醴陵市农村居民点的景观生态特征及其时空演变

随着人类活动加剧,探索农村居民点的景观生态特征及其演变的驱动因素对农村经济发展和农业现代化具有非常重要的意义。利用2005年土地利用变更数据库和2009年第2次土地利用调查数据库等资料,运用景观生态理论结合GIS方法制作相应的专题图,定量分析比较醴陵市2005—2009年期间农村居民点的空间分布特征及其差异。结果显示,2005—2009年期间,醴陵市农村居民点总面积规模增大;农村居民点形状变得更加复杂;醴陵市农村居民点受自然环境影响明显,距离城镇、河流、道路较近以及海拔越低与坡度越小区域的农村居民点面积增幅规模更大,形状复杂程度变化更明显。     

基于村域范围的农村居民点布局评价与空间格局优化——以重庆石柱县临溪镇前进村为例

农村居民点布局的调整和格局的优化是新一轮土地利用总体规划的重要内容,对统筹城乡发展、增强区域经济等具有重要的作用,应用ARCGIS空间分析和统计功能技术以及景观指数的定量分析方法,以重庆市石柱县临溪镇前进村为研究区域,分析研究了在村域范围内农村居民点分布特征、居民点分布现状与该村自然、社会、经济等要素间的相互关系,并运用GIS多因素叠加模型,建立农村居民点空间格局优化。结果表明,前进村农村居民点的区位受坡度、河流、道路和耕作环境的综合影响,尤其道路指向更为紧密。前进村就居民点空间格局优化可分为优先发展区、重点发展、保留发展、搬迁区4种类型,该研究为科学指导农村居民点整理提供依据,具有一定的借鉴和扩展意义。     

长株潭农村居民点时空格局的演变研究

为了把握长株潭农村居民点时空格局演变的特征,为其空间格局优化提供依据,使农村居民点的分布格局更加合理。利用1996-2007年长株潭土地利用变化数据并运用动态度和相对变化率分析长株潭农村居民点的时空演变过程、特点和规律。结果表明,长株潭农村居民点总体上呈现逐年减少态势,且区域差异明显,农村居民点发展存在一系列问题。提出长株潭农村居民点需要从政府加强引导、科学规划、加强管理力度等3个方面进行调整优化,使空间格局更加合理。     

山区农村居民点的空间格局差异研究──以陇南市文县为例

基于2015年文县土地利用变更数据和相关统计数据,根据农村居民点的现状分布规律,运用GIS空间分析和景观生态学理论,空间韵律测度、局聚类检验、平均最近邻指数、空间热点探测分析等方法,定量分析了文县农村居民点空间分布格局特征。结果表明:(1)文县农村居民点主要沿着交通道路和河流错落分布,形成以道路和河流网分布为主的枫叶状;(2)文县农村居民点用地规模普遍偏小,空间上呈现出低值集聚,高值离散的特征,在天池镇、城关镇等地区形成了小规模村庄集群分布的"冷点区",在范坝镇等地区形成了大规模的农村居聚落集中分布的"热点区";(3)受资源条件、自然区位及人类活动等因素影响,文县农村居民点在空间上以集群式和随机型分布为主;(4)文县农村居民的分布呈具有明显地域差异的集聚模式,整体形成了以范坝镇、碧口镇为中心的高密度区,并依次向北、向西、向南以阶梯形式逐渐稀疏的低密度区;(5)全县农村居民点聚落形态整体相对规则、整齐、破碎化程度较低,呈现较为平稳的演化形态,局部地区居民点分布形态复杂程度较高,东西走向规模分异明显,复杂程度由东向西逐渐减弱。     

GIS技术支持下的湖南省靖州县农村居民点空间格局研究

为了研究靖州县农村居民点的空间格局特征,并对其格局进行优化调整提供依据使其居民点的分布格局更加合理。从靖州县1990年和2005年土地利用现状数据中提取出农村居民点矢量数据,利用GIS的空间分析功能及查询统计功能,将靖州县居民点矢量数据进行剖析统计,对其公路、河流矢量数据叠加以及居民点空间分布特征进行定量定性分析。采用景观生态学的方法,选用景观指数来表征农村居民点的空间格局特点。研究结果表明,靖州县农村居民点规模正不断减小;靖州县农村居民点的分布格局受道路、河流的影响比较显著;靖州县农村居民点缺少整体的规划,一部分还分布在不太适宜人们居住的区域,农村居民点的分布建设急需规划和调整。说明靖州县农村居民点需要从统一规划、制定相关政策、逐步迁并等3个方面进行调整,从而使空间格局更加合理。     

吉尔吉斯斯坦土壤景观格局特征分析

为了描述吉尔吉斯斯坦土壤分布格局及其特点,通过采用GIS和景观生态学方法,选择多种景观指数对吉尔吉斯斯坦土壤进行景观格局特征分析。结果表明：吉尔吉斯斯坦土壤景观斑块数、面积和周长分布均极不均衡,景观趋于严重的破碎形势,各类型间的聚集度较高(AI=89.9),斑块间彼此邻接关系和镶嵌程度较高,景观间具有较高的连通程度,整个景观的分布格局是一个高聚集度、对比度明显、空间分布复杂、异质性较大的土壤景观格局。吉尔吉斯斯坦土壤类型演变主要驱动力为气候、自然环境,而人类活动的作用较小。     

农村居民点整理潜力与景观特征关系研究

为更好地研究农村居民点整理潜力与其景观特征之间的关系,以2012年临夏县土地利用数据为基础,测算南塬乡各行政村农村居民点整理的可实现潜力,并采用景观生态学方法分别计算各村居民点形状、规模和分布3个方向的景观指数,运用主成分分析各景观指数贡献率的基础上引入综合景观特征值,探讨了农村居民点类型尺度上农村居民点整理潜力与综合景观特征值之间的关系。研究表明：（1）农村居民点整理潜力受自然、社会、经济等因素影响,可实现潜力仅为理论潜力的一半;（2）受地形影响,南塬乡各村居民点斑块分布差异较大,综合景观特征值能够全面地反映出各景观指数对整体格局的影响;（3）综合景观特征值和可实现潜力有很强的相关性,综合景观特征值越高说明居民点斑块越规则,其整理潜力越小,例如江家寨村综合景观特征值最高为1.409,但其可实现潜力仅为2.23 hm²。     

半山丘陵区居民地空间分布的特征及其优化分析

为了掌握半山丘陵区居民地空间分布的变化特征,对居民地布局进行优化,为居民地规划和整理的实施提供重要依据。以地处长白山系半山丘陵区的海林市为研究区,结合TM、DEM影像等相关资料,分别从海拔、坡度、坡向、交通、水源五方面对居民地的空间特征进行了定量分析,采用特尔斐法对选取的指标赋予权重并逐一打分,并根据研究区人口、经济,人文等情况,将研究区的居民点划分为搬迁型、保留型及发展型,并进行优化。结果表明,随着海拔、坡度的增加,居民点数量、面积逐渐减少,在北方地区坡向为正北向的居民点面积最少。交通、水源与居民点的空间分布具有显著相关性。根据优化方案确定搬迁型居民点148个,保留型居民点1632个,发展型居民点40个。     

基于Voronoi图、GIS的三峡库区农村居民点空间机理研究

利用GIS分析技术、Voronoi图Cv值综合分析,探讨重庆市忠县农村居民点的空间机理,找出其分布的趋势性和规律性,为县、镇级土地规划和土地整治提供直观指导。根据聚落地理学的研究方法,建立Voronoi图、高程、坡度、坡向、道路、水系因子,通过空间分析法和定性定量分析法相结合的方法进行研究。结果表明忠县整体Cv值为85.52%,为集群分布,农村居民点在高程上主要分布在400~700 m;在7°—15°内分布最多,达到32.50%;在坡向影响下西北坡分布最多,达到14.95%;在道路因子下,农村居民点在50~100 m缓冲区内密度最高,达到64.38个/km2;农村居民点主要靠近在距离水源100~200 m。     

基于Voronoi图、GIS的三峡库区农村居民点空间机理研究——以重庆市忠县为例

利用GIS分析技术、Voronoi图Cv值综合分析,探讨重庆市忠县农村居民点的空间机理,找出其分布的趋势性和规律性,为县、镇级土地规划和土地整治提供直观指导。根据聚落地理学的研究方法,建立Voronoi图、高程、坡度、坡向、道路、水系因子,通过空间分析法和定性定量分析法相结合的方法进行研究。结果表明忠县整体Cv值为85.52%,为集群分布,农村居民点在高程上主要分布在400~700 m;在7°—15°内分布最多,达到32.50%;在坡向影响下西北坡分布最多,达到14.95%;在道路因子下,农村居民点在50~100 m缓冲区内密度最高,达到64.38个/km2;农村居民点主要靠近在距离水源100~200 m。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.