麦蚜取食行为特殊刺探电位波形图(EPG)研究初报

研究了麦长管蚜(Sitobionavenae.Fab.)、禾谷缢管蚜(RhopalosiphumPadi)在不同小麦上的刺探行为,发现了一些特殊的刺探电位波形(EPG),即点G波,E0波和两种F波,并就其可能的生物学意义进行了探讨。初步认为,点G波是蚜虫在刺探途径阶段(C波阶段)的试探性主动吸食过程;E0波是蚜虫口针即将到达韧皮部时短暂的判断、休息和适应过程;一种F波是蚜虫在木质部主动吸食受阻的一种过渡波;另一种F波与蚜虫口针在植物组织中遇阻后的重复回撤与刺探行为有关。结果表明,EPG波形不仅有其稳定性,同时也有其多样性。     

光的强度与光子数关系的一个直接证明

尽管不能给自由空间中Ｍａｘｗｅｌｌ方程组的平面波解以几率幅的解释，但证明了光场中的光子数正比于该平面波振幅的平方，或正比于光场中光强的观点是正确的。     

The Titan -1:0 Nodal Bending Wave in Saturn's Ring C

The most prominent oscillatory feature observed in the Voyager 1 radio occultation of Saturn's rings is identified as a one-armed spiral bending wave excited by Titan's -1:0 nodal inner vertical resonance. Ring partides in a bending wave move in coherently inclined orbits, warping the local mean plane of the rings. The Titan -1:0 wave is the only known bending wave that propagates outward, away from Saturn, and the only spiral wave yet observed in which the wave pattern rotates opposite to the orbital direction of the ring particles. It is also the first bending wave identified in ring C. Modeling the observed feature with existing bending wave theory gives a surface mass density of approximately 0.4 g/cm(2) outside the wave region and a local ring thickness of [unknown]5 meters, and suggests that surface mass density is not constant in the wave region.     

规则波和不规则波在刚性植物区波能衰减的试验研究

为深入了解湿地植物对近岸波浪的耗散作用,通过物理模型方法,对规则波和不规则波越过岸坡前刚性植被水域的波能衰减进行了试验研究。结果表明:当波浪通过植物区时,有效波高在植物区内逐渐衰减,规则波和不规则波波高消减率分别为29.8%和31.4%;在植物分布密度、波浪周期等参数相同的情况下,刚性植物高度为40 cm,有效波高为8、6、4 cm时,不规则波衰减率分别为41.3%、37.3%和31.3%,规则波有效波高衰减率分别为35%、30.8%和26.1%,无论是规则波还是不规则波,可见入射波浪的波高越大,消波作用越明显;刚性植被高度为40、20 cm植物区的波高(6 cm)衰减率分别为32.3%和21.0%,植物高度越大,波能消减作用效果越好,同样的参数条件,波高h=30 cm的波高衰减率为14.6%,h=40 cm的波高衰减率为9.9%,水深为30 cm时的消波作用优于水深为40 cm时的消波作用,随着水深的增加消波效果降低。本研究结果对于湿地刚性植物与波浪间的相互作用研究提供了参考依据。     

Phase-coherent amplification of matter waves

Phase-coherent matter-wave amplification was demonstrated using Bose- Einstein-condensed rubidium-87 atoms. A small seed matter wave was created with coherent optical Bragg diffraction. Amplification of this seed matter wave was achieved by using the initial condensate as a gain medium through the superradiance effect. The coherence properties of the amplified matter wave, studied with a matter-wave interferometer, were shown to be locked to those of the initial seed wave. The active matter-wave device demonstrated here has great potential in the fields of atom optics, atom lithography, and precision measurements.     

液体弹性波在管输系统中的应用

根据液体弹性波在管道中的传输特性,结合原油管输系统,提出了刊用弹性波振荡和水击效应来防蜡防垢、排污解堵,从而实现降耗节能安全输油的新思路。针对水击压力波的产生及传播特性,指出该技术方案的本质是水击(锤)反问题及水击(锤)控制。介绍了国内外有压瞬变流的研究动态及现状,探讨了尚待研究的理论及问题。     

浮绳式网箱框架纲波浪力特性的初步试验研究

结合生产的实际需要,沿海浮绳式网箱生产的作用日益突出,因而研究其水动力特性非常重要。根据这一需要,采用预加张力的直交系泊方法,依据目前柔性浮绳式网箱尺寸和渔具模型试验方法设计、制作了一个柔性浮绳式网箱模型（1 m×1 m×1 m）,并进行了水槽试验。试验工况为规则波,周期为0.8～2.0 s（间隔0.2 s）,波高为50～250 mm（间隔40 mm）。在不同波浪周期、波高下,根据测量数据,分析研究作用在浮绳式网箱框架纲上波浪力的特性。试验结果表明：波浪力的变化与波浪特性相似,呈周期性、不对称变化,垂直于波浪方向的2根框架纲的波浪力峰值比与波浪方向平行的2根框架纲的稍小。框架纲上的波浪力不是同步变化的,存在一定相位差,但由于框架纲是柔性绳索制成的,因而能承受由于不同相位波浪力产生的扭矩剪切作用,证明了波浪作用下HDPE网箱常受到破坏而浮绳式网箱安然无恙的事实。最后,就水流和波浪共同作用下的网箱水动力学进行了试验研究,发现波流共同作用下的水动力值并不是单独在纯流和纯波下的水动力的值的简单相加,而存在一修正项。     

Photoacoustic "signatures" of particulate matter: optical production of acoustic monopole radiation

Absorption of pulsed laser radiation by a single particle generates a photoacoustic wave whose time profile can be measured with a wideband pressure transducer. Solution of the wave equation for pressure in one, two, and three dimensions shows that the photoacoustic wave is determined by the geometry and dimensions of the particle, and by its sound speed and density relative to the fluid that surrounds it. Photoacoustic waves, referred to here as signatures, are reported in experiments in which fluid droplets, cylinders, and layers are irradiated with 10-nanosecond laser pulses.     

Fisher方程的孤子解

利用一维波动方程的解具有行波解形式的特解的特点，给出行波解的形式．通过变量替换，再引入双曲正切函数作为独立变量，并利用双曲正切函数其独特的微分特性，给出一组变换，将Fisher方程简化为常微分方程，由此得出它的解．此解可做为物理学中非线性方程的实例．尽管不是所有的非线性波动方程都可以用此法来处理，但它缩短了线性和非线性波动理论之间的距离。     

A global traveling wave on venus

The dominant large-scale pattern in the clouds of Venus has been described as a "gamma" or "Psi" and tentatively identified by earlier workers as a Kelvin wave. A detailed calculation of linear wave modes in the Venus atmosphere verifies this identification. Cloud feedback by infrared heating fluctuations is a plausible excitation mechanism. Modulation of the large-scale pattern by the wave is a possible explanation for the Y. Momentum transfer by the wave could contribute to sustaining the general circulation.     

Origin of the low rigidity of the Earth's inner core

Earth's solid-iron inner core has a low rigidity that manifests itself in the anomalously low velocities of shear waves as compared to shear wave velocities measured in iron alloys. Normally, when estimating the elastic properties of a polycrystal, one calculates an average over different orientations of a single crystal. This approach does not take into account the grain boundaries and defects that are likely to be abundant at high temperatures relevant for the inner core conditions. By using molecular dynamics simulations, we show that, if defects are considered, the calculated shear modulus and shear wave velocity decrease dramatically as compared to those estimates obtained from the averaged single-crystal values. Thus, the low shear wave velocity in the inner core is explained.     

High-Resolution Imaging by Fourier Transform X-ray Holography

Fourier transform x-ray holography has been used to image gold test objects with submicrometer structure, resolving features as small as 60 nanometers. The hologram-recording instrument uses coherent 3.4-nanometer radiation from the soft x-ray undulator beamline X1A at the National Synchrotron Light Source. The specimen to be imaged is placed near the first-order focal spot produced by a Fresnel zone plate; the other orders, chiefly the zeroth, illuminate the specimen. The wave scattered by the specimen interferes with the spherical reference wave from the focal spot, forming a hologram with fringes of low spatial frequency. The hologram is recorded in digital form by a charge-coupled device camera, and the specimen image is obtained by numerical reconstruction.     

Plasma wave observations at comet giacobini-zinner

The plasma wave instrument on the International Cometary Explorer (ICE) detected bursts of strong ion acoustic waves almost continuously when the spacecraft was within 2 million kilometers of the nucleus of comet Giacobini-Zinner. Electromagnetic whistlers and low-level electron plasma oscillations were also observed in this vast region that appears to be associated with heavy ion pickup. As ICE came closer to the anticipated location of the bow shock, the electromagnetic and electrostatic wave levels increased significantly, but even in the midst of this turbulence the wave instrument detected structures with familiar bow shock characteristics that were well correlated with observations of localized electron heating phenomena. Just beyond the visible coma, broadband waves with amplitudes as high as any ever detected by the ICE plasma wave instrument were recorded. These waves may account for the significant electron heating observed in this region by the ICE plasma probe, and these observations of strong wave-particle interactions may provide answers to longstanding questions concerning ionization processes in the vicinity of the coma. Near closest approach, the plasma wave instrument detected broadband electrostatic noise and a changing pattern of weak electron plasma oscillations that yielded a density profile for the outer layers of the cold plasma tail. Near the tail axis the plasma wave instrument also detected a nonuniform flux of dust impacts, and a preliminary profile of the Giacobini-Zinner dust distribution for micrometer-sized particles is presented.     

基于根茎叶定量概化模型的植被区沿程波高衰减机制试验研究

  目的  红树林作为一种新型生态式的护岸工具，其消波效应已成为海岸工程研究热点。本文对红树林根、茎、叶不同组成部分进行定量研究，进一步探究红树林对波浪的消减效应。  方法  采取定量概化的根茎叶植物模型，通过波浪水槽试验探究了红树林植被区沿程波高衰减机制。将Kobayashi等提出的理论模型计算所得的植被区沿程波高理论值与试验值进行对比。  结果  研究发现，由Kobayashi等提出的理论模型计算所得的试验波高衰减系数的范围分别为0.02 ~ 0.47。当入射波波长与植被区沿流向长度之比趋于1时，消波强度最弱。同时波浪在植被区衰减过程中出现了边界效应及波浪跃增现象，波高增量比的范围为0 ~ 13%。当波长与植被区沿流向长度之比在1.0 ~ 1.2之间，且淹没度等于1.0时，跃增高度随叶的分布密度的减小而增大，随根的分布密度的减小而减小。而当淹没度等于0.8时，减小根或叶的分布密度，跃增高度均减小。  结论  根和叶的分布密度、淹没度以及波长与植被区沿流向长度之比均会对植被区沿程波高衰减规律产生不同程度的影响。      

超声波检测技术在原油管道上的应用

针对如何提高超声波检测技术在薄壁管道检测中的准确性这一问题，以沧津原油管道为例，介绍了超声波检测仪及探头的选择标准，检测前的准备工作和波形辨析，提出了该技术对实验室准备工作和现场检测两方面的要求。     

基于次声波法的油气管道泄漏检测与定位

基于次声波法的管道泄漏检测与定位,是通过检测泄漏流体湍射流作用于管壁产生的次声波而进行泄漏检测与定位。对管道泄漏时检测到的低频声波信号进行分析,泄漏信号在频域的特征表现在10Hz以内,因此选择0.4Hz、3.8Hz和7.2Hz的次声波特征频率作为检测特征量。当发现信号中同时存在两个特征频率功率谱及其能量顺序比率突变时,及时将异常数据及其GPS时间发送给监控主机。监控主机根据接收到的一端基站发送的异常发生时的GPS时间,结合被监控管道的长度和泄漏信号的传播速度,计算出另一端基站捕捉到异常信号的起始时间和数据长度,并向该端基站呼叫对应时间段的数据,然后联合两端数据,依据神经网络模型进行泄漏诊断。根据两端基站检测到异常信号发生的GPS时间的时间差,次声波传播速度和上、下游传感器之间的距离,可以确定泄漏点的具体位置。     

浙江省中小河流流量监测方案探讨

针对浙江省中小河流多处于流域上游或独流入海,河道比降大、流速快、洪水暴涨暴落,汇流时间短,破坏性强的特点,以洪家塔水文监测站为典型站,对4种流量监测方案进行了筛选,并且提出了基于电波流速仪的适合浙江省中小河流监测实际情况的流量监测方案。认为选用电波流速仪可以较好地适应中小河流暴雨洪水流量监测。该文还介绍了浙江省近年来应用电波流速仪在洪水暴发时成功测流量的3个范例,总结了使用经验。认为电波流速仪有几大优点:(1)工作方式为非接触式,适用性强;(2)仪器本身便于携带,机动灵活,工作时可节省大量人力物力;(3)操作简单,而数据准确可靠,适快速部署开展应急监测。但是具体实际应用时也有3点应给予充分考虑:(1)建议在0.5 m3/s以上流量时使用,即电波流速仪只可作为中小河流暴雨洪水监测,不可用于时常水文监测;(2)在暴雨强风环境下,监测的数据会受到风浪影响,表面流量数据会出现较大幅度的跳动;(3)实际监测点应尽量避开大片、大块漂浮物,因为该物的移动不代表水体表现流速,容易造成测量数据偏小。     

Anisotropy and spiral organizing centers in patterned excitable media

Chemical wave behavior in a patterned Belousov-Zhabotinsky system prepared by printing the catalyst of the reaction on membranes with an ink jet printer is described. Cellular inhomogeneities give rise to global anisotropy in wave propagation, with specific local patterns resulting in hexagonal, diamond, and pentagonal geometries. Spiral wave sources appear spontaneously and serve as organizing centers of the surrounding wave activity. The experimental methodology offers flexibility for studies of excitable media with made-to-order spatial inhomogeneities.     

嫩江佰大街防浪林消浪机理物理实验研究

目的以嫩江佰大街堤防为研究对象,研究不同因素对嫩江干流防浪林消浪效果的影响以及合理设计防浪林优化布局。方法根据重力相似准则,通过合理的比尺缩放将研究区防浪林缩小至实验室水槽中,构建合适的防浪林物理模型,模拟防浪林植被与波浪的作用过程。其中波浪由造波机生成,防浪林采用模型树模拟。物理模型的实施方案,主要采用控制变量法,即通过单因素变化的方法,选取防浪林林带宽度、排列方式、密度、树型、滩地波高作为消浪影响因素,进行分组实验,模拟某一因素变化下,防浪林消浪效果的变化,确定各个影响因素对防浪林消浪效果的影响;并根据实验结果,综合一些较为复杂的影响因素,提出防浪林优化设计方案。结果实验结果表明:合理的防浪林树型条件下,30 ~ 40 m的防浪林林带宽度的消浪系数在30%以上,继续增大防浪林林带宽度,消浪系数增加并不显著。考虑到经济合理等因素,40 m的防浪林带宽度较为合理;等边三角形的排列方式的防浪林消浪效果相对较优,并且能满足更大的行株距,更适于防浪林生长的光照条件。植被密度的增加能够提高消浪系数,但当防浪林密度大于0.17株/m2时,消浪系数提高不显著,当防浪林密度采用0.17株/m2时能够充分的保证行株距,更有利于林带的生长。同时防浪林树冠部分的消浪效果最佳,并且当波高处于树冠位置时,波高越大,消浪效果越好。结论因此,在合理的树型条件下,研究区防浪林林带宽度采用40 m,排列方式为等边三角形,密度为0.17株/m2左右时为防浪林优化布局。