密集烤房的太阳能改造与应用研究

为在烤烟烘烤期间利用太阳能替代部分燃煤,以达到节能减排的目的,对现有的密集烤房进行太阳能改造,在屋顶加装太阳能加热室,吸收太阳能并加热太阳能加热室内空气,高温空气通过内循环管道与烤房的加热室、装烟室连通,提供辅助热源。太阳能循环风机由温差控制器控制。对改造的太阳能密集烤房进行烘烤效应研究,结果表明密集型烤房的太阳能改造简单易行,经济实用,节能效果明显;太阳能提供的热量可满足烟叶烘烤前期的需要,每千克干烟耗能比改造前降低20%~24%,烘烤烟叶质量与普通密集烤房所烤烟叶质量相当,社会效益与经济效益明显,在光照好的烟区具有一定的推广价值。     

热泵型太阳能密集烤房烘烤节能途径探讨

为了探索节能减排的烤烟烘烤模式,2009-2010年,在贵州省黔西南州兴义市修建了2栋热泵太阳能密集烤房,并进行了烤烟烘烤节能试验.每栋烤房可装鲜烟叶3 500 kg,烘烤烟叶质量与普通密集烤房相当.使用热泵烘烤烟叶(CK),每千克干烟叶耗电3.08 kW·h,能耗成本为1.40元.使用热泵并利用太阳能作为辅助能源,则...     

Short-lived nuclides in hibonite grains from Murchison: evidence for solar system evolution

Records of now-extinct short-lived nuclides in meteorites provide information about the formation and evolution of the solar system. We have found excess 10B that we attribute to the decay of short-lived 10Be (half-life 1.5 million years) in hibonite grains from the Murchison meteorite. The grains show no evidence of decay of two other short-lived nuclides-26Al (half-life 700,000 years) and 41Ca (half-life 100,000 years)-that may be present in early solar system solids. One plausible source of the observed 10Be is energetic particle irradiation of material in the solar nebula. An effective irradiation dose of approximately 2 x 10(18) protons per square centimeter with a kinetic energy of >/=10 megaelectronvolts per atomic mass unit can explain our measurements. The presence of 10Be, coupled with the absence of 41Ca and 26Al, may rule out energetic particle irradiation as the primary source of 41Ca and 26Al present in some early solar system solids and strengthens the case of a stellar source for 41Ca and 26Al.     

一种新型太阳能光电自动跟踪系统

太阳能自动跟踪可以显著提高太阳能电池单位面积的光电转换率。提出一种新型光电跟踪方式：采用16个光敏电阻组成的圆形阵列，利用遮挡杆的投影检测太阳光的位置，间歇式调整太阳能板角度，实施自动跟踪。试验结果证明，该跟踪系统相对固定角度摆放方式，提高光伏电池发电效率33.04%；相比实时跟踪系统，降低机械耗能50%以上。     

基于AT89S52的智能型双精度太阳自动跟踪系统设计

为提高太阳能的利用率,以AT89S52单片机为控制核心,采取极轴式跟踪方式,设计了一套以视日运动轨迹跟踪为主、光电跟踪进行跟踪校正的智能型双精度太阳跟踪系统,该系统通过采集时钟芯片信息计算当前太阳位置,实现视日运动轨迹跟踪;同时利用光电传感器采集的光强偏差控制步进电机,实现光电跟踪,校正轨迹偏差,保证聚光板与太阳光相垂直。试验表明,该太阳跟踪系统能在不同天气状况下对太阳进行较准确跟踪,能量接收效率提高20%以上,达到了充分利用太阳能的目的。     

淮北沭阳地区高产小麦光能利用率的研究

本文分析了江苏省淮北沭阳地区小麦群体光能利用状况。在小麦全生育期内,该地区太阳总辐射量为70.4千卡/厘米~2,约占全年总辐射量的60％。不同产量水平小麦光能利用率依次为高产田>过旺田>一般大田。高产小麦经济产量的光能利用率为0.46％,生物产量的光能利用率为1.13％。小麦一生中光能利用率高峰期出现在孕穗至灌浆阶段。此阶段LAI为7时,生物产量日增重最大。文中还对提高小麦光能利用率的途径作了讨论。     

农村建设中太阳能路灯综合效益评价研究

我国新农村建设中太阳能利用取得了快速发展,本文简要介绍了太阳能路灯系统的工作原理,结合某市循环经济示范村太阳能路灯系统的使用现状,采用费用-效益评价指标从经济、环境和社会效益3个方面对太阳能路灯系统进行综合评价与分析,得到太阳能路灯与普通路灯相比较,在经济上是可行的;安装太阳能路灯系统减少了对环境的污染,提高了可再生能源的利用价值,对于该旅游区的环境保护具有重大意义;对新农村建设新能源的利用,起到了很好的引导作用,为太阳能路灯系统大力推广提供一定的实践依据。     

Solar heating and cooling

We have adequate theory and engineering capability to design, install, and use equipment for solar space and water heating. Energy can be delivered at costs that are competitive now with such high-cost energy sources as much fuel-generated, electrical resistance heating. The technology of heating is being improved through collector developments, improved materials, and studies of new ways to carry out the heating processes. Solar cooling is still in the experimental stage. Relatively few experiments have yielded information on solar operation of absorption coolers, on use of night sky radiation in locations with clear skies, on the combination of a solar-operated Rankine engine and a compression cooler, and on open cycle, humidification-dehumidification systems. Many more possibilities for exploration exist. Solar cooling may benefit from collector developments that permit energy delivery at higher temperatures and thus solar operation of additional kinds of cycles. Improved solar cooling capability can open up new applications of solar energy, particularly for larger buildings, and can result in markets for retrofitting existing buildings. Solar energy for buildings can, in the next decade, make a significant contribution to the national energy economy and to the pocketbooks of many individual users. very large-aggregate enterprises in manufacture, sale, and installation of solar energy equipment can result, which can involve a spectrum of large and small businesses. In our view, the technology is here or will soon be at hand; thus the basic decisions as to whether the United States uses this resource will be political in nature.     

日光温室土墙厚度的优化——以杨凌地区为例

为减少日光温室土质墙体成本并满足作物生长,对后墙厚度进行优化。以单位造价的节能量为日光温室节能改造的技术经济评价指标,分析日光温室土墙系统在节能工程中的成本构成;通过分析日光温室的状态系数、墙体传热系数和不变成本,着重研究节能量和土墙厚度的关系。研究结果表明:在杨凌地区,当不变成本为43.08元/m2,单位造价节能量取极大值时,增加厚度为1.18m,实际建造厚度为2.30m。引入性价比将墙体技术参数和经济参数有效连系起来,以杨凌地区为例,得到了日光温室土墙增加厚度优化式。     

太阳能-水源热泵联合加热温室系统研究

为了探索太阳能-水源热泵技术在设施农业领域的应用方法和发展潜力,寻求解决温室加温费用高、存在污染等问题的方法,对一种用于温室的太阳能和水源热泵联合加温系统进行了试验研究。结果表明:此项研究对太阳能-水源热泵这项新能源技术在农业领域的应用具有重要的意义,可减少连栋温室水源热泵加温系统一次性投资和运行成本,降低能源消耗,为太阳能水源热泵联合作为温室有效的加温系统提供了一定的理论依据。     

太阳墙集热器干燥红枣的试验研究

根据红枣的物料特性和干燥工艺要求,设计研制了一套太阳能与辅助热源互补的太阳能干燥红枣的试验装置,采用太阳墙集热器加热空气,实现了对红枣的连续干燥作业.结果表明,干燥效果良好.新型太阳墙孔状吸热板的应用为空气集热器的设计开辟了一条新途径.     

农村太阳能墙体系统节能试验研究

在当前农村耗能与日俱增的背景下,研究适合农村节能的系统设备具有非常重要的现实意义。太阳能作为可持续利用清洁能源中的一种,在农村节能建筑中受到特别重视。而太阳能墙体系统作为一种新的太阳能利用方式对于解决农宅冬季取暖夏季隔热保湿具有一定的可行性。该文研究了太阳能墙体集热板空气间层以及安装倾斜角对太阳能墙体系统热效能的影响,在试验的基础上得出了合适的空气间层值和倾斜角度值,这对太阳能墙体系统在农村斜坡屋顶的安装施工具有一定指导意义。     

Discovery of ancient silicate stardust in a meteorite

We have discovered nine presolar silicate grains from the carbonaceous chondrite Acfer 094. Their anomalous oxygen isotopic compositions indicate formation in the atmospheres of evolved stars. Two grains are identified as pyroxene, two as olivine, one as a glass with embedded metal and sulfides (GEMS), and one as an Al-rich silicate. One grain is enriched in 26Mg, which is attributed to the radioactive decay of 26Al and provides information about mixing processes in the parent star. This discovery opens new means for studying stellar processes and conditions in various solar system environments.     

Particle Track, X-ray, Thermal, and Mass Spectrometric Studies of Lunar Material

Particle tracks in Apollo 11 samples are dominantly of cosmic ray and solar origin: primary galactic and solar flare particles, likely spallation recoil tracks, and possible solar-wind heavy particles. The energy spectrum of irongroup nuclei is inferred from track density gradients in surface layers, and a limit of < 10(-7) centimeter per year is deduced for the surface erosion rate. From cosmic ray tracks in rock and core samples it is clear that the lunar soil is stirred often during each few million years. X-rays reveal augite, anorthite, olivine, ilmenite, troilite, nonmeteoritic iron, and assorted glasses, but no major structural damage. Hydrogen, helium, and other gases in the fines are compatible with expected solar wind ratios.     

太阳能技术在建筑节能中的应用

就太阳能在节能建筑中采暖、空调和热水系统的热利用进行了阐述.     

太阳能集热器型干燥系统干燥山药下脚料的研究

[目的]研制太阳能集热器型干燥系统,研究山药下脚料干燥的工艺.[方法]研制利用太阳能为热能源的干燥装置,将山药下脚料进行清洗、切条处理并置于干燥箱内,利用白天太阳能热能、夜间停止供热的间歇干燥方法进行干燥,试验过程分量通过调节板调节.[结果]不同进风量对干燥速度影响显著;当环境温度约为-3 9C,千燥室内的热空气流量为1.05 m3/min时,历时31h可将山药下脚料千燥至安全水分.[结论I研制的太阳能集热器型干燥系统具有较好的集热性能,干燥室内空气流量大、空气流速快并且利用间歇干燥时,可以显著缩短山药下脚料的干燥时间.利用太阳能能够满足山药下脚料干燥工艺要求.     

户用分布式光伏对农户收入的影响——以中部地区Y县为例

户用分布式光伏对农户收入影响具有长期性,如何发挥分布式光伏在乡村振兴战略中的作用需进一步探索。本文以户用分布式光伏为例,利用中部地区Y县2014—2019年农户追踪数据,运用双重差分法,分析户用分布式光伏对农户收入的影响,探讨户用分布式光伏对农户收入影响的作用机制。结果表明,2014—2019年农户收入大幅度提升,其中建光伏农户的人均收入增长幅度大于未建光伏农户,户用分布式光伏使农户人均收入提高25.4%,其中经营性收入、财产性收入分别提高74.4%和444.5%,而工资性收入降低45.3%。户用分布式光伏是通过减少非农劳动时间和缩短非农就业空间距离降低农户工资性收入,增加经营性收入,从而影响人均收入。进一步分析发现,户用分布式光伏对非中心村农户的工资性收入和经营性收入影响大于中心村农户,劳动力能力越强的农户经营性收入上升幅度越大,工资性收入下降幅度越小。因此,建议统一维护光伏设施,促进劳动力要素有效配置;并依据劳动能力差异分层分配股份,降低劳动能力强的农户对政府补贴的依赖;另外,创新光伏产业发展模式,拓宽光伏产业增收渠道。     

太阳能热水工程在小城镇住宅中的应用

根据新农村建设中农房建设面临的节能压力及太阳能的优点,介绍了太阳能热水系统的计算方法,包括原始资料的收集、太阳能集热器面积的确定、储热水箱容积的大小,热水系统的型式,并进行总结。     

Solar energy utilization by physical methods

On the basis of the estimated contributions of these differing methods of the utilization of solar energy, their total energy delivery impact on the projected U.S. energy economy (9) can be evaluated (Fig. 5). Despite this late energy impact, the actual sales of solar energy utilization equipment will be significant at an early date. Potential sales in photovoltaic arrays alone could exceed $400 million by 1980, in order to meet the projected capacity buildup (10). Ultimately, the total energy utilization equipment industry should attain an annual sales volume of several tens of billion dollars in the United States, comparable to that of several other energy related industries. Varying amounts of technology development are required to assure the technical and economic feasibility of the different solar energy utilization methods. Several of these developments are far enough along that the paths can be analyzed from the present time to the time of demonstration of technical and economic feasibility, and from there to production and marketing readiness. After that point, a period of market introduction will follow, which will differ in duration according to the type of market addressed. It may be noted that the present rush to find relief from the current energy problem, or to be an early leader in entering a new market, can entail shortcuts in sound engineering practice, particularly in the areas of design for durability and easy maintenance, or of proper application engineering. The result can be loss of customer acceptance, as has been experienced in the past with various products, including solar water heaters. Since this could cause considerable delay in achieving the expected total energy impact, it will be important to spend adequate time at this stage for thorough development. Two other aspects are worth mentioning. The first is concerned with the economic impacts. Upon reflection on this point, one will observe that largescale solar energy utilization will not cause a greater impact than other new energy sources, based on the reasoning that a self-consistent set of conditions will have to be fulfilled in order to achieve such large-scale use. Without cost competitiveness, other energy resources would fill the requirements, or, if their resource and cost structure also would create severe problems, the economic forecasts simply cannot be fulfilled. We also should not think of a "solar-only" energy future. First, there is still enough coal to last for several hundred years. Second, there should be enough fissionable fuel available to operate breeder reactors for a similar time span, and geothermal energy could satisfy some requirements for a long time. And finally, there may be fusion. It would be unlikely that any one of the available options should play a really dominant role. Rather, we should expect to be using an energy mix, just as we do now, with each energy source supplying the requirements which it can satisfy in the most suitable way, and solar energy should play an important role in this long-range future.     

Energy and Resources: A plan is outlined according to which solar and wind energy would supply Denmark's needs by the year 2050

Two possible futures for the industrial world may be distinguished: (i) Large amounts of low-cost energy become available and the more energy-intensive methods for extracting resources from lowergrade deposits continue to sustain industrial expansion until either the environmental impact becomes unacceptable or ultimate limits, such as climate disruptions, put an end to such growth. (ii) The cost of nonrenewable energy resources continue to rise, but a fixed amount of energy from continuous sources may be utilized at constant cost. In this case a lower production level may be set by the amount of energy that is available from renewable sources, and society may thus have to be reshaped with energy economization in focus. If it is possible to choose between these two alternatives, the choice should be based on a discussion of the pros and cons of each one, and in particular on the desirability of having to process an increasing fraction of the earth's crust in search of raw materials in order to maintain growth as long as possible. However, the availability, of the first option is far from certain and it thus seems reasonable to plan for the second alternative. I have tried to propose such a plan for a small, homogeneous geographical region, namely Denmark. The ceiling on the consumption of energy from continuous sources is chosen in accordance with the criterion of not having to convert a major part of the land area to energy-collecting systems. The proposed annual average energy consumption of 19 gigawatts by the year 2050 corresponds to solar energy collecting panels (in use only 50 percent of the time) with an area of roughly 180 square kilometers and a windmill swept area of about 150 square kilometers. These (vertical) areas constitute less than 1 percent of the total land area. The selection of solar or wind energy for different applications has been based on known technology and may be subject to adjustments. The project has been shown to be economically feasible according to estimates of the cost of various alternatives during the 25-year depreciation period adopted. However, the initial cost per energy unit produced is higher than that for most of the alternatives, so that action is not expected to be taken immediately as a result of purely private initiative. In a public economic evaluation, other factors must be considered in addition to the cost of energy per kilowatt-hour. At present, Denmark has over 10 percent of its labor force out of employment and a substantial deficit on its balance of payments, so that an early start on the solar and wind energy project, based on national industry, would have additional payoffs compared with energy systems based on imported technology or imported fuels. Several factories that are now being closed down as a result of the economic crisis could be adapted to the production of parts for solar or wind power systems, and the building industry, badly hit by unemployment, would receive legitimate work.