Concurrent 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection in Ferrets and in a Community in Pennsylvania

We report a fall 2010 cluster of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 (pH1N1) infections in pet ferrets in Lehigh Valley region of Pennsylvania. The ferrets were associated with one pet shop. The influenza cluster occurred during a period when the existing human surveillance systems had identified little to no pH1N1 in humans in the Lehigh Valley, and there were no routine influenza surveillance systems for exotic pets. The index case was a 2.5‐month‐old neutered male ferret that was presented to a veterinary clinic with severe influenza‐like illness (ILI). In response to laboratory notification of a positive influenza test result, and upon request from the Pennsylvania Department of Health (PADOH), the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture (PDA) conducted an investigation to identify other ill ferrets and to identify the source and extent of infection. PDA notified the PADOH of the pH1N1 infection in the ferrets, leading to enhanced human surveillance and the detection of pH1N1 human infections in the surrounding community. Five additional ferrets with ILI linked to the pet shop were identified. This simultaneous outbreak of ferret and human pH1N1 demonstrates the important link between animal health and public health and highlights the potential use of veterinary clinics for sentinel surveillance of diseases shared between animals and humans.     

Influenza virus surveillance in waterfowl in Pennsylvania after the H5N2 avian outbreak

During the latter stages of the lethal H5N2 influenza eradication program in domestic poultry in Pennsylvania in 1983-84, surveillance of waterfowl was done to determine if these birds harbored influenza viruses that might subsequently appear in poultry. From late June to November 1984, 182 hemagglutinating viruses were isolated from 2043 wild birds, primarily ducks, in the same geographical area as the earlier lethal H5N2 avian influenza outbreak. The virus isolates from waterfowl included paramyxoviruses (PMV-1, -4, and -6) and influenza viruses of 13 antigenic combinations. There was only one H5N2 isolate from a duck. Although this virus was antigenically related to the lethal H5N2 virus, genetic and antigenic analysis indicated that it could be discriminated from the virulent family of H5N2 viruses, and it did not originate from chickens. Many of the influenza viruses obtained from wild ducks were capable of replicating in chickens after experimental inoculation but did not cause disease. These studies show that many influenza A virus strains circulating in waterfowl in the vicinity of domestic poultry in Pennsylvania did not originate from domestic poultry. These influenza viruses from wild ducks were capable of infecting poultry; however, transmission of these viruses to poultry apparently was avoided by good husbandry and control measures.     

A serological survey of canine H3N2, pandemic H1N1/09 and human seasonal H3N2 influenza viruses in dogs in China

Influenza viruses have been isolated from dogs in China; however, the extent of influenza infection among dogs is not yet clear. Here, we examined the seroprevalence of avian-origin canine H3N2, pandemic H1N1/09 and human seasonal H3N2 influenza viruses in pet dogs in China during January 2012 to June 2013. The seropositivity rate of canine H3N2, H1N1/09 and human H3N2 were 3.5%, 1.5%, and 1.2%, respectively. Dogs aged 2–5 years were most commonly seropositive to canine H3N2 virus. It is worth noting that two serum samples were positive against both canine H3N2 and H1N1/09 viruses, suggesting the possibility of coinfection with both viruses. Our findings emphasize the necessity for continued surveillance of influenza viruses in dogs in China.     

清毒片体外抗H1N1亚型流感病毒的研究

以MDCK细胞为H1N1亚型流感病毒宿主,金刚烷胺为阳性对照药物,通过细胞病变效应(CPE)和噻唑蓝比色法(MTT)测定清毒片对病毒的3种不同作用方式,即先感染病毒后给药,先给药后感染病毒和药物病毒同时作用,每种方式3个重复,观察清毒片对H1N1亚型流感病毒的抑制作用。结果表明,中药清毒片具有不同形式的抗H1N1亚型流感病毒作用,抑制病毒在细胞内合成作用,阻止病毒吸附传入细胞作用和直接灭活病毒作用。清毒片抑制H1N1亚型流感病毒在细胞内合成作用的3个重复的半数有效浓度(EC50)分别为411、434、532μg/mL,治疗指数(TI)为3.5;清毒片阻止H1N1亚型流感病毒的吸附、传入细胞的3个重复的EC50分别为404、458、467μg/mL,TI为3.6;清毒片对H1N1亚型流感病毒直接灭活作用的3个重复的EC50分别为479、481、461μg/mL,TI为3.4。说明清毒片体外对H1N1亚型流感病毒株具有明显的抑制作用,为H1N1亚型流感病毒感染的治疗和临床用药提供了理论依据。     

几种野生水禽H5N1禽流感疫苗免疫效果比较

选择北京动物园饲养的4种雁行目水禽和杭州动物园小天鹅进行H5N1禽流感疫苗免疫,考察其免疫效果。结果表明,在免疫约20 d抗体滴度达到峰值,后逐渐下降,抗体水平下降速度因野生水禽的种类不同而不同。     

甲型H1N1流感病毒致病机理研究进展

本世纪首次暴发的甲型H1N1流感大流行,严重威胁了人和动物的健康,是其继1918年对全球进行疯狂肆虐之后的又一次严重打击.甲型H1N1流感病毒的主要蛋白结构包括血凝素蛋白(HA)、神经氨酸酶蛋白(NA)、聚合酶复合体(PB1、PB2和PA)、核蛋白(NP)、基质蛋白(M1、M2)及非结构蛋白(NS1、NS2)等.目前研...     

2007年华北地区H3N8亚型马流感病毒的分离与鉴定

2007年10月,华北地区某赛马场的马同时发生了以发烧、流水样鼻汁或脓性分泌物、咳嗽等临床症状为主的疾病,疑似马流行性感冒。采集患病赛马的鼻腔分泌物,发病期和发病后14d血清,经鸡胚接种法分离病毒,并用鸡红细胞血凝抑制试验(HI)、神经氨酸酶抑制试验(NI)、病毒回归试验、血清学检测和基因序列分析对分离的病毒进行了系统鉴定。结果表明分离的毒株(A/equine/Huabei/1/2007(H3N8)为马源H3N8亚型马流感病毒,基因型属于美洲分支。我们通过动物回归感染试验建立起分离毒株的实验感染模型。     

类禽H1N1亚型与Pdm/09H1N1亚型猪流感重组病毒的分离鉴定及其遗传进化分析

为了解猪流感病毒(SIV)的流行情况,本试验在2014年10月-2015年9月期间在广东省各地区采集猪的鼻拭子和肺脏病料,将样品处理之后进行鸡胚分离和RT-PCR检测,分离到1株SIV,对其进行全基因组测序和遗传进化分析,结果表明为H1N1亚型SIV,病毒HA,NA,M和NS基因片段属于类禽分支(EA),病毒PB2、PB1、PA和NP基因片段属于Pdm/09分支。HA基因序列同源性结果显示,核苷酸相似性为93.2%~99.1%,其中与A/swine/Jiangxi/3858/2011(H1N1)SIV同源性最高。抗原位点分析结果表明,分离毒株的抗原位点基本保守。本研究通对广东省各地区分离的SIV分析,为SIV的重组和变异趋势及公共卫生安全的防控提供依据。     

Applying Bayesian network modelling to understand the links between on-farm biosecurity practice during the 2007 equine influenza outbreak and horse managers’ perceptions of a subsequent outbreak

Australia experienced its first ever outbreak of equine influenza in August 2007. Horses on 9359 premises were infected over a period of 5 months before the disease was successfully eradicated through the combination of horse movement controls, on-farm biosecurity and vaccination. In a previous premises-level case-control study of the 2007 equine influenza outbreak in Australia, the protective effect of several variables representing on-farm biosecurity practices were identified. Separately, factors associated with horse managers’ perceptions of the effectiveness of biosecurity measures have been identified.     

H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒对鸽的致病性分析

为评估H5N1亚型禽流感病毒对鸽的致病性,用我国2004年分离的一株H5NI亚型禽流感病毒A/pigeon/GD/C2/2004( H5NI)人工感染4周龄鸽,进行了致病性试验.结果表明,该株病毒以106EID50/I00μL剂量感染能致死鸽,致死率为22.2％,病毒能在感染鸽体内广泛分布,其中肺脏和肾脏中病毒含量达到...     

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒感染哺乳动物的研究进展

H5N1亚型禽流感病毒是近几年国内外发生禽流感疫情的重要病原,给全球带来了巨大经济损失.最近,据国内外的一些调查研究显示,本来不易传染给哺乳动物的H5N1亚型禽流感病毒已经开始向哺乳动物蔓延.     

Pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in Chilean commercial turkeys with genetic and serologic comparisons to U.S. H1N1 avian influenza vaccine isolates

Beginning in April 2009, a novel H1N1 influenza virus caused acute respiratory disease in humans, first in Mexico and then around the world. The resulting pandemic influenza A H1N1 2009 (pH1N1) virus was isolated in swine in Canada in June 2009 and later in breeder turkeys in Chile, Canada, and the United States. The pH1N1 virus consists of gene segments of avian, human, and swine influenza origin and has the potential for infection in poultry following exposure to infected humans or swine. We examined the clinical events following the initial outbreak of pH1N1 in turkeys and determined the relatedness of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene segments from the pH1N1 to two H1N1 avian influenza (AI) isolates used in commercial turkey inactivated vaccines. Overall, infection of turkey breeder hens with pH1N1 resulted in -50% reduction of egg production over 3-4 weeks. Genetic analysis indicated one H1N1 AI vaccine isolate (Alturkey/North Carolina/17026/1988) contained approximately 92% nucleotide sequence similarity to the pH1N1 virus (A/Mexico/4109/2009); whereas, a more recent AI vaccine isolate (A/ swine/North Carolina/00573/2005) contained 75.9% similarity. Comparison of amino acids found at antigenic sites of the HA protein indicated conserved epitopes at the Sa site; however, major differences were found at the Ca2 site between pH1N1 and A/ turkey/North Carolina/127026/1988. Hemagglutinin-inhibition (HI) tests were conducted with sera produced in vaccinated turkeys in North Carolina to determine if protection would be conferred using U.S. AI vaccine isolates. HI results indicate positive reactivity (HI titer > or = 5 log2) against the vaccine viruses over the course of study. However, limited cross-reactivity to the 2009 pH1N1 virus was observed, with positive titers in a limited number of birds (6 out of 20) beginning only after a third vaccination. Taken together, these results demonstrate that turkeys treated with these vaccines would likely not be protected against pH1N1 and current vaccines used in breeder turkeys in the United States against circulating H1N1 viruses should be updated to ensure adequate protection against field exposure.     

石家庄地区H5N1禽流感疫苗免疫程序初探

近年来我国及河北省周边地区禽流感疫情时有发生,给广大养殖户造成了重大经济损失,为了预防禽流感的发生,按照农业部防控要求,除了采用隔离、消毒、净化及不从疫区引进禽类等生物安全措施之外,实施疫苗免疫提高机体特异性免疫力是预防控制本病的主要措施和关键所在.     

禽流感病毒分离株A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96(H5N1)全基因克隆及序列分析

本研究用无特定病原体（ＳＰＦ）鸡胚增殖禽流感病毒鹅体分离株Ａ／Ｇｏｏｓｅ／Ｇｕａｎｇｄｏｎｇ／１／９６（Ｈ５Ｎ１）（ＧＤ１／９６）,提取病毒基因组总ＲＮＡ,运用反转录－聚合酶链反应（ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ）技术分别扩增该病毒分离株的８个基因片段的ｃＤＮＡ,分别克隆后进行序列测定。序列分析结果表明,所扩增到的８个片段均包含相应的病毒基因的完整开放阅读框架。ＧＤ１／９６株与１９９７年香港禽流感事件中的４株香港流感病毒分离株（分别来自人、鸡、鸭和鹅）的ＨＡ基因的高度同源性说明它们可能起源于同一种系,但ＮＳ基因的差异说明它们分属于不同的基因群系。ＧＤ１／９６株与香港流感病毒分离株的核苷酸和推导的氨基酸序列的同源性较低（６３．９％￣９８．１％）,而香港流感病毒分离株之间的核苷酸和氨基酸序列的同源性很高（９６．５％￣１００％）,且香     

重组禽流感病毒(H5+H7)二价灭活疫苗对鸡和鸭的免疫效果观察

H7N9流感变异毒株的出现给我国家禽养殖业造成了严重的疫情风险。为了解和评估新型重组禽流感H5+H7二价灭活疫苗(H5N1 Re-8株+H7N9 H7-Re1株)的免疫效果和抗体消长规律,我们开展了鸡、鸭现场免疫试验。监测结果表明,该疫苗对蛋鸡和蛋鸭都具有良好的免疫效果,H5和H7亚型免疫抗体水平在免疫后2周均能达到100%的免疫合格率。对雏鸡也具有较好的免疫效果,免疫一次时H5和H7亚型抗体合格率分别在一免后3周和2周达到70%以上,并维持到一免后13周;进行二次免疫后,H5和H7亚型抗体合格率在二免后1周都达到100%。对雏鸭的免疫效果相对较差,一次免疫的H5亚型抗体水平不能达到70%的免疫合格标准,二免后1周H5和H7亚型抗体合格率均能达到80%以上,必须加强免疫一次才能达到满意的免疫效果。     

金丝桃素体外抗H9N2亚型禽流感病毒活性研究

研究金丝桃素体外抗H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的活性。用MTT法观察金丝桃素预防、治疗、以及体外直接作用15 min 4种给药方式对感染H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的细胞的保护效果,以及用荧光酶标法测定金丝桃素对禽流感病毒神经氨酸酶的抑制活性。结果表明,金丝桃素的4种给药方式在体外对感染禽流感病毒的细胞的的保护率分别为6.43%、5.31%、39.89%、69.04%。金丝桃素对禽流感病毒神经氨酸酶活性的抑制,IC50为0.58 mg/mL。表明金丝桃素对感染H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的细胞有一定保护的作用,且对神经氨酸酶的活性有较显著的抑制作用。     

H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感病毒A/duck/HuBei/49/05株反向基因操作系统的建立

水禽是禽流感病毒的天然储存库,为了研究高致病性禽流感病毒对水禽致病性的分子基础,研究构建了DKHB/49/05的8质粒反向遗传操作系统。用Trizol从含A/duck/HuBei/49/05株病毒的鸡胚尿囊液中提取总RNA,用RT-PCR扩增PB2、PB1、PA、HA、NP、NA、M、NS基因片段,将其分别克隆至pBD载体中。利用8质粒反向遗传操作系统,将重组的pBD质粒共转染293T细胞,成功拯救了该病毒,并命名为R-DKHB。