枯草芽孢杆菌对大肠杆菌K88感染仔猪小肠健康的影响

试验主要探讨饲粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对大肠杆菌K88感染仔猪小肠发育和微生物区系的影响。选取体重(6.8±0.5)kg的杜长大三元杂种去势公仔猪8头,随机区组均分为2组,每组4个重复,每头猪单栏饲养,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂基础饲粮+0.1%枯草芽孢杆菌制剂,饲养试验结束前每头猪灌服致病性大肠杆菌K88菌液(1×1011 CFU)。试验结果表明,试验组仔猪比对照组显著提高空肠和回肠绒毛高度(P0.05),显著降低回肠部位隐窝深度(P0.05),极显著提高十二指肠、空肠和回肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度(P0.01);显著降低空肠和回肠大肠杆菌数量(P0.05),显著增加空肠和回肠乳酸杆菌数量(P0.05)。结果提示,在仔猪感染致病性大肠杆菌K88时,饲粮添加枯草芽孢杆菌能有利于调节仔猪小肠发育和肠道微生物区系。     

发酵乳杆菌和凝结芽孢杆菌对产气荚膜梭菌感染肉鸡生长性能和肠道健康的影响

试验以产气荚膜梭菌感染肉仔鸡建立坏死性肠炎模型,研究发酵乳杆菌和凝结芽孢杆菌对感染肉鸡生长性能和肠道健康的影响。将336只1日龄爱拔益加肉仔鸡随机分成4个处理组,每个处理6个重复。4个处理组分别为对照组、感染组、感染+LF组(日粮添加1×10~9 CFU/kg发酵乳杆菌)、感染+BC组(日粮添加1×10~(10) CFU/kg凝结芽孢杆菌)。所有感染肉鸡在14～21 d经口接种A型产气荚膜梭菌。试验期为28 d。结果显示:与对照组相比,灌服产气荚膜梭菌显著降低22～28 d肉鸡的日均采食量(P0.05),显著增加28 d十二指肠和空肠损伤评分(P0.05),显著提高21 d肉鸡盲肠的产气荚膜梭菌和大肠杆菌数量,显著降低28 d回肠产气荚膜梭菌数量(P0.05)。与感染组相比,日粮添加发酵乳杆菌显著提高21 d肉鸡回肠的乳杆菌属数量(P0.05),显著降低21 d盲肠大肠杆菌的数量(P0.05);日粮添加凝结芽孢杆菌显著降低28 d肉鸡十二指肠损伤评分(P0.05),显著降低21 d十二指肠隐窝深度(P0.05),显著提高21 d空肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度的比值(P0.05),显著降低21 d肉鸡回肠和盲肠的大肠杆菌数量(P0.05),显著提高28 d肉鸡回肠乳杆菌属数量(P0.05)。综上所述,日粮中添加发酵乳杆菌或凝结芽孢杆菌均对感染肉鸡的肠道微生物具有调控作用;其中添加凝结芽孢杆菌有利于肠道绒毛发育,缓解肠道损伤,一定程度上提高了肉鸡的生长性能,而发酵乳杆菌没有缓解肠道损伤的作用。     

地衣芽孢杆菌对肉鸡生产性能、抗氧化及营养物质代谢的影响研究

将408只青脚麻鸡随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复34只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加地衣芽孢杆菌,依次为低剂量组(1×107 CFU/g),中剂量组(5×107 CFU/g),高剂量组(1×108 CFU/g)。试验期为56d,结果显示,与对照组相比,日粮中添加地衣高剂量的芽孢杆菌可提高肉鸡的体质量,日增重、降低肉鸡的日采食量、料肉比;添加高剂量的芽孢杆菌可提高血浆中的总抗氧化力,降低MDA含量,而TSOD与对照组相比没有差异性。与对照组相比第56天各添加组血浆中血氨浓度显著下降,高剂量组显著低于其他各组。鸡粪中的粗蛋白含量在第56天,各添加组显著下降,高剂量组显著低于其他各组。结果表明,在鸡日粮中添加高剂量的地衣芽孢杆菌可显著提高鸡的生产性能、抗氧化,降低血氨浓度和排泄物中粗蛋白含量。     

芽孢杆菌对肉鸡生产性能、免疫功能及肠道发育的影响

为研究日粮中添加芽孢杆菌与抗生素对肉鸡生产性能、免疫功能及肠道发育等的影响,本试验选用900羽1日龄罗斯308肉公鸡,随机分为3组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2组分别在基础日粮中添加100 g/t阿维拉霉素和300 g/t芽孢杆菌HB1,每组10个重复,每个重复30羽鸡,试验期36 d。结果表明:(1)试验各阶段,芽孢杆菌HB1添加组肉鸡平均日增重(ADG)均高于对照组,但差异不显著(P0.05),试验后期(22~35日龄)芽孢杆菌HB1添加组肉鸡料肉比(FCR)较对照组低2.66%(P0.05)。(2)芽孢杆菌HB1添加组肉鸡血液Ig G含量较对照组提高2.26%(P0.05),且其对肉鸡胸腺的发育具有促进作用。(3)与对照组和试验1组相比,芽孢杆菌HB1组肉鸡十二指肠和空肠绒毛长度与隐窝深度的比值(V/C)均显著提高(P0.05),回肠V/C极显著提高(P0.01)。由此可见,日粮中添加芽孢杆菌可以提高肉鸡生产性能,增加血液中Ig G含量,促进肉鸡免疫器官和肠道的发育。     

两株芽孢杆菌的不同添加比例对中国淮南青脚麻鸡生长性能、小肠形态、盲肠菌群及血浆生化参数的影响

试验选取900只1日龄中国淮南青脚麻鸡,随机分成9组,每组5个重复,每个重复20只鸡。对试验鸡分别饲喂基础日粮、添加了150mg/kg金霉素的基础日粮及添加了两株芽孢杆菌的基础日粮,其中地衣形芽孢杆菌与枯草芽孢杆菌的添加比例分别为:0∶1×10~6、2.5×10~5∶7.5×10~5、3.3×10~5∶6.6×10~5、5.0×10~5∶5.0×10~5∶6.6×10~5、3.3×10~5、7.5×10~5∶2.5×10~5、1.0×10~5∶0,饲喂周期为56天。结果表明,在日粮中添加6.6×10~5∶3.3×10~5的地衣形芽孢杆菌与枯草芽孢杆菌,可以显著增加鸡的末重与平均日增重,降低料重比(P0.05)。与对照组相比,添加此比例芽孢杆菌时,盲肠中乳酸杆菌与双歧杆菌总量显著增加,大肠杆菌与沙门氏菌显著降低(P0.05)。肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度对十二指肠、空肠和回肠隐窝深度的比值均显著高于对照组,而十二指肠和回肠隐窝深度明显降低(P0.05)。该组鸡血浆中总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶活性、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性显著提高,而血浆丙二醛含量降低(P0.05),同时,氨、尿酸、尿素氮浓度和黄嘌呤氧化酶活性降低(P0.05)。总之,日粮中添加比例为6.6×10~5∶3.3×10~5的地衣芽孢杆菌:枯草芽孢杆菌可以改善鸡生长性能、盲肠菌群、血浆生化参数,并显著改善小肠形态,同时降低死亡率。     

地衣芽孢杆菌对麻羽肉鸡肠道组织结构及盲肠微生物区系的影响

本文旨在研究地衣芽孢杆菌对麻羽肉鸡的肠道组织结构及其盲肠微生物区系的影响.试验选用300只1日龄肉鸡,随机分为5组.每组设4个重复,每个重复15只.I组为对照组,饲喂基础日粮,不添加任何抗生素;Ⅱ组、Ⅲ组、Ⅳ组为试验组,分别在基础日粮中添加50、100和200 mg/kg的地衣芽孢杆菌;V组为抗生素组,在基础日粮中添加30 mg/kg的杆菌肽锌和6 mg/kg的硫酸抗敌素.试验期为70 d.结果表明,在28日龄时,Ⅱ组绒毛高度较I组增高了11.35%,较V组提高了5.81%,Ⅱ组肉鸡盲肠中大肠杆菌数量较I组显著降低(P<0.05),乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量显著高于V组(P<0.05);70日龄时,Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组肉鸡肠道隐窝深较I组分别变浅了25.67%和24.72%,差异显著(P<0.05),试组组肉鸡盲肠中大肠杆菌数较I组显著降低(P<0.05),Ⅱ组乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量显著高于V组(P<0.05).由此可见,日粮中添加地衣芽孢杆菌有益于肉鸡的肠道发育和盲肠微生物区系平衡,饲养前期50 mg/kg添加水平,饲养后期200 mg/kg添加水平显著优化了肉鸡的肠道组织结构,抑制了盲肠中有害菌的生长.     

不同益生菌对肉鸡肠道菌群结构的影响

本试验旨在研究益生菌对肉鸡肠道微生态环境的影响,饲养试验选取1日龄的肉公鸡432只,分成4个组,组1饲喂基础饲粮,组2饲喂基础饲粮+地衣芽孢杆菌(≥4×106CFU/g饲粮),组3饲喂基础饲粮+屎肠球菌(≥106CFU/g饲粮),组4饲喂基础饲粮+丁酸梭菌(≥106CFU/g饲粮)。采用PCR-变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术对肉鸡肠道内细菌16S r DNA V3区进行菌群多样性分析,利用实时荧光定量PCR(q PCR)技术对肠道菌群数量进行定量分析。PCR-DGGE指纹图谱结果表明:与对照组相比,地衣芽孢杆菌、屎肠球菌和丁酸梭菌均不同程度的影响了肉鸡回肠、空肠及盲肠样品PCR-DGGE指纹图谱的条带数,其中屎肠球菌处理后回肠、空肠样品PCR-DGGE指纹图谱的条带数显著增加(P0.05),其余样品PCR-DGGE指纹图谱的条带数无显著变化(P0.05)。由PCR-DGGE指纹图谱条带明亮度可知:屎肠球菌在回肠食糜中发生了生长繁殖,且促进了乳杆菌生长;地衣芽孢杆菌的添加促进了乳杆菌的生长繁殖,与其产生了协同作用,而抑制了粪肠球菌(C.eutactus)和梭菌(C.irregulare)的生长,二者相互竞争;饲粮中添加丁酸梭菌促进了L.aviaries在空肠及L.versmoldensis在回肠食糜中的生长繁殖,其作用效果比较专一。q PCR结果表明:地衣芽孢杆菌组空肠、回肠及盲肠细菌的菌群数量分别是对照组的1.5倍、1.0倍和1.3倍;屎肠球菌组空肠、回肠及盲肠细菌的菌群数量分别是对照组的4.0倍、6.0倍及0.6倍;丁酸梭菌组空肠、回肠及盲肠细菌的菌群数量分别是对照组的1倍、3.5倍及0.5倍。该研究结果表明地衣芽孢杆菌、屎肠球菌和丁酸梭菌不同程度改变了肉鸡肠道的菌群结构。     

酿酒酵母和芽孢杆菌对育肥猪养分表观消化率、肠道形态结构和肠道免疫的影响

本试验旨在研究酿酒酵母和芽孢杆菌对育肥猪养分表观消化率、肠道形态结构和肠道免疫的影响。选取72头体重(62.50±0.83)kg的"杜×长×大"育肥猪,将其随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复6头猪(公母各占1/2)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,酿酒酵母组饲喂基础饲粮+0.5 g/kg活性干酵母制剂(酵母菌活菌数1.0×1010CFU/kg),芽孢杆菌组饲喂基础饲粮+0.1 g/kg芽孢杆菌制剂(芽孢杆菌活菌数1.0×109CFU/kg)。试验期56 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,芽孢杆菌组育肥猪钙和磷的表观消化率显著提高(P0.05),酿酒酵母组钙的表观消化率显著提高(P0.05);2)与对照组相比,酿酒酵母组育肥猪空肠隐窝深度极显著降低(P0.01),空肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度值极显著提高(P0.01);3)与对照组相比,芽孢杆菌组育肥猪空肠和回肠分泌型免疫球蛋白A(SIg A)含量均极显著上升(P0.01)。由此可见,饲粮中添加酿酒酵母和芽孢杆菌均可改善育肥猪对营养物质的消化吸收,其中酿酒酵母对育肥猪肠道形态结构具有一定的改善作用,而芽孢杆菌可提高肠道中的SIg A含量,提高肠道免疫水平。     

地衣芽孢杆菌对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及血清相关指标的影响

本试验选用360只392日龄健康的海蓝灰蛋鸡,随机分为4组,每组设6个重复,每个重复15只鸡,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加1×109、2×109CFU/kg和3×109CFU/kg地衣芽孢杆菌的日粮,研究地衣芽孢杆菌对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及血清指标的影响。结果表明:在本试验的添加剂量范围内,地衣芽孢杆菌对蛋鸡生产性能无显著影响(P0.05),免疫性能有随其添加量增加而提高趋势;其中以日粮中添加2×109CFU/kg的地衣芽孢杆菌改善蛋品质的效果较好。     

枯草芽孢杆菌B7对肉鸡生长性能及免疫性能的影响

试验旨在研究肉鸡日粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌B7对其生长性能及免疫功能的影响。将200只1日龄健康爱拔益加肉雏鸡随机分成5组,每组4个重复,每个重复10只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别在基础日粮中添加2×10⁵、5×10⁵、8×10⁵和1×10⁶ CFU/g枯草芽孢杆菌B7。试验期42 d。结果表明:①在整个试验阶段,除29～35日龄外,试验Ⅱ组肉鸡的日增重均高于对照组,料重比均低于对照组;36～42日龄时,与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组肉鸡的日增重显著提高了10.25%(P<0.05),料重比显著降低了14.83%(P<0.05)。②28日龄时,试验Ⅱ组脾脏指数高于对照组31.96%,差异显著(P<0.05);除14和28日龄外,试验Ⅱ组法氏囊指数均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);试验Ⅱ组新城疫抗体效价处于较高水平,28和35日龄时,试验Ⅱ组新城疫抗体效价分别高于对照组16.04%和18.09%,差异显著(P<0.05);21、35和42日龄时,试验Ⅱ组血清中IgG含量分别高于对照组81.94%、46.67%和15.63%,差异显著(P<0.05)。由此可知,添加5×10⁵ CFU/g枯草芽孢杆菌B7能够提高肉鸡的生长性能,增强肉鸡的免疫功能,综合比较,试验Ⅱ组的5×10⁵ CFU/g为枯草芽孢杆菌B7的最佳添加量。     

Chronic intestinal inflammation and intestinal disease in dogs

Normal individuals maintain tolerance to the endogenous bacterial flora residing within their alimentary tract, a phenomenon mediated by the gastrointestinal lymphoid tissue. Loss of this tolerance is a key factor in the development of chronic intestinal inflammation. Manifestations of such uncontrolled inflammation in humans include inflammatory bowel disease and celiac disease. Dogs may similarly be affected, and although the etiopathogenesis is likely similar, the lesions differ. This review includes discussion of the factors involved in breakdown of mucosal tolerance, the immunologic basis of canine enteropathies, and the use of novel immunotherapies for these diseases.     

动物消化道上皮屏障在控制肠内环境稳定中的作用

动物肠道内部与外界环境之间相互作用,而单层上皮细胞将肠道微生物与下层肠组织隔离形成肠道上皮屏障。目前研究发现肠道上皮不仅起屏障作用,对收集体内外信号和协调免疫应答亦至关重要。本文对肠道上皮屏障如何与共生菌、病原微生物及免疫细胞间的相互作用以及调节内环境稳定进行概述,旨在为动物肠道黏膜免疫机制的揭示提供参考。     

Determination of intestinal viability

Operations for intestinal ischemia are frequently done by veterinarians. In equine surgery those conditions commonly producing ischemia are intussusception, volvulus, bowel obstructions, and incarcerated hernias. In an attempt to predict intraoperative bowel viability after the restoration of circulation, a variety of adjuvant methods have been investigated. There is little question that of the techniques currently available, sodium fluorescein injected intravenously approaches the ideal in predicting nonviability in humans and in most animal models. Furthermore, it is safe, takes little operating time, is inexpensive, and is ubiquitously available; in addition, the only special equipment needed is a long-wave ultraviolet lamp. Reliance on this method would seldom result in nonviable bowel being left in situ. Furthermore, the use of fluorescein would minimize the unnecessary resection of viable intestine and, thereby, minimize the postoperative nutritional problems that may occur, especially in equines. The report of Sullins et al questions the accuracy of the fluorescein technique in predicting viability and nonviability in horses and also raises the question as to whether the prediction of viability, after the restoration of intestinal blood flow, also predicts normal intestinal function. Further investigations will be needed to confirm or refute these observations.     

Small intestinal morphology and activity of intestinal peptidases in piglets around weaning

The effect of weaning on small intestinal morphology and the activities of three intestinal peptidases was investigated from 3 days prior to weaning to 9 days post-weaning in 64 piglets. Villous height, crypt depth and mitotic counts were determined at three positions along the small intestine. The activities of aminopeptidase N, dipeptidylpeptidase IV and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were measured at five positions along the small intestine. The villous height was maximal on the day of weaning. Post-weaning, the villi shortened at the proximal positions of the small intestine and the minimal length was observed on day 3 after weaning. Villous height did not decrease distally in the small intestine. Increased crypt depth was observed from 3-7 days post-weaning at all positions examined. Mitotic counts showed increased proliferative activity in the crypts from the third day post-weaning. Weaning influenced the activity of aminopeptidase N and dipeptidylpeptidase IV. The activities declined until day 3 post-weaning. After that, the activities increased and they had reached pre-weaning values by day 9 post-weaning. Weaning had only minor effect on the activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase. In summary, weaning induced changes in small intestinal morphology and enzyme activity. The changes were maximal on day 3 post-weaning and during the following days, a gradual recovery of the small intestine was observed.     

Normal intestinal motility

Perhaps because of the inherent difficulty in using horses as experimental animals, only a relatively small amount of data is as yet available regarding normal equine gut motility. However, it is clear that the horse is fundamentally similar to other mammalian species studied. The neural and humoral control of gut activity requires much exploration; it is likely that, in the horse, some of this information will be derived during the investigation of the effects of various substances that might have clinical relevance. This is alluded to in the chapter that follows (The Effects of Pharmacological Agents on Gastrointestinal Motility). The clinical applications are likely to remain limited, though some light may be shed upon the derivation of certain disorders.     

Canine intestinal carcinoids

Intestinal carcinoids were diagnosed in three aged dogs. Two of the neoplasms occurred in the rectum and one at the cecocolic junction. Judged by histologic criteria, all three carcinoids were considered to be malignant. Amyloid was present in both rectal tumors. In each tumor the diagnosis was confirmed by the finding of electron-dense intracytoplasmic secretory granules in the neoplastic cells.