Amphibian pituitary growth hormone and prolactin: immunochemical relatedness to rat growth hormone

Growth hormone and prolactin were electrophoretically isolated from amphibian pituitaries and then were tested in a radioimmunoassay with labeled rat growth hormone and antiserum to the same hormone. This isolation and purification of the hormones increased the steepness of the slopes of competitive inhibition in this system when compared to those of crude extracts. Both hormones from most species tested showed high immunochemical cross-reactivity, indicating that amphibian growth hormone and prolactin are structurally related to rat growth hormone.     

牦牛生长激素基因分子特性分析

设计特异性引物,利用RT-PCR方法从牦牛脑垂体中扩增出生长激素基因(YGH)编码区全序列,并进行分子特性分析.结果表明:牦牛生长激素基因编码区全长654 bp,包含一个完整的阅读框,编码217个氨基酸.采用生物信息学方法对分子特性进行分析表明:动物生长激素基因在进化上非常保守,牦牛生长激素基因氨基酸序列与黄牛、山羊、绵羊、马、猪、猫和犬的同源性分别为100%、99.1%、98.6%、88.9%8、8.5%、88.9%和89.4%.牦牛生长激素蛋白有2个明显的疏水区域,存在2个强跨膜区和信号肽,是一种分泌型蛋白质,二级结构主要以α-螺旋和不规则卷曲为主,三级结构包含第28-215位氨基酸残基;牦牛生长激素蛋白有较高的抗原指数和抗原表位,这与YGH编码蛋白具有良好的抗原性相一致.     

猪羊生长激素基因保守性研究

生长激素基因在猪羊间的差异 ,通过两对引物 ,分别为P1:5’ -agctggattctttacggctgagcc - 3’和P2 :5’ -tccggaagcaggagagcagaccgtag - 3’ ,P3:5’ -gctgacacctacaaggagtttg - 3’和P4:5’ - gtttgcttgaggatctgtcctg - 3’。对它们的DNA进行聚合酶链反应 ,电泳及序列分析结果表明 :P1-P2和P3-P4引物都能扩增出猪羊DNA样 ,得到大小一致的扩增带 (对应引物的带 ) ,但southern杂交结果的差别很大 ;生长激素基因的碱基组成在猪羊间的差异为 6 5 % ,即猪羊生长激素基因保守性很强     

Estrogen-induced factors of breast cancer cells partially replace estrogen to promote tumor growth

The hormone 17 beta-estradiol acts through its receptor system to induce MCF-7 human breast cancer cells to form tumors in athymic mice. In vitro studies have identified the production of estrogen-induced growth factors from MCF-7 cells that may have a role in growth control. These induced growth factors were sufficient to stimulate MCF-7 tumor growth in ovariectomized athymic mice, thus partially replacing estradiol. Growth factors may act as estrogen-induced "second messengers" in estrogen-responsive growth of human breast cancer.     

Paradoxical elevation of growth hormone by intraventricular somatostatin: possible ultrashort-loop feedback

Somatostatin, the growth hormone-inhibiting factor, when microinjected into the third ventricle of the rat brain, paradoxically induced the release of growth hormone. A pituitary site of action having been ruled out, this result supports the concept that exogenous somatostatin within the hypothalamus acts either to suppress the release of somatostatin from somatostatin-containing neurons, possibly via an ultrashort-loop feedback mechanism, or to augment release of hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing factor, thereby inducing a release of growth hormone. Injection of somatostatin into the third ventricle also decreased plasma concentrations of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and thyroid-stimulating hormone, probably by inhibiting the release of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor and thyrotropin-releasing factor.     

Paraoxon: effects on rat brain cholinesterase and on growth hormone and prolactin of pituitary

Cholinesterase activity of brain and content of growth hormone and prolactin in the pituitary were compared after short-term (3 days) and long-term (14 days) treatment with paraoxon in male and female rats. Within 3 days cholinesterase activity was reduced to between 5 and 15 percent of that in controls. The content of growth hormone in the pituitary was increased in long-term experiments by 50 percent. This increase in paraoxon-treated animals-suggests a possible role of a cholinergic mechanism in the regulation of growth hormone secretion.     

Growth hormone-releasing factor: direct effects on growth hormone, glucose, and behavior via the brain

Intracerebroventricular administration of human pancreatic growth hormone-releasing factor caused a dose-dependent inhibition of growth hormone secretion, elevated plasma glucose concentrations, and produced marked behavioral and motor effects. Immunoneutralization with antiserum to somatostatin did not reverse the suppression of growth hormone. These findings suggest that hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing factor may regulate its own neurosecretion through an "ultrashort-loop" negative feedback mechanism and may have important neurotransmitter and neuromodulatory functions in the brain.     

An immunological investigation of human pituitary growth hormone

Growth hormone isolated from human pituitaries has been demonstrated to be a good antigen in the rabbit. With the rabbit antiserum to human somatotropin, it is possible to detect as little as 0.1 microg of the hormone by precipitin test. The antiserum was also capable of neutralizing the growth-promoting activity of human somatotropin.     

Stimulation of the proliferation of cortical neurons by prenatal treatment with growth hormone

Subcutaneous or intravenous injections daily of purified bovine pituitary growth hormone into pregnant rats from the 7th till the 20th day of pregnancy (total dose 36 mg) resulted in offspring with unchanged body weight but with significant increases in brain weight, brain DNA content, cortical cell density, and ratio of neurons to glia.     

A protein induced during nerve growth (GAP-43) is a major component of growth-cone membranes

Growth cones are specialized structures that form the distal tips of growing axons. During both normal development of the nervous system and regeneration of injured nerves, growth cones are essential for elongation and guidance of growing axons. Developmental and regenerative axon growth is frequently accompanied by elevated synthesis of a protein designated GAP-43. GAP-43 has now been found to be a major component of growth-cone membranes in developing rat brains. Relative to total protein, GAP-43 is approximately 12 times as abundant in growth-cone membranes as in synaptic membranes from adult brains. Immunohistochemical localization of GAP-43 in frozen sections of developing brain indicates that the protein is specifically associated with neuropil areas containing growth cones and immature synaptic terminals. The results support the proposal that GAP-43 plays a role in axon growth.     

The generation of insulin-like growth factor-1--sensitive cells by growth hormone action

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), a mitogenic polypeptide, is usually considered the sole effector by means of which growth hormone increases tissue mass. However, growth hormone, but not IGF-1, directly promotes the differentiation of cultured preadipocytes to adipocytes. Adipocytes newly differentiated from precursor cells in response to growth hormone were shown to be much more sensitive to the mitogenic effect of IGF-1 than the precursor cells. The result of IGF-1 action is therefore a selective multiplication of young differentiated cells (cloned expansion). This supports the concept of a dual effector system in which the preferred target cells of IGF-1 action are created by the direct action of growth hormone.     

生长激素释放肽的研究进展

生长素释放肽（GHRPs）依据蛋氨酸-亮氨酸脑啡肽（met-enkephalin）的结构于20世纪70年代末首次合成以来,人们又陆续合成了数种类型的GHRPs,虽然其结构已远不同于met-enkephalin的结构,但均可强烈刺激生长素（GH）分泌。GHRPs在动物体内具有促进GH 释放、刺激动物食欲、促进动物生长、提高动物生产性能和免疫水平等多方面的功能。     

禽类生长激素受体基因研究进展

生长激素受体(GHR)是促乳素、生长激素、细胞因子、促红细胞生成素受体超家族成员之一,它与生长激素(GH)结合可对禽类生长发育起到调节作用.目前有关禽类GHR的研究多集中在正常鸡和矮小禽类之间GHR的变异上.本文就鸡GHR基因结构与表达、多态性与生产性能的相关等研究进行了综述和讨论.     

Trophic stimulation of cultured neurons from neonatal rat brain by epidermal growth factor

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a potent polypeptide mitogen originally isolated from the adult male mouse submaxillary gland. It also acts as a gastrointestinal hormone. EGF-immunoreactive material has recently been identified within neuronal fibers and terminals in rodent brain. In the present study, EGF was found to enhance survival and process outgrowth of primary cultures of subneocortical telencephalic neurons of neonatal rat brain in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was observed with EGF concentrations as low as 100 picograms per milliliter (0.016 nanomolar) and was dependent on the continuous presence of EGF in the medium. Similar effects were observed with basic fibroblast growth factor, but several other growth-promoting substances, including other mitogens for glial elements, were without effect. Thus EGF, in addition to its mitogenic and hormonal activities, may act as a neurite elongation and maintenance factor for select neurons of the rodent central nervous system.     

重组虹鳟生长激素酵母对罗非鱼的促生长作用研究

采用表达重组虹鳟生长激素的酵母工程菌Y33作为饲料添加剂投喂奥尼罗非鱼鱼种。结果表明，酵母胞内表达的虹鳟生长激素具有生物活性，能够经口服被鱼体肠道吸收，对罗非鱼具有明显的促生长作用。     

Potent interaction between glucocorticoids and growth hormone-releasing factor in vivo

Administration of dexamethasone significantly enhanced the pituitary growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing factor in intact as well as adrenalectomized rats. Thus the inhibitory effects of glucocorticosteroids on somatic growth which involve an interaction of these steroids and growth hormone at a peripheral level may also involve a modification of pathways within the central nervous system that regulate normal growth hormone secretion.     

Regulation by growth hormone of number of chondrocytes containing IGF-I in rat growth plate

Whether growth hormone stimulates longitudinal bone growth by a direct effect at the site of the growth plate or indirectly by increasing the concentration of circulating somatomedins (insulin-like growth factors) has been the subject of controversy. Immunohistochemical methods were used to explore the localization and distribution of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) immunoreactivity in the epiphyseal growth plate of the proximal tibia of male rats. Cells in the proliferative zone of the growth plate of normal rats exhibited a bright immunofluorescence, whereas cells in the germinal and hypertrophic zones stained only weakly. In rats subjected to hypophysectomy, the number of fluorescent cells was markedly reduced. When the hypophysectomized rats were treated with growth hormone, either systemically or at the site of the growth plate, the number of IGF-I-immunoreactive cells in the proliferative zone was increased. The results show that IGF-I is produced in proliferative chondrocytes in the growth plate and that the number of IGF-I-containing cells is directly regulated by growth hormone. These findings suggest that IGF-I has a specific role in the clonal expansion of differentiated chondrocytes and exerts its function locally through autocrine or paracrine mechanisms.     

Prolactin: evidence that it is separate from growth hormone in human blood

A highly sensitive bioassay has been developed for prolactin, which uses a mammalian end organ and which is capable of measuring the hormone in unextracted human plasma. High prolactin activity, largely neutralizable with antiserum to human growth hormone, is stimulated along with high immunoassayable growth hormone by insulin-induced hypoglycemia. High prolactin activity, not neutralizable with antiserum to growth hormone, exists with low concentrations of plasma growth hormone in postpartum patients and patients with galactorrhea.     

恶疫霉生长速率与同宗配合性状的遗传与变异

在实验室条件下，对不同地区和不同寄主来源的恶疫霉菌株的线性生长速率和同宗配合性状的遗传进行了研究。结果指出：恶疫霉菌株同宗配合性状在无性和有性后代均可稳定遗传，表明在供试恶疫霉菌株中上述性状的控制因子是纯合的。从试菌株生长速率的遗传情况十分复杂，至少存在3种类型：1．在单孢无性后代和自交后代均可稳定遗传；2．在单游动孢子后代稳定遗传而在自交后代发变异；3．在无性后代和有性后代均发生变异。表明该性状可能由细胞核纯合基因、也可能由细胞核杂合基因、还可能由细胞质因子调控。     

Insulin-like growth factors: a role in growth hormone negative feedback and body weight regulation via brain

Intracerebroventricular administration of ILA's, a preparation enriched in insulin-like growth factors, caused a marked decrease in growth hormone secretory episodes and in body weight associated with reduced food intake over 24 hours. Central injection of insulin and bovine serum albumin had no such effects. These findings suggest that insulin-like growth factors play a role in growth hormone negative feedback and body weight regulation at the level of the central nervous system.