双氰胺对不同质地红壤中尿素的硝化抑制作用研究

试验研究双氰胺(DCD)对不同质地红壤中尿素的硝化抑制作用影响结果表明,尿素在壤土、粘土中水解快于砂壤土;双氰胺抑制了壤土、粘土中尿素水解的铵硝化作用,但促进了砂壤土中硝化作用。砂壤土中加与未加双氰胺的尿素转化需49d,粘土中未加双氰胺的尿素转化仅需35d,加双氰胺后则延长14d,而壤土中尿素水解产生的铵硝化时间则需进一步研究。     

双氰胺在四川3种主要土壤上的硝化抑制作用

采用室内培养试验方法，在不同浓度双氰胺（DCD）处理条件下，对四川3种主要土壤（紫色土，黄壤，灰潮土的N2O释放量，NH4^ -N及NO3^--N含量动态变化进行了研究，结果表明，DCD对3种土壤N2O释放及土壤NO3^-－N含量有明显抑制作用，随DCD浓度增加，其抑制效果越显著，DCD同时能推迟NO3^-－N含量达到高峰，使土壤NH4^ －N含量在较长时间保持相对较高水平，提高氮肥利用率，减少氮素流失，DCD在3种土壤上硝化抑制效果存在差异，表现为紫色土＞灰潮土＞黄壤，同时提出DCD在3种土壤上的适宜添加量，紫色土上为普通碳铵施入量的0．5％，黄壤和灰潮土上为0．3％。     

元素硫和双氰胺对菜地土壤铵态氮硝化抑制协同效应研究

采用好气培养法,研究了双氰胺（DCD）、元素硫（S0）和元素硫分解中间物（S2O32-）及其组合对蔬菜地土壤氮素硝化抑制作用。结果表明,在培养试验72 d内,DCD+S0、DCD、DCD+ Na2S2O3处理土壤NH4+-N总量分别是N处理的5. 8、5.1、5.9倍;S0、Na2S2O3处理分别是N处理的1.8、1.4倍;而所有硝化抑制剂（DCD、S0、S2O32-）处理土壤NO3--N含量显著低于N处理,表明DCD、S0和S2O32-均能抑制菜地土壤铵态氮硝化。培养试验开始8 d后,Na2S2O3和DCD对铵态氮硝化抑制产生协同效应,16 d后S0和DCD对铵态氮硝化抑制也产生协同效应,这可能是由于S0 氧化中间体S2O32-、S4O62-具有抑制DCD降解作用,延长了DCD硝化抑制作用时间。建议蔬菜生产上推荐使用DCD+S0组合,以提高氮素利用率。     

几种吡啶类化合物对土壤硝化的抑制作用比较

为了探明吡啶类化合物对土壤硝化作用的抑制效应,采用室内微宇宙试验,研究了2-氯-6(三氯甲基)硫酸盐、2-氯-6(三氯甲基)盐酸盐、吡啶混合物和吡啶X类化合物对潮土、红壤和水稻土中铵态氮硝化的抑制作用。结果表明,在35 d培养期内,吡啶类化合物处理土壤硝态氮含量明显低于对照(未添加吡啶类化合物),吡啶类化合物对土壤中铵态氮的硝化抑制率介于2.91%~91.92%,抑制强度先逐渐升高后降低,在培养21 d时抑制强度达到峰值。不同类型吡啶类化合物对土壤中铵态氮的硝化抑制效果存在差异,吡啶盐酸盐类化合物优于其他几类化合物;吡啶类化合物对土壤中铵态氮的硝化抑制作用与土壤类型有关,对3种土壤中铵态氮的硝化抑制作用表现为潮土>水稻土>红壤。就同一土壤而言,硝化抑制强度随着吡啶类化合物用量的增加而增加。     

硝化抑制剂类型和剂量对不同类型土壤硝化抑制作用机理的研究

氮肥配施硝化抑制剂是提高氮肥利用率、减少活性氮损失和降低环境代价风险的有效措施。为探讨不同硝化抑制剂类型和剂量对不同类型土壤硝化作用的机理,采用室内土壤培养试验,对3种硝化抑制剂[双氰胺（DCD）、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐（DMPP）和2-氯-6-（三氯甲基）吡啶（NP）]设置不同剂量,研究其对我国不同区域典型土壤（红壤、水稻土、潮土）硝化过程无机氮含量、土壤pH值及土壤表观硝化率变化特征的影响。结果表明,与单施硫酸铵处理相比,3种硝化抑制剂均能抑制水稻土和潮土中铵态氮向硝态氮的转化,且对潮土铵态氮向硝态氮转化抑制效果优于水稻土,而对红壤硝化作用的抑制效果均不明显,3种土壤pH值差异是影响硝化抑制剂作用效果的主因。此外,DCD和NP随着用量的增加,对水稻土和潮土的硝化抑制效果越明显,而DMPP对2种土壤硝化抑制作用无明显的剂量效应。在水稻土中,NP的抑制效果强于DMPP和DCD;在潮土中,DCD的抑制效果优于NP和DMPP,这可能是由于不同硝化抑制剂类型硝化抑制机理性的差异以及其自身特性的差异导致的。综上,针对特定土壤类型筛选适宜的硝化抑制剂类型和用量对农业优化氮肥管理、提高氮肥利用率...     

DCD 在不同质地土壤上的硝化抑制效果和剂量效应研究

通过硝化抑制剂抑制土壤硝化作用是实现作物铵硝混合营养和提高氮肥利用率的重要途径之一。本试验采用室内模拟的方法, 在人工气候室(25 ℃)黑暗培养条件下, 应用新疆石灰性土壤研究了不同剂量的双氰胺(dicyandiamide, DCD)在砂土、壤土、黏土3 种不同质地土壤中对土壤硝态氮、铵态氮转化的影响及DCD 的剂量效应和硝化抑制效果。处理30 d 内, 各剂量DCD 处理对砂土的硝化抑制率为96.5%~99.4%(平均值为98.3%), 在黏土上为66.9%~85.6%(平均值为77.6%), 在壤土上为49.3%~79.4%(平均值为67.7%), 总体硝化抑制率表现为砂土>黏土>壤土。在砂土上DCD 的剂量效应不明显, DCD 用量从纯氮的1.0%增加到7.0%时, 土壤中硝态氮含量仅增加1.9~10.7 mg·kg^-1(培养30 d 时); 而在壤土和黏土中, 土壤硝态氮含量随DCD 浓度的增加而显著下降, 存在明显剂量效应。这说明施用DCD 可显著抑制新疆石灰性土壤的硝化作用过程, 在砂土、壤土、黏土中DCD 的最佳浓度分别为纯氮用量的6.0%、7.0%和7.0%, 并在培养30 d 内发挥显著作用。     

添加硝化抑制剂双氰胺对油菜生长及品质的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究了尿素中添加硝化抑制剂DCD为施入纯氮量的1%、2%、3%、4%、5%不同剂量时对油菜生长和品质的影响。结果表明,添加DCD能显著提高油菜产量并降低植株体内硝酸盐含量,其增产幅度为22.77%～33.50%,硝酸盐含量降低14.90%～30.51%,同时不同程度提高了油菜Vc、全氮、全磷含量。植株可溶性糖含量在DCD3%用量范围内呈上升趋势,用量大于4%时呈一定下降趋势。油菜吸氮量和氮素利用率在DCD3%水平达到最高。     

水分和温度对旱地红壤硝化活力和反硝化活力的影响

采集第四纪红色粘土发育和第三纪红砂岩发育的红壤,分别在4C冰箱内保存(O),室温下湿润(M)和淹水(F)培养110天后测定硝化细菌、反硝化细菌、硝化势、反硝化势和反硝化酶活性。结果表明,低温有利于保持硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的数量,但显著抑制它们的硝化和反硝化活力。湿润有利于保持硝化细菌的硝化活力,而淹水则有利于保持反硝化细菌的反硝化活力,但均不利于硝化细菌和反硝细菌的存活。由此说明,不同的研究目的和需要测定的项目,应采用不同的土壤样本保存方法。     

土壤中双氰胺降解及与降解菌的关系

采用灭菌土培、非灭菌土培、田间蔬菜种植、添加外源降解菌土培试验研究了土壤中双氰胺（DCD）降解及与降解菌的关系。结果显示,不论是单施DCD、尿素配施DCD,还是碳酸氢铵配施DCD的土壤,灭菌处理的土壤中DCD半衰期分别比不灭菌处理的长13.56、5.79、14.51d。降解菌生长期间,降解菌总量（x）与DCD降解呈显著正相关,拟合的线性方程为y=3.1841x-2.5452,r=0.9752。外源DCD降解真菌可在灭菌土壤中定殖并有效降解DCD,培养15d后,U＋DCD＋DCD降解菌处理土壤中DCD降解真菌的数量增加至36.40×105cfu,且DCD含量极显著降低。这些结果表明土壤中DCD降解与降解菌关系极为密切,添加外源真菌加速了土壤中DCD降解。     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

Comparison of the effectiveness of a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide, in reducing nitrous oxide emissions in four different soils under different climatic and management conditions

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a potent greenhouse gas and, in New Zealand, about one‐third of the total greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector are of N₂O, mostly derived from animal excreta in grazed pasture soils. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), in reducing N₂O emissions from animal urine patches in four different soils located in different regions of New Zealand with different soil, climatic and management conditions. The four soils are Templeton fine sandy loam and Lismore stony silt loam in Canterbury in the South Island, Horotiu silt loam in the Waikato region and Taupo pumice sand near Lake Taupo, both in the North Island. Results showed that the application of a fine‐particle suspension nitrification inhibitor, DCD, to grazed pasture soils was very effective in reducing N₂O emissions in all four different soils. Total N₂O emissions (over 69–137 days) from animal urine patches ranged from 1 to 20.9 kg N₂O‐N ha^?1 without DCD. These were reduced to 0.31–5.7 kg N₂O‐N ha^?1 by the use of DCD, representing 61–73% reductions (with an average of 70% reduction). The N₂O‐N emission factor from animal urine N, EF₃, was reduced from an average of 0.9 to 0.3% by the use of DCD. These results demonstrate the potential of using nitrification inhibitors to mitigate N₂O emissions in a wide range of grazed pasture soils under different climatic and management conditions.     

典型双季稻田基施碳酸氢铵和尿素的氨挥发损失研究

采用密闭室连续抽气法研究了湖南典型双季稻田,尿素和碳酸氢铵基施后的氨挥发特征。结果表明,基施碳酸氢铵(NC)稻田初始氨挥发强度和氨挥发总量大于基施尿素(UR)稻田。早稻季NC处理稻田氨挥发排放量为45.19 kg·hm-2,损失率达30.12%,UR处理氨挥发排放量为32.93 kg·hm-2,损失率达21.95%;晚稻季NC处理稻田氨挥发排放量为70.91 kg·hm-2,损失率达31.93%,UR处理氨挥发排放量为61.78 kg·hm-2,损失率达27.04%。基施尿素能够显著降低稻田氨挥发排放,减少氮素损失。     

Fixed ammonium determination in some clay soils

Abstract

We have shown that the traditional Kjeldahl method applied to clay soils of the Duero Basin (Spain) is not effective; so, it is necessary to add HC1 + HF to free trapped ammonium. This fixed ammonium has been measured by two methods which give significantly different results. The level of fixed ammonium in cultivated clay soils is relatively high (it ranges from 180 to 490 ppm). Fixed ammonium is significantly correlated to clay content and total inorganic nitrogen of the soil. A proposed method of analysis for total N is given.     

豫中不同土壤质地烤烟烟叶色素含量变化的差异

在河南豫中烟区研究了4种典型质地土壤烤烟主栽品种NC89不同生育时期和调制后烟叶质体色素含量变化的差异。结果表明,砂土烟叶β-胡萝卜素和总类胡萝卜素在烤后烟叶样品中含量较高,其余几种色素降解程度均较大;砂壤土烟叶中大部分色素含量在烟株现蕾期至尚熟时下降较为缓慢,成熟采收时下降较为明显,在烤后烟叶中叶绿素、β-胡萝卜素和总类胡萝卜素残留较少,质体色素降解充分;壤土烟叶各种色素含量随生育期推进下降趋势均较明显,烤后烟叶样品中质体色素含量也较低,残留较少;黏土烟叶中各种色素含量在现蕾期至尚熟时含量开始下降,但在成熟采收时含量较高,色素降解程度低,烤后烟叶中叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量偏高。砂壤土和壤土植烟有利于烤烟香气前体物质的积累和适时转化。     

液体培养研究不同土壤中硝化活性

A red soil, a fluvo-aquic soil and a permeable paddy soil were used in a long-term investigation to study changes in nitrification with treatments: 1) soil incubation, 2) liquid incubation inoculated with soil samples, and 3) liquid incubation inoculated with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) from the soils. There were significant differences (P < 0.001) in nitrification rates among the three soils when measured for 28 days by adding (NH4)2SO4 at the rate of 154 mg N kg-1 dry soil to fresh soil. However, the amounts of nitrifying bacteria in the three soils were not related to soil nitrification capacity. When the soil samples or the isolates of AOB enriched from the corresponding soil were incubated in liquid with pH 5.8, 7.0 and 8.0 buffers and 10 mmol L-1 ammonium nitrogen, there were no significant nitrification differences in the same soil type at each pH. The ability to oxidize ammonia through AOB from different types of soils in a homogeneous culture medium was similar, and the soil nitrification capacity could reflect the inherent properties of a soil. Altering the culture medium pH of individual soil type also showed that acidification of an alkaline fluvo-aquic soil decreased nitrification capacity, whereas alkalinization of the acidic red soil and permeable paddy soil increased their nitrification. For a better insight into factors influencing soil nitrification processes, soil properties including texture and clay composition should be considered.     

Evaluation of Two Products Recently Introduced as Nitrification Inhibitors

This study compared the relative effectiveness of two products recently introduced as nitrification inhibitors with other materials used to inhibit nitrification. Four soils were treated with 0, 0.2, 1, 5, and 25 mg kg^?1 of nitrapyrin (NP), a new microencapsulated nitrapyrin product (ENP), dicyandiamide (DCD), a new maleic-itaconic polymer product (MIP), and ammonium thiosulfate (ATS). The soils were also treated with 200 mg N kg^?1 as urea, and percent inhibition of nitrification determined after 2 or 4 weeks of incubation. After 4 weeks, similar levels of nitrification inhibition were provided by 1 mg kg^?1 of NP (72%), 5 mg kg^?1 of ENP (79%), and 25 mg kg^?1 of DCD (73%), averaged across soil. After 4 weeks with a sandy soil, the highest rate of MIP and ATS provided 15 and 36% inhibition, respectively. MIP and ATS were ineffective at inhibiting nitrification when added to the other three soils.

Abbreviations: ATS: ammonium thiosulfate; DCD: dicyandiamide; ENP: encapsulated nitrapyrin; MIP: maleic-itaconic polymer; NP: nitrapyrin; UAN: urea-ammonium nitrate liquid fertilizer