No significant difference was observed in the CH₄ emissions in response to water depth and amelioration. The ameliorations influenced the CO₂ and N₂O emissions from the peat soil. The application of biochar+compost enhanced the CO₂ and N₂O emissions but reduced the CH₄ emission. Moreover, the application of steel slag+compost increased the emissions of all three gases. The highest CO₂ and N₂O emissions occurred in response to the biochar+compost treatment followed by the steel slag-compost treatment and without ameliorant. Soil pH, redox potential (Eh) and temperature influenced the CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O fluxes. Experiments for monitoring water depth and amelioration should be developed using peat soil as well as peat soil–crop systems.     

不同灌溉量对砂壤温室黄瓜土壤溶液氮浓度及氮淋洗的影响

为探讨不同灌水量下砂壤温室黄瓜土壤中氮浓度的变化特征,借助温室内称重式蒸渗仪试验平台,以直径20 cm蒸发皿的蒸发量(E_p)为灌水依据,设置了I1(K_(cp1):0.8)、I2(K_(cp2):1.0)和I3(K_(cp3):1.2)3种灌水水平,研究了黄瓜生育期内不同土层土壤溶液中氮浓度的动态变化及氮淋洗情况。结果表明,减少灌溉量增加了20和40 cm土层中的硝态氮浓度,降低了60 cm土层的硝态氮浓度。与处理I3相比,处理I2在20和40 cm土层中的硝态氮生育期平均浓度增加了75.59%和134.36%,60 cm土层的硝态氮生育期平均浓度降低了18.88%。不同灌溉量处理在各土层中铵态氮最大浓度仅为0.4 mg·L~(-1),其中20 cm土层铵态氮浓度具有和硝态氮相似的变化规律,而40和60 cm土层中各处理无明显差异。黄瓜季淋洗出90 cm土体的氮总量为56.08~203.13kg·hm~(-2),占总施氮量的9.02%~32.69%。相比处理I3,I2处理不仅具有最高的黄瓜产量,而且氮淋洗总量降低了49.16%(P0.05),灌溉水利用效率和氮肥偏生产力分别提高了39.24%(P0.05)和18.88%(P0.05)。综合考虑土壤中氮浓度、淋洗量及黄瓜产量等指标,I2处理(K_(cp2):1.0)为供试条件下较优灌溉量。     

Effects of rate and depth of fertilizer application on emission of nitrous oxide from soil fertilized with anhydrous ammonia

Summary Field studies to determine the effect of different rates of fertilization on emission of nitrous oxide (N₂O) from soil fertilized with anhydrous ammonia showed that the fertilizer-induced emission of N₂O-N in 116 days increased from 1.22 to 4.09 kg ha^–1 as the rate of anhydrous ammonia N application was increased from 75 to 450 kg ha^–1. When expressed as a percentage of the N applied, the fertilizer-induced emission of N₂O-N in 116 days decreased from 1.6% to 0.9% as the rate of fertilizer N application was increased from 75 to 450 kg N ha^–1. The data obtained showed that a 100% increase in the rate of application of anhydrous ammonia led to about a 60% increase in the fertilizer-induced emission of N₂O.Field studies to determine the effect of depth of fertilizer injection on emission of N₂O from soil fertilized with anhydrous ammonia showed that the emission of N₂O-N in 156 days induced by injection of 112 kg anhydrous ammonia N ha^–1 at a depth of 30 cm was 107% and 21 % greater than those induced by injection of the same amount of N at depths of 10 cm and 20 cm, respectively. The effect of depth of application of anhydrous ammonia on emission of N₂O was less when this fertilizer was applied at a rate of 225 kg N ha^–1.