Water Use and Yield of Wheat under Unmulched and Mulched Conditions in Laterite Soil of the Indian Sub-continent

A held experiment was conducted during three winter seasons on West Bengal laterite soil to study the effect of irrigation and paddy straw mulch on water consumption. Water use efficiency and yield of wheat are reported. Both irrigation and mulch increased wheat yield significantly; there was also significant interaction between irrigation and straw mulch application: three irrigations combined with mulch resulted in 21.6 q ha^-1 wheat grain yield compared with 17.5 q ha^-1 for three irrigations without mulch. Mulch consistently increased irrigation response. Both irrigation and mulch increased water consumption and water use efficiency of the wheat crop. To compare the two irrigation treatments, irrigation at crown root initiation followed up by at flowering stage gave higher values of water use efficiency as well as higher grain yield than that of irrigation applied at panicle stage followed by at crown root initiation.     

黑龙港流域不同滴灌制度下的冬小麦产量和水分利用效率

针对华北黑龙港流域冬小麦–夏玉米种植制度中冬小麦灌溉水用量过大的问题,以节水和稳产为目标设计了冬小麦滴灌制度定位试验,比较了滴灌与漫灌及不同滴灌模式下的小麦产量和水分利用效率。结果表明,在实验年份的降水条件下,传统灌溉定额和次数(总量225 mm,分1~3次灌溉)的滴灌与漫灌处理的小麦产量和水分利用效率差异均不显著;在两年降水特点不同的情况下,滴灌量比对照减少45~105 mm的处理产量下降不显著,水分利用效率显著提高。相关分析结果表明,对产量的贡献表现为穗粒数>千粒重>穗数。研究结果初步表明,冬小麦滴灌技术在黑龙港流域具有节水稳产的潜力。     

不同滴灌制度对棉花/马铃薯模式中马铃薯产量和WUE的影响

为了探索华北地区棉花与马铃薯套作模式下节水高效的灌溉制度,2011-2012年,连续两年研究了不同滴灌定额(75、90、105和120 mm)对棉花/马铃薯模式中马铃薯产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,马铃薯的产量与滴灌定额呈正比,且与块茎形成期和块茎膨大期的降雨、灌溉定额显著相关,2011和2012年其相关系数分别为r=0.960 (P<0.05)、r=0.998 (P<0.01)。2011年,不同处理的马铃薯产量差异不显著,2012年,滴灌120 mm处理的马铃薯产量最高,达到24 921.2 kg hm^–2,比滴灌75 mm处理提高了15.2%,差异显著;马铃薯的耗水量随滴灌定额的增加而增加,不同处理之间差异显著,但不同处理的马铃薯水分利用效率差异不明显。初步表明,适当增加滴灌定额、合理调整灌溉时间结构有利于马铃薯产量和水分利用效率的提高。     

耕作与保墒措施对小麦不同生育阶段水分利用及产量的影响

为探明不同耕作与保墒措施下冬小麦不同生育阶段的水分利用特征,采用田间试验,研究了普通耕作、深松、秸秆覆盖、保水剂、有机肥等措施对小麦不同生育阶段的耗水量、干物质积累量、水分利用及产量等的影响。结果表明,在小麦不同生育阶段均以秸秆覆盖和深松处理的保墒、储水效果较佳。在小麦整个生育期中,有机肥处理的耗水量最大,而深松和秸秆覆盖处理较少。在小麦拔节期前,有机肥处理更利于干物质的积累;在小麦拔节-孕穗期,以保水剂和深松处理积累的干物质量较高。孕穗期以后,秸秆覆盖处理的干物质积累量均高于其他处理,且秸秆覆盖处理在小麦全生育期的干物质积累量也较高。除返青-拔节期和孕穗-扬花期外,小麦不同生育阶段的水分利用效率均以秸秆覆盖处理最高,且其产量和水分生产效率均高于其他处理,其产量较普通耕作提高了50.9%,水分生产效率提高了11.7 kg/(mm·hm~2)。综上所述,秸秆覆盖处理较其他措施更能有效地改善小麦不同生育阶段的水分环境,从而促进小麦产量和水分利用率的提高。     

胶东半湿润区滴灌制度对冬小麦农田土壤水分、作物生长及水分利用的影响

针对胶东地区冬小麦生育期内降雨和灌溉水资源明显不足问题,通过研究滴灌条件下灌溉制度对土壤水分、冬小麦生长及水分利用的影响,探究该地区冬小麦最优灌溉模式.试验实施从2016到2019年,共3季冬小麦,灌溉方式为滴灌,共设置4种处理:T1:不灌水;T2:拔节期灌水40 mm;T3:开花期灌水40 mm;T4:拔节期和开花期...     

Tiller Development and Contribution to Yield under Different Moisture Regimes in two Triticum Species

The number of productive tillers is an important yield component in wheat and is affected by water stress and genetic factors. A greenhouse experiment was conducted during spring 1992 at ICARDA, Tel Hadya, Syria, with eight genotypes representing two Triticum species ( Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum and Triticum aestivum L. ssp. aestivum ) under four soil-moisture regimes (95 %, 75 %, 55 %, and 35 % field capacity) to study the effect of water deficit on tiller development and tiller contribution to grain yield. In the highest watering regime appearance of Tiller 1 was delayed in both species. Also Tiller 2 was suppressed in this treatment in durum , while its appearance was delayed in aestivum. In the driest treatment, a majority of the tillers were suppressed and the ones which emerged were delayed. In durum , the heat units required to produce successive leaves on the tillers were higher than that for the main stem and increased with increasing water stress, causing high rate of tiller abortion. In aestivum , each tiller, once produced, developed leaves at the same rate as on the main stem. Phyllochron of tillers as well as main stem was not affected by water stress in aestivum. In aestivum , contribution by tillers to yield was higher than that of durum in all treatments. Results indicate that early appearance of tillers and faster rate of leaf appearance under water stress result in higher tiller survival and greater tiller contribution to final yield. Hence, tiller dynamics under water stress can be used as a selection criterion for breeding for drought tolerance.     

不同肥水组合对夏玉米水分利用效率及经济效益的影响

利用大型防雨设施池栽,设置施肥和灌水二因素三水平,就其不同肥水组合对夏玉米水分利用效率及经济效益的影响进行了研究。结果表明,高肥低水、中肥低水及低肥低水水分利用效率低,经济效益差,中肥中水及低肥中水水分利用效率较高,是中、低肥量条件下稳产高效益的最佳组合;高肥中水水分利用效率最高,耗水系数最低,是高产节水的最佳组合;高肥高水互高水互作效应大,产量水平达１３５００kg/hm^2以上,水分利用效率高,经济效益大,是实现夏玉米超高产的最佳肥水组合。     

不同水肥条件下旱地小麦水肥利用率研究

探讨了不同水肥条件对旱地小麦产量和水肥利用率的影响。结果表明,不同水肥条件对小麦株高、穗长、穗粒数和千粒重有明显影响;补充灌水和不灌水施肥处理分别比相应对照增产39．2％～142．6％和34．2％～152．3％,同时补充灌水比不灌水各处理增产21．0％～40．2％。不同肥料配比以N1P1处理的肥料利用效率最高,并以适当补灌效果最佳,补充灌水和不灌水每千克N分别增产小麦18．0kg和13．0kg。不同肥料配比处理灌水利用效率分别比对照提高0．17～0．72kg／m^3,并以N1P1最高,为1．16kg／m^3。     

灌水控制下限对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响

通过对冬小麦全生育期实施不同土壤水分控制下限,研究冬小麦的耗水规律,分析水分胁迫对其生长发育和产量形成的影响,并建立了产量与水分关系的数学模型。结果表明,不同水分处理的冬小麦耗水规律基本一致,但日耗水强度和总耗水量各处理间差别明显。各生育时段耗水量占全生育期总耗水量的百分比以孕穗灌浆期最大,达到45%;其次为拔节期,在20%左右;越冬期最小,只有4.0%~10.0%。土壤水分控制下限为55%的处理冬小麦水分利用效率最高,约为1.75kg/m3,对应的耗水量在350~400mm之间。     

水分胁迫及复水对绿洲膜下滴灌辣椒动态生长、产量及水分利用的影响

为了研究水分胁迫对露天膜下滴灌辣椒生长、产量形成和水分利用效率的影响,在辣椒苗期和开花坐果期均分别施加轻度水分胁迫(65%~75%田间持水量)、中度水分胁迫(55%~65%田间持水量)和重度水分胁迫(45%~55%田间持水量),全生育期充分供水处理(75%~85%田间持水量)为对照,分别测定各水分处理辣椒不同生育期末生长指标(株高、茎粗、叶面积指数和单株干物质积累量)以及青果总产量和水分利用效率,并用三次曲线模拟了辣椒各生长指标在全生育期内的动态变化过程。结果表明:三次曲线能够较好地反映不同水分处理下辣椒各生长指标随时间的动态变化。苗期和开花坐果期一定程度水分胁迫能导致辣椒在水分胁迫时段株高、茎粗和叶面积指数显著(P0.05)小于CK组,后期复水后,由于辣椒产生补偿性生长,苗期轻度和中度水分胁迫处理以及开花坐果期轻度水分胁迫处理辣椒,各生长指标增长速率在一定时间内超过CK组,最终辣椒产量和单株结果数均与CK组之间无显著差异(P0.05),且辣椒平均单果重分别比CK组显著高18.48%,22.49%,14.14%。苗期和开花坐果期水分胁迫,均能提高辣椒根冠比和果实干物质分配指数并减少辣椒全生育期灌水量和耗水量,特别是苗期中度水分胁迫处理,在不显著降低产量的情况下,灌水量和耗水量分别比CK组显著低12.36%和11.51%,且水分利用效率、灌溉水利用效率均最高,分别比CK显著高8.61%和9.66%,因此,在苗期施加中度水分胁迫,后期充分灌水是实现绿洲辣椒节水、高产和高效栽培的一种较优灌溉方式。     

Effect of Soil Hydrothermal Regimes on the Performance of Safflower Planted on Different Dates

Soil hydrothermal regimes which can enhance seed germination, seedling emergence and development so that the late planted safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) can be competitive in comparison to normally planted crop need to be studied and suitabily modified. Therefore, a split-plot held experiment was conducted in Vertisols during 1984–85 and 1985–86 post-rainy season to determine the influence of planting date (PD₁: Oct. 20; PD₂: Oct. 30; PD₃: Nov. 10; PD₄: Nov. 20; PD_s: Nov. 30; PD₆: Dec. 10; and PD₇: Dec. 20), irrigation (I₁: come-up irrigation and I₂: I₁+ branching stage) and straw-mulch (M₀: No mulch and M₁: paddy straw mulch at 10 t ha^-1) and the interaction on the growth and development of safflower (Cultivar, JSF-7). Germination of safflower commenced earlier in October planting, but it was significantly higher in November and December plantings. Initiation of emergence and completion of germination required 153 and 307 cumulative degree days (CDD soil), respectively. Days to maturity decreased from 163 to 140 in 1984–85 and from 156 to 137 in 1985–86 with delay in planting from October to December. Height, number of branches, number of capsules, seed yield per plant and 1000 seed weight were significantly affected by the different treatments. Planting of safflower on October 30 and November 10 in both the seasons produced significantly higher seed yield than the other plantings. Branching stage irrigation (I₂) and straw mulching significantly improved all the yield attributes and seed yield of safflower in both the seasons. The water use efficiency (WUE) was higher in early plantings than in the later plantings. Higher WUE was obtained under come-up irrigation. Straw mulching increased the WUE, moderated the diurnal variations in soil temperature and provided a better thermostable regime more congenial for plant roots which resulted in increased safflower seed yield.     

不同灌溉方式对两个马铃薯品种生理特性和水分利用效率的影响

研究了两个抗旱性不同的马铃薯品种(荷兰15号和克新1号）在不同灌溉方式下的生长、生理特性和水分利用效率。结果表明, 不同灌溉方式对马铃薯生理指标有显著影响。隔沟交替灌溉区的植株株高和叶面积高于常规灌溉区和固定隔沟灌溉区。隔沟交替灌溉提高了干旱胁迫应答抗氧化酶过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性,而反映胁迫受害程度的丙二醛（MDA）浓度均低于常规灌溉和固定隔沟灌溉处理。在隔沟交替灌溉条件下,克新1号的产量比常规灌溉提高了3.84％,水分利用效率比对照提高了35%。荷兰15号的产量与常规灌溉没有显著差异,水分利用效率比对照提高了28%。由此得出,在马铃薯生产中应用隔沟交替灌溉技术具有较大的节水增产潜力,其中克新1号是水分利用效率高、抗旱性强的品种。     

不同底墒条件下补灌对冬小麦耗水特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响

我国黄淮平原水资源紧缺,而且年际间降水量及其时间分布存在较大差异,探明不同底墒条件下补充灌溉对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的调节效应及其生理基础,可为该地区冬小麦节水高产栽培提供理论和技术支持。2013—2014和2014—2015年冬小麦生长季,在播种期0~100 cm土层土壤贮水量分别为201.5(A)、266.3(B)和317.0mm(C)3种底墒条件下,各设置4个补灌水处理,包括不灌水、拔节期+开花期补灌、越冬期+拔节期+开花期补灌、播种期+拔节期+开花期补灌,研究不同处理冬小麦耗水特性、旗叶光合、干物质积累与分配、产量及水分利用效率的差异。结果表明,冬小麦生育期总耗水量和土壤水消耗量均随播种期底墒的提高而增加。在底墒A和B条件下,冬小麦主要消耗降水和灌溉水。提高播种期补灌水平或于越冬期补灌,冬小麦在底墒A条件下对土壤水的消耗量显著增加,在底墒B条件下对土壤水的消耗量显著减少。在底墒C条件下,冬小麦耗水以土壤水为主,其次为降水,再次为灌溉水;播种期或越冬期补灌显著增加生育期总耗水量,对土壤水消耗量则无显著影响。于播种期、拔节期和开花期补灌,冬小麦在底墒A条件下可获得较高的籽粒产量,但水分利用效率较低;在底墒B条件下籽粒产量和水分利用效率均较高;在底墒C条件下,仅于拔节期和开花期补灌即可获得高产和高水分利用效率,播种期和越冬期无需补灌。综上所述,播前底墒是实施冬小麦合理补灌的重要依据。     

隔沟交替灌溉对棉花生长、产量和水分利用效率的调控效应

为了探讨旱区农业高效节水新途径,于2004—2006年在甘肃石羊河流域干旱荒漠绿洲区田间,研究了常规沟灌、固定隔沟灌溉、隔沟交替灌溉对棉花生长、产量和水分利用效率的调控效应,结果表明,隔沟交替灌溉对棉花株高抑制作用较明显,而对蕾铃等生殖生长的影响较小,该技术能够调整棉花营养生长与生殖生长的关系,有效控制作物生长冗余,调节光合产物在根冠间的比例和分配,优化根冠比;可以在保持相同光合速率水平下大大降低叶片蒸腾损失,提高叶片水分利用效率,使霜前花比例提高,产量水平的水分利用效率分别较常规沟灌和固定隔沟灌提高17.22%和18.59%。在西北旱区棉花上应用隔沟交替灌溉技术具有较大的节水增产潜力。     

三种主要粮食作物的节水灌溉技术及其对产量和水分利用率的影响

以三种主要粮食作物（水稻、小麦、玉米）为材料,设置常规灌溉（对照）和节水灌溉处理（水稻全生育期轻干湿交替灌溉技术、小麦控制土壤干旱灌溉技术、玉米控制低限土壤水分的分区交替灌溉技术）,研究了节水灌溉技术对三种粮食作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,节水灌溉技术的产量增加了8.56%~9.23%,水分利用效率提高了25.00%~31.43%。节水灌溉技术显著降低了三种粮食作物叶片的蒸腾速率和着生角度,显著增加了弱势粒中脱落酸（ABA）与赤霉素（GA₃）的比值（ABA/GA₃）、茎中蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）和子粒中蔗糖合酶（SuS）活性、平均灌浆速率、茎鞘中非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）的运转率以及收获指数,显著提高了水稻和小麦的分蘖成穗率。表明减少奢侈的蒸腾和无效分蘖冗余生长、改善冠层结构、促进物质运转和子粒库活性、提高收获指数是节水灌溉技术协同提高产量和水分利用效率的重要原因。     

Moisture Stress Effects on the Yield and Water Use of Sorghum Hybrids and their Parents*

Little is known of the relationship between hybrids and parental material with respect to water use and drought resistance. Responses of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) F₁ hybrids to moisture deficits are partially determined by parental material. The yield and water use of six sorghum hybrids and their respective male and female parents were evaluated under stressed and well irrigated conditions during 1980 and 1981 at Tucson, Arizona. The soil was Comoro loamy sand (coarse-loamy, mixed, calcareous, thermic typic Torrifluvent) with an average available soil moisture of 16 % at field capacity. Changes in soil moisture were monitored semi-weekly by neutron modulation. Meteorological data were collected daily. The 1980 season had higher maximum temperatures and pan evaporation than the 1981 season. Differences in cumulative water use among entries were apparent within the same water treatments during 1981. Mean cumulative evapotranspiration (ET) for the stressed treatment was 248 and 281 mm for 1980 and 1981, respectively, and ET under well irrigated conditions was 419 and 528 mm for 1980 and 1981, respectively. Hybrids produced greater grain yield than their parents under both water treatments. This was due to greater seed number for hybrids. Seed numbers were more stable for hybrids over both treatments than for parents. Hybrids four and seven had the greatest grain yield in 1980 and 1981, respectively, under stressed conditions. Water use efficiency (WUE) was significantly different within water treatments but was not so between the irrigated and stressed treatments. Hybrids WUE was generally greater than that of parents except for hybrid five under irrigated conditions in 1981. Hybrids with WUE and stable yields were not necessarily reflective of parental material under stressed and non-stressed environments.     

半湿润偏旱区沟垄覆盖种植对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响

为探索半湿润偏旱区沟垄集雨种植模式下冬小麦田土壤蓄水保墒和节水增产效果, 于2007-2010年连续3个小麦生长季在渭北旱塬旱农试验站, 研究了不同沟垄集雨种植模式对土壤水分、冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。设置3个沟垄集雨处理, 分别是垄上覆盖地膜+沟内不覆盖(P1)、沟内覆盖小麦秸秆(P2)、沟内覆盖液体地膜(P3)处理, 以传统平作(CK)为对照。P1、P2和P3处理显著提高冬小麦生育前期0~20 cm和20~100 cm的土壤贮水量, 其中以P2处理蓄水保墒效果最显著, P3处理由于液态地膜的降解, 仅在小麦生长前期有一定的蓄水保墒作用, 在小麦的生长后期与P1处理无显著差异;各沟垄集雨处理100~200 cm土壤贮水量与CK无差异。P2处理对冬小麦平均株高和生物量影响最大, 3年平均株高和生物量分别较对照提高26.7%和60.3%。以P2处理增产效果最显著, 3年平均产量和水分利用效率分别较CK对照提高39.3%和35.6%;且P1和P3之间无显著差异。因此, 垄覆地膜、沟覆秸秆的二元沟垄集雨覆盖种植模式能显著提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率, 适宜在半湿润偏旱区冬小麦生产中应用。     

不同水分环境下玉米产量构成因子及籽粒相关性状的QTL分析

干旱胁迫对玉米产量及其相关性状有重要影响。本研究以我国玉米育种骨干亲本齐319和掖478分别和黄早四组配构建的两个F_2:3群体为材料,应用逐步联合分析的QTL定位方法,剖析新疆不同水分环境下(包含水区和旱区)玉米产量构成因子及籽粒相关性状的遗传基础。结果表明,在相同水分处理不同年份间产量构成因子和籽粒相关性状超过70%的QTL可稳定表达,旱区QTL的稳定性明显低于水区,当全部环境联合分析时,各性状QTL稳定性呈现一定程度的降低,但超过60%的QTL仍然稳定表达。两群体中共检测到11个环境钝感的主效QTL(在2个以上环境中检测到,且至少在一个环境下的贡献率大于10%),分布在bin1.10、2.00、4.09、7.02、9.02、10.04和10.07共7个基因组区段上,除bin10.04外所有环境钝感的主效QTL在全部环境下稳定表达。因此,玉米产量构成因子和籽粒相关性状的QTL在新疆相同水分处理不同年份间,甚至不同水分条件下大部分均可稳定表达,这些主效QTL位点可为抗旱分子育种和进一步精细定位提供参考。     

不同沟灌方式水、氮调控对棉花产量及水分利用效率的影响

设置交替隔沟灌、常规沟灌和固定隔沟灌方式,施氮量和灌水量采用二次通用旋转组合设计进行试验,研究水、氮调控对沟灌棉花产量、水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:棉花产量与施氮量在56.2～95.2kg·hmˉ2范围内呈显著正相关,与灌水量在37.52～160.00mm范围内呈显著正相关.相同水、氮处理下交替隔沟灌与常规沟灌相比棉...     

不同滴灌制度对冬小麦光合特性及水分利用效率的影响

以冬小麦青麦7号为材料,设置7个不同滴灌制度处理,即按照小麦生育期分别进行不灌水（ CK1）、漫灌（CK2）、滴1水（W1）、滴2水（W2）、滴3水（W3）、滴4水（W4）和滴5水（W5）,初步研究了不同滴灌制度对冬小麦光合速率及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：与CK1和CK2相比,滴4水和滴5水花后旗叶SPAD值、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）显著升高,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）显著降低;各滴灌处理中,花后0～30 d,随着滴灌次数的增加,小麦旗叶SPAD值、Pn、Gs和Tr表现为：W4＞W5＞W3＞W2＞W1,W4处理维持较高的光合速率;各处理之间产量差异显著,表现为：W4＞CK2＞W5＞W3＞W2＞W1＞CK1;滴4水的水分利用效率（22．23 kg/（mm·hm2））,显著高于其他处理。综合考虑光合及产量因素,在本半湿润易旱区条件下,以起身水＋拔节水＋开花水＋灌浆水（滴4水）为节水高产最优滴灌制度。