The effect of different zootechnical practice methods on the duration of labor in swine with reference to the body condition of the sow]

In a single large pig production unit of 6000 breeding sows, seven groups of 100 sows each were formed at random on the 110th day of pregnancy. Each group was evaluated and divided according to body condition in three subgroups. The groups were treated as follows: Group 1 received a single 3 mg intramuscular dose of alfaprostol on the 113th day of pregnancy; Group 2 received a single 3 mg intramuscular dose of alfaprostol on the 113th day of pregnancy, followed 24 hours later by a single intramuscular dose of 10 IU oxytocin; Group 3 received a single intramuscular dose of 10 IU of oxytocin after the birth of the first piglet; Group 4 received a single 100 mg intramuscular dose of prednisolone on 113th day of pregnancy; Group 5 received a single 0.2 mg intramuscular dose of carbamylcholine on the 113th day of pregnancy; Group 6 received feed containing 12% fiber, at 3 kg per sow per day from the 110th day of pregnancy; Group 7 received a 3 ml dose of physiologic NaCl solution i.m. on the 114th day of pregnancy. The parameter "duration of parturition" was evaluated. Groups 4 (prednisolone), 5 (carbamylcholine) and 6 (fiber) showed a shorter duration of parturition when compared to groups 1, 2, 3 and 7. The subgroups 5 in each group showed a longer parturition time, when compared to subgroups 3 and 4.     

Epidemic late abortion in swine--status of research]

This article briefly describes the PRRS (Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome), which arose in the winter of 1990 in Germany and other European countries. The data are accumulated from the literature and own experiences. The clinical picture of this new disease, which led to important economical losses is dominated by 1. an increased rate of reduced length of pregnancy with late abortion before day 110 or an increased length of pregnancy; 2. an increase of stillborn piglets; 3. a larger scale of preweaning mortality combined with a higher frequency of secondary infections. Pathological findings in piglets are subcutaneous edema, accumulation of fluids in the body cavities and sometimes interstitial pneumonia is observed. In sows originating from affected farms examined before partus a mononuclear placentitis is present. At present a non-classified virus, isolated by Dutch researchers is proposed to be the causative agent and named Lelystad virus.     

Concentration of Fe, Fe-binding capacity, Cu and Zn in the plasma of piglets before and after oral administration of iron sulfate solution]

In piglets, the influence of the ingestion of Fe-enriched faeces, of the oral application of Fe-dextran (containing 150, 200 or 250 mg Fe) up to the 8th hour as well as the intramuscular injection of Fe-dextran (150 mg Fe) on the 2nd and 3rd day after birth on Fe-resorption was analysed. On the 5th to the 7th and on the 12th to the 14th day after birth the highest increase in the Fe-concentration and the highest values of the Fe-binding capacity of the plasma after the oral application of a solution of Fe-sulphate (containing 20 mg Fe/kg body weight) were confirmed in the piglets with the ingestion of Fe-enriched faeces and in the control piglets without Fe-supplementation. The increase of the iron concentration in the plasma induced a decrease in the concentration of Cu in some cases and of Zn in the plasma in most cases. The biggest increase in body weight was established in the piglets that ingested Fe-enriched faeces.     

芽孢杆菌对草鱼生长和肠粘膜抗氧化功能及养殖水质的影响

本试验研究了饲料中添加芽孢杆菌对草鱼生长、肠粘膜抗氧化功能及养殖水体水质的影响。选取平均体重为（51.0±2.3）g的健康草鱼300尾,随机分成3组（对照组、处理组1和处理组2）,每组3个重复,每个重复50尾鱼。其中对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理组1和2分别饲喂含复合芽孢杆菌（105 cfu/克饲料,枯草芽孢杆菌和解淀粉芽孢杆菌以1:1比例混合）和枯草芽孢杆菌（105 cfu/克饲料）的基础日粮。试验期为45d。结果表明,饲料中添加芽孢杆菌对养殖水体pH和硝酸盐氮含量无显著影响,但显著降低了从第21d到试验结束期间水体中亚硝酸盐氮的含量（处理组1第35d除外）。芽孢杆菌的添加同时显著降低草鱼的死亡率（P<0.05）,并提高了草鱼的增重率和特定生长率。与对照组相比,处理组1和2草鱼的增重率分别提高了52.93%（P<0.01）和21.78%（P<0.05）,特定生长率分别提高了44.44%（P<0.01）和16.67%（P<0.05）;而且处理组1草鱼增重率和特定生长率分别比处理组2提高了25.58%（P<0.01）和23.81%（P<0.01）。肠粘膜抗氧化活性研究表明,与对照组相比,饲料中添加芽孢杆菌能提高草鱼肠粘膜超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）的活性。以上结果提示,饲料中添加芽孢杆菌可以改善养殖水质和草鱼肠粘膜抗氧化功能,并显著促进草鱼生长并降低死亡率。     

罗非鱼无乳链球菌LrrG-Sip融合蛋白免疫原性研究

为探究无乳链球菌LrrG(Leucine-rich repeat protein from GBS)和表面免疫原性蛋白Sip(surface immunogenic protein)串联表达的LrrG-Sip重组融合蛋白的免疫原性,该研究将原核表达的LrrG-Sip重组融合蛋白分别以0.5μg·g~(-1)(R1组)、1.0μg·g~(-1)(R2组)和1.5μg·g-1(R3组)每尾200μL腹腔注射免疫尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus),同时以Sip蛋白(S组)、LrrG蛋白(L组)以及PBS(P组)作为对照。2周后对所有免疫鱼体进行无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)人工攻毒,攻毒剂量为其半致死浓度(LD_(50):4.0×108CFU·mL~(-1))。结果显示LrrG-Sip重组融合蛋白R1组对尼罗罗非鱼的相对免疫保护率最高,达89.14%;且免疫后第14和第28天,该组鱼体血清抗体OD_(450nm)值分别达0.63和0.64,均显著高于单一蛋白对照组(S和L组)和PBS组(P0.05);R1组鱼体血清过氧化物酶(POD)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性在上述2个时间点也显著高于其他组(P0.05);但溶菌酶(LZM)和总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性与其他组之间差异不显著(P0.05)。初步表明LrrG-Sip重组融合蛋白具有良好的免疫原性,其免疫原性明显优于单个蛋白,且能有效减少免疫剂量。     

黄芩苷对牙鲆肝CYP1A酶活性及基因表达的影响

本研究以中药黄芩苷为受试药物,研究其在不同剂量和作用时间下对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)肝CYP1A酶活性和基因表达的影响。采用体内实验,将黄芩苷按低(50mg/kg·d)、中(100mg/kg·d)、高(200mg/kg·d)3个剂量分别口灌牙鲆,连续给药,并分别于给药3d、6d、9d后取样,测定CYP1A酶活性。结果表明,较空白组而言,给药3d,黄芩苷各剂量组鱼肝中EROD酶(CYP1A标志酶)活性没有明显变化(P0.05);给药6d,高剂量组的EROD酶活性极显著增加(P0.01),中剂量组的则显著增加(P0.05);给药9d,高、中剂量组的EROD酶活性均极显著增加(P0.01),低剂量组的EROD酶活性显著增加(P0.05),且黄芩苷对该酶的诱导作用与剂量和药物作用时间均呈正相关。半定量RT-PCR结果表明,各药物剂量组的CYP1A基因表达水平都发生了上调,且这种表达上调的幅度同CYP1A酶的活性一样,随给药时间和剂量的增加而加强,提示黄芩苷作为诱导剂对CYP1A酶活性的作用机制可能与调控CYP1A的转录水平有关。     

黄芪多糖佐剂对大菱鲆五联疫苗免疫增效作用

用福尔马林灭活哈维氏弧菌、鳗弧菌、迟钝爱德华氏菌、大菱鲆弧菌和溶藻胶弧菌制备成五联灭活疫苗,添加黄芪多糖作为佐剂。分别用添加黄芪多糖佐剂组和无佐剂组对大菱鲆进行腹腔注射,在第7、14、21、28、35、42、56天采取血样并检测抗体效价、溶菌酶活力和SOD活力,第56天进行人工攻毒实验,测定免疫保护力。结果表明,黄芪多糖佐剂组(免疫组2)和无佐剂组(免疫组1)两组的溶菌酶活力和SOD活力都在第28天达到最高值,且黄芪多糖佐剂组显著高于无佐剂组(P<0.05)。两个免疫组抗体效价也都在第28天达到最大值,但黄芪多糖佐剂组要显著高于无佐剂组(P<0.05),其中免疫组2的哈维氏弧菌、鳗弧菌、迟钝爱德华氏菌、大菱鲆弧菌和溶藻胶弧菌的抗体效价分别为27.25、26.75、28.5、28.75、26.25,免疫组1分别为26、25.75、26.75、27.5、25。用上述5种细菌分别进行人工攻毒实验,结果表明,免疫组2的免疫保护力依次为50.0%、50.0%、71.4%、62.5%、44.4%;免疫组1的免疫保护力依次为37.5%、30.0%、42.9%、50.0%、33.3%。实验结果证明,五联疫苗对大菱鲆具有免疫作用,而且添加黄芪多糖佐剂组的免疫效果显著好于无佐剂组。     

阿维菌素对藏猪胃肠道寄生线虫的驱杀试验

将自然感染的藏仔猪12头随机分为2组,第一组用阿维菌系注射液治疗,第二组用盐酸左旋咪唑治疗作为对照。结果表明,注射阿维菌素试验藏仔猪用约5d后对线虫虫卵减少率为84.6%,10d后对线虫虫卵减少率为100%;注射左旋咪唑试验组用药5d后对线虫虫卵减少率为83.7%,10d后对线虫虫卵减少率为98.0%。二者差异不显著(P<0.05)。     

Effect of the beta blockader carazolol (Suacron) on parturition in sows

It was the aim of this study to investigate the effects of the betablocker carazolol (Suacron) on the birth process of the sow. The drug occupies the betareceptors in different organs without causing the stimulation of adrenaline which induces in part the stress reactions of the organism at these receptors. During delivery the stimulation of the betareceptors of the uterus causes a relaxation of the smooth muscles and, hence, prolongs parturition. It could be illustrated that the intravenous injection of the adrenaline-antagonist carazolol (0.5 mg i.e. 1 ml Suacron/50 kg b.w.) increased the contractions of the uterus sub partu in sows. In a double-blind-trial the same dose of the beta-blocker was administered to sows intramuscularly (n = 523). The rate of deliveries lasting six hours or more was reduced (11.0% vs. 14.5%) in the treated group in comparison with the control group (n = 543) that only received a salt solution. Additionally, the beta-blocker prophylaxis led to a reduced stillbirth rate (7.1% vs. 8.3%), caused less necessity for external aid (6.1% vs. 7.8%), decreased the use of oxytocine (28.9% vs. 34.8%) and managed to diminish the occurrence of puerperal disorders (15.5% vs. 19.5%). These beneficial effects on the farrowing are significant at the 5% level and particularly apparent in sows giving birth to the first litter.     

酶制剂不同添加时间对仔猪生产性能的影响

选择出生日期、产仔数和初生重相近的新荣昌猪Ⅰ系母猪１２窝，８４头仔猪，生后３５ｄ断奶，试验到第６３ｄ结束，以正大５５１为基础饲料，研究了酶制剂不同添加时间（不加、仅断奶前加、一直加和仅断奶后加）对仔猪生产性能的影响。结果表明，一直加酶组日增重和饲料利用率比不加组分别提高１５．３５％和２．４６％：仅断奶前用加酶饲料，则仔猪在断奶后头两周的生产性能将受到严重影响，日增重和饲料利用率较不加组分别降低４６．４６％和２１．４３％（Ｐ＜０．０１），但紧接着的两周会有一定的补偿性恢复；若仔猪断奶后才开始在饲料中加酶，则对日增重影响不大，但饲料利用率比不加组提高了２７．２３％。因此，由本试验结果可知，仔猪饲料中添加酶制剂确实能显著改善仔猪生产性能，而且酶的添加时间影响酶制剂的作用效果；酶制剂的添加宜从仔猪哺乳期补料开始，不要中途终断。     

Efficacy of single and multiple doses of fenbendazole against gill parasites (Dactylogyrus sp.) of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) and its physio‐metabolic effects on the fish

The study was conducted to investigate the efficacy and physio‐metabolic responses of single and multiple doses of fenbendazole (FBZ) in Labeo rohita against gill parasite (Dacylogyrus sp.). Two Isoenergetic (395 Kcal DE/100 g) and isonitrogenous (35% CP) purified diets viz. control (without FBZ) and treatment (0.2% FBZ) were prepared. The efficacy of FBZ was measured after administration of single dose (20 mg/kg b. wt.) on 0th day and multiple doses of FBZ, that is, 20 mg/kg b. wt. on 0th, 3rd and 7th day through diet. Although oral administration of FBZ at single dose could significantly reduce the parasite in fish in comparison with the control group, 100% efficacy of the drug was not achieved up to 15th day of treatment. On the other hand, multiple doses of FBZ could show almost 100% efficacy on 15th day in terms of elimination of parasites from gill. The drug induced oxidative stress in examined fish. There was no significant change in activities of hepatic and muscle aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase of L. rohita up to 15th day after oral administration of FBZ at single dose. But both single and multiple doses of FBZ could significantly enhance the hepatic superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione‐S‐transferase activities in fish up to 7th day of drug administration and significantly decreased thereafter up to 15th and/or 30th day. It is concluded that oral administration of FBZ at multiple doses (20 mg/kg b. wt.) on 1st, 3rd and 7th day could be effective against Dactylogyrus sp. infection in L. rohita.     

不同药物及给药途径对仔猪白痢治疗效果的影响

选择自然感染大肠杆菌、拉白色或灰白色稀粪的哺乳仔猪(要求无弱仔和其他疾病)195头为试验动物,以每窝仔猪为单位,随机分成两大组(每组设5个试验组),给药途径选用肌肉注射和后海穴注射药物;观测三九克痢注射液、氟哌酸注射液、恩诺沙星注射液、痢菌净、链霉素等5种药物对仔猪白痢治疗效果的影响。结果表明,肌注的5个实验组即Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组总有效率分别是75.0%、72.7%、58.8%、68.4%和52.9%(P﹤0.05),穴注的五个实验组即Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组总有效率分别是77.3%、72.0%、66.7%、73.7%和62.5%(P﹤0.05);肌注组的总有效率66.3%、穴注组的总有效率71.0%。结果表明,三九克痢的疗效与安全性都是最好的;其次是恩诺沙星;后海穴注射药物的疗效更好。     

Effects of LHRHa treatments upon the timing of ovulation and upon egg and offspring quality in Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.)

Abstract Five groups of Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus (L.), were studied, each group consisting of 13 females. The fish in four of the groups received a single intramuscular (IM) injection: three groups were injected with LHRHa in various forms and dosages, and one was injected with saline (control). The females in the fifth group were implanted with controlled-diffusion implants containing LHRH analogue. Ovulation in two of the treatment groups (30μg/kg D-Ala⁶ LHRH and 150μg/kg D-Trp⁶ LHRH) occurred earlier, and was better synchronized, than in the control group. The treatments did not significantly affect (1) the weight of eggs released from each female; (2) egg size, weight, or chemical composition; (3) mortality rates; (4) hatching times or the length of alevins. The fertilization rate in one of the treatment groups (150 μg/kg D-Trp⁶) was significantly lower than in the control group.     

注射菌苗的生殖期黄颡鱼亲鱼的外周血细胞和体液免疫变化

阐明生殖期亲鱼在注射灭活菌苗后的血细胞和体液免疫变化规律,是预防亲鱼产后虚弱患病和仔鱼染病死亡的理论基础。本研究在试验组和对照组黄颡鱼胸鳍基部分别注射0.2 mL浓度为1.0×10⁸ CFU/mL福尔马林灭活温和气单胞菌苗（F-AS）和0.65%灭菌生理盐水,在免疫后第1、2、4、7、14、21、28、35天,从尾静脉采血,测定外周血液血细胞数量及组成比例,血细胞吞噬活性和抗体效价。结果显示：注射菌苗后白细胞数量和淋巴细胞的白细胞分类计数逐渐增加,显著高于对照;中性粒细胞、单核细胞的白细胞分类计数以及吞噬百分比（PP）、吞噬指数（PI）在4～7 d显著高于对照;抗体效价逐渐升高且在第14天达到最高,随后逐渐下降;而红细胞数和血栓细胞的白细胞分类计数逐渐下降,显著低于对照组。结果表明：单次注射菌苗后亲鱼可以产生良好的免疫应答,1～7 d以增强单核细胞和中性粒细胞等非特异细胞免疫为主;7～35 d淋巴细胞增值,并大量释放抗体且在第21天淋巴细胞出现极显著升高,此后虽逐渐下降但仍显著高于对照,抗体维持在较高水平上的时间为1周左右,建议在黄颡鱼催产前10～14 d进行单次菌苗注射以增强亲鱼免疫力。     

Plasma lipoproteins in European eels (Anguilla anguilla): effects of estradiol

A dose-response effect was observed on the plasma concentration of vitellogenin (ALPP, alkali-labile protein P) over a 33 day time-course with repetitive estradiol-17 treatment of European eel (Anguilla anguilla). The plasma estradiol-17 concentration in the treated groups was not proportional to the doses injected. In the groups treated with a medium (0.5 mg kg BW^-1) or high dose (5 mg kg BW^-1) of estradiol there was a significant increase in the plasma total cholesterol concentration during the 33 day time course. The most marked dose-response effect of estradiol was that of plasma total lipids. The distribution of cholesterol between the different lipoprotein classes was dose-related: high density lipoproteins (HDL) predominated in the controls and in the low and medium dose groups, while low density lipoproteins (LDL) predominated over HDL in the group given the high estradiol dose. Plasma HDL concentration was markedly decreased in the high dose treated group; this finding is interesting since HDL plays an important role in the uptake of cholesterol from the extrahepatic tissue.     

Effect of plant active compounds on immune response and disease resistance in Cirrhina mrigala infected with fungal fish pathogen, Aphanomyces invadans

The antibacterial activity of individual and mixed medicinal plant compounds, azadirachtin (Az), camphor (Ca) and curcumin (Cu), was tested at 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 ppm (mg L⁻¹) against fungal fish pathogen, Aphanomyces invadans, in vitro . At the lower concentrations between 100 and 300 ppm, the mixture of the tri-herbal (Az+Ca+Cu) compound yielded a higher ( P >0.05) zone of inhibition (ZI) of 7 mm than the positive control; the maximum ZI values (8–15 mm) were realized between 400 and 700 ppm ( P <0.05). At the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) the tri-herbal compound (100 ppm) yielded 13 colony-forming units; hence, this dose can be effectively used at the lowest concentration of 100 mg L⁻¹ to ward off the growth of A. invadans in vitro . In Cirrhina mrigala , intramuscular administration (100 μL) of the selected doses of 100, 400 and 700 ppm (mg L⁻¹) significantly enhanced ( P <0.05) the serum lysozyme activity (Ly), production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species (RNS or NO) by peripheral blood leucocytes on the 10th, 20th and 30th day. A priori administration of the compound in the fish (100 ppm on 30th day) decreased the percentage mortality when challenged with the pathogen while in the untreated group the mortality increased ( P <0.05). This study indicates that intramuscular administration of the tri-herbal compound Az+Ca+Cu at a concentration of 100 ppm could augment the immune response in C. mrigala against A. invadans .     

膨化大豆代替鱼粉对早期断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

选取体重接近的28日龄断奶的DLY(杜×长×大)仔猪48头,随机分为6组,每组8头。6个试验组日粮中的粗蛋白水平相同。用膨化大豆在平衡第一、二限制性氨基酸的基础上逐渐替换断奶仔猪日粮中的鱼粉。试验结果表明:试验1、2、3组之间差异未达到显著水平(P﹥0.05);试验2、3、4、5、6组之间差异未达到显著水平(P﹥0.05);试验1组分别与4、5、6组之间均达到显著水平(P<0.05)。但由于鱼粉的价格居高不下,饲料成本较高。经计算得出试验6组每千克体增重消耗饲料费用最低,比试验1组减少了0.26元。其次为实验5组,比实验1组减少了0.19元。试验结果表明膨化大豆在早期断奶仔猪日粮中完全可以取代全部的鱼粉。     

抗生素与益生素组合效果研究

本试验选用1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭600只,随机分为10个组(9个试验组+1个对照组),每组2个重复,每个重复30只肉仔鸭。试验组采用二因素,每个因素3个水平的完全随机设计,以研究抗生素(1～7日龄添加)和益生素(8～42日龄添加)组合使用对1～42日龄肉鸭生产性能的最佳水平组合。结果表明:土霉素用0.1%,益生素0.075%组合使用饲喂肉鸭的效果最佳。     

一个规模化猪场PCV-2暴发的诊治报告

报道规模化猪场爆发PCV-2的病例。重庆忠县某猪场有经产母猪88头,断奶仔猪182头。2007年以来,坚持自繁自养,猪场稳定,猪只健康,全场发病率(包括仔猪)小于3%,死亡率低于1%。2009年4月,该场开展对外免费授精服务,9月3日种公猪发病,1周后断奶猪发病,病死猪血清和淋巴结中PCR检测PCV-2阳性。病死猪脾脏和淋巴结为病料制成灭活苗,全场紧急接种,并配合药物治疗,至10月底病势得以控制,统计本次发病,断奶猪发病86头,发病率为47.3%,死46头,死亡率为25.3%,种公猪发病后治愈。