Vorfruchtwirkungen verschiedener Blattfrüchte auf Winterweizen und Einfluß von Anbaumaßnahmen

Effects of preceding "break crops" on winter wheat and influence of cultural practices
Between 1979—83 there was tested the effect of 5 "break crops" (biennial alfalfa, clover-grass, faba bean, winter-rape, silomaize) on succeeding winter wheat and the interaction with changed cultural practices such as N-fertilization and conventional or reduced primary tillage (plough ↔ rotary tiller).
After the break crops wheat yield decreased within a range of 4 dt/ha as follows: alfalfa → beans → rape/ clover-grass/maize. Raising N-fertilization hardly allowed to improve the value of the break crops; most likely that of maize and with rotavating. Adaption of N-dressings promised greater influence.
The manner of primary tillage exerted stronger influence on the yield than the level of N-fertilization. Concerning long-term yield the rotary tiller equaled the plough after 4 break crops; after faba bean it was superior. Increasing N-fertilization tendentially favoured the rotary tiller after bean, rape and maize. Using the rotary tiller, at beginning of growth there may be calculated on 15 % higher NO₃-values and/or higher N-mineralization or N-transformation.
Eyespot disease could not be prevented sufficiently and purposefully by an other break crop, N-fertilization or primary tillage. Recurrent rotavating suppressed weed less than ploughing.     

Nitratentwicklung nach Kleegrasumbruch im Frühjahr unter der Folgefrucht Silomais

Nitrate release under the following crop maize after ploughing a clover-grass crop in spring After ploughing a clover-grass crop in spring, the formation of nitrate under the following crop maize, its nitrogen uptake and yield were investigated as well as the N-mineralization in the fallow plots. As ploughing processes the variants “rotary cultivator” and “plough” were compared. Three days before ploughing 14 kg nitrate-N/ha were found in the soil from 0 to 90 cm depth. At all sampling dates after ploughing significant higher nitrate-N contents were analysed in the soil of the plough variant than in the rotary cultivator variant. Under maize the highest observed nitrate contents were reached at the end of July, that is 117 kg N/ha in the plough and 65 kg N/ha in the rotary cultivator variant. In the soil without plant growth the highest nitrate values were not noticed before the end of August, namely 213 and 102 kg N/ha in the plough and in the rotary cultivator variant, respectively. During the time after these maximum values the nitrate contents in the fallow plots lessened dramatically, probably implying considerable nitrogen losses. In the maize plots, however, the continual nitrogen release could obviously be used well by the plants. Under maize there was another period of intensive N-mineralization between end of August and the beginning of October, so that the N-contents in both soil and maize plants approximately doubled during the last 5 weeks before harvest: from 70 to 148 (“rotary cultivator”) and from 140 to 269 kg N/ha (“plough”), respectively. This is equivalent to a mineralization rate of 1.9 and 3.1 kg nitrate-N/ha d, respectively, in the time between the end of August and the beginning of October. This nitrogen release was only expressed by the increasing N-uptake of the maize plants, but not by a changed nitrate store in the soil. Because of the better nitrogen supply the plough variant led to a dry matter yield which was 73 % higher than in the rotary cultivator variant (176 and 102 dt/ha, respectively).     

保护性耕作下农田土壤风蚀量及其影响因子的研究初报

本研究采用移动式风洞仪对北京市保护性耕作下农田土壤风蚀影响进行研究,并得出以下初步结论：（1）六种地块下土壤风蚀量以裸露翻旋地最高,种植越冬覆盖作物能显著降低土壤风蚀量;不同免耕播种机和秸秆处理方式下,风蚀量区别主要在于播种机,以迪尔风蚀量最低,农哈哈机型最高;四种耕作方式下土壤风蚀量以旋耕地最高,翻耕地比旋耕地降低80.81%,重耙和免耕地风蚀量分别比旋耕地降低95.35%和97.71%;冬小麦五种不同播期下土壤风蚀量随着播期的推后逐渐增大。（2）四种作物中小麦田的覆盖率最高,其次为紫花苜蓿和小黑麦,油菜覆盖率最低;四种耕作方式下耙耕小麦田覆盖率最高为84.00%,旋耕最低为55.33%;五个播期下9月27日播种的小麦田覆盖率显著高于其他播期,10月7日和10月12日最低。（3）将土壤风蚀量作为依变量,覆盖率、作物株高和土壤容重作为自变量进行多元回归分析,并建立多元回归方程：Y=173.186-0.449x1-0.485x2-72.699x3。     

The Effect of Different Soybean Tillage Systems on Infiltrability and Erosion Susceptibility of an Oxisol in Paraná, Brazil

Measurements of infiltrability were carried out during the soybean vegetation period in three different tillage systems on an Oxisol, with the aim of estimating relative erosion susceptibility. The tillage systems studied were conventional tillage (disc plow), minimum tillage (chisel plow) and no-tillage. Infiltration was determined as the difference between rainfall applied with a portable rainfall simulator and runoff collected from mini-plots.
During all growth stages of the soybeans, infiltrability under no-tillage was higher than under conventional tillage. Minimum tillage took an intermediate position. Lowest overall infiltrability and consequently, highest relative erosion susceptibility was observed in the early growth stage after planting, in a wet year, when the degree of soil cover was also lowest. Infiltrability was mainly affected by degree of surface seal development as a result of natural rainfall energy the soil surface had received prior to measurements, as well as degree of soil cover. Highly significant correlations were found between the calculated sum of erosivity indices one month before measurement and the total infiltration. Differences in bulk density and macroporosity had hardly any effect on infiltrability.
The better performance of no-tillage in controlling erosion observed in Brazil can thus be explained by the higher degree of soil cover in comparison to the other tillage systems studied.     

Population dynamics of volunteer oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) affected by tillage

Volunteer plants of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) from persistent seeds in soil can affect subsequent crops. Apart from the agricultural disadvantages, the environment and the marketing of the seeds may also be affected, particularly if plants with special ingredients or genetically modified (gm) plants are grown. In order to investigate the influence of soil cultivation and genotype on seed persistence and gene flow via volunteers, a field experiment was set up testing four tillage treatments and two cultivars in a split-plot design. The cultivars tested were near-isogenic to two gm cultivars. To simulate harvesting losses, 10 000 seeds m⁻² were broadcast on a soil in July. The subsequent tillage treatments were combinations of immediate or delayed stubble tillage by a rotary tiller, primary tillage with plough or cultivator, or zero tillage. Over the following year, the fate of the seeds was determined. Immediate stubble tillage with following cultivator or plough resulted in 586 resp. 246 seeds m⁻² in the soil seed bank. After delayed stubble tillage with following plough, 76 seeds m⁻² were found, and no soil seed bank was built up in the zero tillage treatment. Nevertheless, in the zero tillage treatment, several robust volunteer plants survived the herbicide application before the direct drilling in autumn until following spring. In the zero tillage treatment and in the cultivator treatment, 0.19 volunteers m⁻² resp. 0.06 volunteers m⁻² flowered simultaneously to ordinarily sown oilseed rape in the following crop of winter wheat and produced 73 resp. 18 seeds m⁻². Delayed stubble tillage reduced the risk of gene escape via the soil seed bank, while zero tillage resulted in the highest risk of gene escape by pollen and by production of a new generation of seeds. In terms of a labelling threshold for gm food this number of seeds would be below the threshold of 0.9% of transgenic parts in conventially bred food or feed.     

Infiltrability of an Oxisol in Paraná, Brazil as Influenced by Different Crop Rotations

Infiltrability of various soybean and maize rotations under conventional tillage and no-tillage was studied to evaluate these rotations with respect to soil conservation practices. Measurements were carried out with a rainfall simulator on an Oxisol in two trials in northern Paraná, Brazil.
Differences between rotations were greatest in the conventional tillage treatments and here maize/soybean rotations showed a higher infiltrability than continuous cropping. In the no-tillage treatments, there were hardly any significant differences. On the whole, rotations grown with maize at the time of measurement resulted in the lowest infiltrabilities. Tillage effects were of greater importance than rotation effects, infiltrability being consistently highest under no-tillage.
Soil surface sealing in dependence of the degree of soil cover was shown to be the prime factor governing infiltrability.     

Zeitliche und vertikale Nitratverteilung in der ungesättigten und gesättigten Bodenzone grundwassernaher Sandböden Nordwestdeutschlands

Periodic and Vertical Nitrate Distribution in Unsaturated and in Saturated Zone of Sandy Soils Close to Groundwater in North-West Germany
Investigations into the periodic and vertical distribution of nitrate were conducted in three geologically, pedologically and climatically comparable arable sandy soils lying close to the groundwater zone of the coastal moorlands of N.W. Germany. Periodical and vertical distribution of nitrate was observed in unsaturated and in saturated zones of the soil.
The investigation concerns podzol-brown earths. The depth of the water-unsaturated zone is 2 to 3 m. The crops in two locations consisted of maize and winter rye; in one location, of maize only. N-manuring consisted of mineral fertilizers and/or of organic liquid manure. At two locations the investigations were conducted over 3 years, at one location, over 18 months.
The results from the three locations indicate a corresponding clear variability of nitrate amounts in the soil depending on weather conditions, on the course of growth of the crops, and on the date, the rate and the type of manuring.
The dependence of nitrate content on the time span is most clearly expressed in the top soil. The peak values of NO₃ in the top soil appear in May, June and in the autumn months. Nitrate peaks in the top soil are continued in the subsequent ground levels with a time shift. Underneath the root zone, the nitrate peak values are transferred, largely without losses, by the seepage water through the capillary and groundwater zones close to the surface.
In the capillary and groundwater zones the nitrate peak values are characterized by time-dependent extension.
The time-span for transferring nitrate peak values from the top soil down to 4.00 m under the surface was determined to be approximately 6-8 months.     

Cover crops and interrow tillage for weed control in short season maize (Zea mays)

Weed competition can cause substantial maize (Zea mays L.) yield reductions. Interseeding maize with cover crops or a combination of interrow cultivation and interseeded cover crops are possible alternative methods of weed control. This study was conducted to examine the potential of interrow cultivation plus cover crops to reduce weed density in maize without reducing the grain yield. Field experiments were conducted in 1993 and 1994 at two sites in Québec to determine the effects of planting 12 cover crops with maize on weed control. Fall rye (Secale cereal L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), a mixture of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam), a mixture of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and ryegrass, subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), yellow sweet clover (Meliotus officinalis Lam), black medic (Medicago lupulina L.), Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.), strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum L.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) were seeded at two planting dates, 10 and 20 days after maize emergence. Interrow cultivation was carried out weekly until forage seeding, with a final cultivation being conducted just prior to cover crop seeding. Cover crop planting date did not affect maize yields or the ability of interrow tillage plus cover crops to suppress the development of weed populations. Maize yield was less affected by the interseeded cover crops under conditions of adequate rainfall. Corn planted in fields heavily infested with weeds resulted in substantial yield reductions even when rainfall was adequate. Except for 1993 at l'Assomption interrow tillage plus cover crop treatments had consistently lower weed biomass when compared to the weedy control. Most of the weed control was due to the interrow cultivation performed prior to seeding of the cover crops. The lowest weed density occurred in the herbicide treated plots. The ability of interrow tillage plus cover crops to suppress the development of weeds was affected by the level of weed infestation, the growing conditions and location. The cover crops provide additional weed control but the interrrow tillage or some herbicide application may still be necessary.     

不同耕作措施对玉米产量和土壤理化性质的影响

为了研究不同耕作方式对土壤理化性状和玉米产量及经济效益的影响,通过传统翻耕、浅旋根茬还田常规播种和机械灭茬免耕播种3种耕作方式对玉米田土壤水分、土壤速效养分、玉米产量性状及产量和经济效益影响的比较,明确了不同耕作措施对玉米田土壤理化性状和玉米产量的影响。结果表明：机械灭茬免耕播种和浅旋根茬还田常规播种的出苗率、不同土层含水量、玉米产量性状、单位产量及总收益均高于传统翻耕,且浅旋根茬还田常规播种和机械灭茬免耕播种的出苗率比传统翻耕高3.3%和7.8%,不同层次土壤含水量、土壤养分的大小顺序均为机械灭茬免耕播种＞浅旋根茬还田常规播种＞传统翻耕,机械灭茬免耕播种和浅旋根茬还田常规播种处理的玉米产量比分别高9.01%和3.23%,纯收入比CK增加4305元/hm²和1965元/hm²,即分别比CK高出36.98%和17.65%。说明机械灭茬免耕播种措施最好,而浅旋根茬还田常规播种耕作方法又优于传统翻耕。     

2种耕作方式下玉米还田秸秆养分释放特征研究

为了探讨不同耕作方式下玉米秸秆还田腐解规律,采用尼龙网袋法,以玉米秸秆为研究对象,大田条件下研究不同耕作模式（旋耕和深耕）还田秸秆干物质消耗、养分（N、P、K、有机质）释放特征,以及C/N比动态变化规律。结果表明,玉米秸秆在翻埋后一个月内是快速腐解期,其N、P、K及有机质碳能在较短时间内快速释放,此时期内2种耕作方式各养分损失率分别为74.6%、39.3%、78.5%、50.2%和71.8%、34.1%、66.5%、42.9%。土壤深耕+秸秆还田耕作方式有利于秸秆的快速腐解,但对最终秸秆养分的释放量没有影响。随着时间的推移,2种耕作方式下的秸秆养分剩余量趋于一致。     

周年耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤养分及作物产量的影响

为探明适宜于砂姜黑土农田的周年耕作方式, 提升砂姜黑土农田地力及作物产量, 在冬小麦?夏玉米一年两熟种植制度下, 设置多年定位夏玉米季?冬小麦季免耕?旋耕(对照)、免耕?深耕、深松?旋耕、深松?免耕、免耕?免耕5种周年耕作方式田间试验, 在定位处理的第4个周年研究耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤有机碳含量、土壤养分及其对作物产量的影响。结果表明, 在秸秆全量还田条件下, 与试验开始前相比, 各处理0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮、速效钾含量均有所增加。与对照相比, 其他处理均增加周年内0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮含量。免耕?深耕、深松?旋耕、免耕?免耕处理显著增加周年内0~20 cm土层土壤有效磷含量, 而深松?免耕处理显著增加冬小麦开花期和收获期0~20 cm土层土壤有效磷含量, 整个周年内对照在20~40 cm土层土壤的有效磷含量均最低。深松?免耕处理增加周年内0~20 cm土层土壤速效钾含量, 而深松?免耕、免耕?免耕处理20~40 cm土层土壤速效钾含量在夏玉米苗期、大口期、开花期和灌浆期显著高于对照处理。深松?旋耕和深松?免耕处理显著增加夏玉米?冬小麦周年籽粒产量, 增幅分别为7.67%和10.21%。综上所述, 在秸秆全量还田基础上, 深松?旋耕和深松?免耕能够改善土壤有机碳和养分状况, 显著提高周年作物产量, 可作为黄淮区砂姜黑土农田相对适宜的周年耕作方式。     

高麦茬覆盖复播效应及技术研究

高麦茬覆盖复播技术,是在机械收获后在的高茬麦田,通过人工撒种、施耕机施耕等作业环节,达到灭茬、播种、覆盖的目的。这种复播方式既有蓄水保墒、调控地温、培肥改土、抑制杂草等土壤环境效应,又有促进夏作物生长发育、提高产量的生物学效应。与常规耕作复播相比,每公顷增产夏玉米１２７５ｋｇ、夏 大豆８２６．５ｋｇ,增产率分别为２９．１％和３３．１％。     

玉米秸秆还田方式和氮肥处理对土壤理化性质及冬小麦产量的影响

为了探讨玉米秸秆还田条件下不同耕作方式及施氮量对土壤耕性及冬小麦产量的影响,于2012年10月至2015年6月连续3个小麦生长季进行了田间定位试验。设3种耕作方式,分别为连续3年旋耕秸秆不还田、连续3年旋耕秸秆还田和前2年旋耕秸秆还田第3年深耕秸秆还田,每种耕作方式下均设4个施氮水平,施氮量依次为165、225、300和360 kg hm?2。与旋耕相比,深耕促进还田玉米秸秆的腐解,且增施氮肥能提高秸秆腐解速度,从而提高耕层土壤的有机质含量。秸秆不还田条件下,连续旋耕降低了0~30 cm土层的有机质含量,结果土壤容重增大,孔隙度降低,且增施氮肥不利于土壤物理性状的改善;秸秆还田条件下,连续旋耕提高了0~10 cm土层有机质含量,土壤容重随之减小,孔隙度增加;秸秆还田条件下,连续2年旋耕1年深耕比连续旋耕增加了10~30 cm土层有机质含量,显著降低了0~20 cm土层容重,增加了0~20 cm土层的总孔隙度和10~30 cm土层的毛管孔隙度。连续3年旋耕造成冬小麦减产,尤其是秸秆不还田处理,第3年产量较第1年下降5.0%~8.7%;旋耕秸秆还田较旋耕不还田平均增产7.3%~8.9%,但在第3年产量下滑;而旋耕还田后适时深耕还田比连续旋耕还田平均增加有效穗数14.5%,增加穗粒数5.7%,产量平均提高7.6%。在玉米秸秆还田条件下,增施氮肥有助于改善土壤理化性质,但225、300和360 kg hm?2氮肥水平的产量无显著差异。本研究结果表明,山东省小麦高产高效栽培技术宜采取秸秆还田、2年旋耕1年深耕、配施纯氮225 kg hm?2的种植模式。     

不同土壤耕作方式下稻田土壤微生物多样性研究进展

土壤耕作方式是影响土壤环境和质量重要的因素；土壤微生物是土壤重要的组成部分,是有机质分解营养转化中最活跃的部分。目前,前人开展了不同土壤耕作方式对稻田耕层土壤微生物影响的研究,但是因为土壤类型、气候、田间管理措施等因素的影响,其研究结论各异。为深入了解不同土壤耕作方式下土壤微生物的变化情况,本文系统分析了前人在免耕、旋耕、翻耕等不同耕作方式对土壤微生物影响的研究进展。结果表明：(1)免耕处理下土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量高于翻耕和旋耕,土壤微生物生物量随着土壤深度的增加而减少。(2)不同耕作处理间微生物数量及酶活性均存在着显著差异,微生物数量及酶活性均随土壤深度、季节变化、耕作年限等变化而改变,微生物数量总体趋势呈现细菌>放线菌>真菌数量。(3)保护性耕作下土壤微生物多样性高于翻耕、旋耕等耕作处理且土壤微生物多样性随着土壤深度增加呈下降的变化趋势。总的来说,本文总结了目前不同土壤耕作方式下土壤微生物的研究进展,并深入分析了对所出现差异的原因,其结果对今后进一步研究我国南方双季稻田根际土壤微生物的变化规律提供参考依据,为完善我国南方双季稻田土壤耕作方式、保护稻田生态环境提供理论依据。     

耕作模式对土壤生物活性与养分有效性及冬小麦产量的影响

为探讨长期玉米秸秆还田下不同耕作模式对土壤生化性状及冬小麦产量的影响,从2011年10月至2016年6月连续5个冬小麦生长季进行田间定位试验。设4个耕作处理,分别是连续旋耕秸秆不还田(RT)、连续旋耕秸秆还田(RS)、连续深耕秸秆还田(DS)及前2年旋耕秸秆还田第3年深耕秸秆还田(TS)。与RT相比,连续5年秸秆还田显著提高0~10、10~20和20~30 cm土层土壤有机碳、无机氮、速效磷、速效钾含量;土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、硝酸还原酶和蔗糖酶活性及土壤微生物多样性分别提高23.1%~59.3%、13.2%~40.7%、14.1%~28.8%、10.9%~19.5%和31.9%~42.5%。秸秆还田使各土层变形菌门、硝化螺旋菌门及放线菌门的相对丰度显著提高,而酸杆菌门相对丰度则显著降低。与DS及TS相比,RS显著提高0~10 cm土层土壤养分状况及生物活性,10~30 cm土层则显著降低。连续旋耕至第3年,无论秸秆还田与否,小麦均表现减产;DS与TS处理则表现持续增产,平均年增产3.2%和3.9%。本研究表明在黄淮海东部地区,秸秆还田条件下,2年旋耕后接1年深耕的耕作模式有助于改善耕层土壤质量和提高冬小麦生产力。     

不同轮耕方式与生物炭对土壤酶活性、土壤养分及小麦和玉米产量的影响

通过研究豫东平原不同轮耕方式与生物炭对土壤酶活性、养分及小麦和玉米产量的影响,为该地区选择适宜的耕作与培肥制度提供理论依据。采用3年田间定位试验,以小麦旋耕玉米免耕不施生物炭（RB0）为对照,设置3种生物炭用量（B1：2.5t/hm²,B2：5.0t/hm²,B3：7.5t/hm²）和2种轮耕耕作方式（R：小麦旋耕玉米免耕,D：小麦深翻玉米免耕）的交互处理。结果表明,在0~20cm土层,与RB0相比,不同处理均能显著提高土壤有机碳、速效养分含量及土壤酶活性,不同轮耕方式下土壤有机碳、速效养分含量及土壤酶活性随生物炭施用量增加而增加,RB3和DB3处理效果最好。在20~40cm土层,D处理显著提高土壤有机碳、速效养分含量及土壤酶活性,其中DB3处理效果最好。与2020年相比,除土壤碱性磷酸酶外,2021年不同处理均不同程度地提高了土壤有机碳、速效养分含量、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性。不同处理均能够显著增加小麦和玉米产量,2020年增幅分别为6.02%~17.52%和5.07%~11.02%,2021年分别为7.01%~20.87%和6.53%~18.13%,DB3处理产量最高,显著高于其他大部分处理。     

耕作方式对小麦播种质量、产量和效益的影响

为明确冬小麦―夏玉米轮作种植模式中,不同耕作整地方式对小麦播种质量、产量和效益的影响,设置旋耕2次、深松+旋耕、重耙+旋耕、翻耕+轻耙、翻耕+旋耕、重耙+翻耕+轻耙和重耙+翻耕+旋耕（CK）共7种耕整地方式。结果表明,在夏玉米为籽粒玉米的地块,7种耕作整地方式中CK处理的秸秆含量较少,地表及0~20cm土层平均秸秆含量较其他处理减少27.5%和28.6%,土壤与秸秆混合较均匀,0~20cm土层中每5cm土壤平均容重较其他处理变化减小30.5%,播种深度适宜,平均3.9cm,出苗质量好,缺苗断垄较其他处理降低25.7%,苗间离散度均匀,平均极差减小39.0%,穗数最多（670.5万/hm²）、产量最高（7966.5kg/hm²）、效益最高（9051.0元/hm²）,与其他处理达显著性差异。在夏玉米为青贮玉米的地块,除旋耕2次和深松+旋耕的整地处理产量较低外,其余处理间产量差异不显著,其中翻耕+旋耕处理的产量和效益最高,分别为8133.0kg/hm²和9894.0元/hm²,效益显著高于其他处理。     

小麦、夏玉米两茬轮作耕作措施对土壤氮、钾养分及玉米产量的影响

为了探索山东省半湿润易旱区夏玉米高产稳产适宜耕作措施,将冬小麦和夏玉米两季耕作技术作为一体,设置了10种耕作措施,比较分析不同耕作措施对夏玉米不同生育期土壤全氮、速效钾含量时空变化和产量的影响。耕作试验（一周年）结果表明：各耕作处理总体上表现为玉米拔节期土壤全氮含量较高而灌浆期较低,土壤速效钾为玉米灌浆期最高。不同耕层土壤氮、钾分布也存在明显差异,各耕作处理土壤浅耕层0~20 cm土壤全氮和速效钾含量均明显高于深耕层20~40 cm土壤,与深耕层土壤相比,土壤浅耕层全氮含量受耕作措施影响更明显。各耕作处理中,传统耕作和A3B3R（小麦季深松+玉米季深松+秸秆还田）较更有利于增加玉米浅耕层土壤全氮含量,而传统耕作深层土壤全氮含量最低;A4B2R（小麦季深耕+玉米季免耕+秸秆还田）耕作处理较有利于增加浅耕层和深层(0~40 cm)土壤速效钾含量。对照处理籽粒产量显著低于其他耕作处理,而其他耕作处理间籽粒产量差异不显著。     

耕作和秸秆还田方式对玉米产量及钾素积累转运的影响

通过探究秸秆还田方式对玉米产量及钾素积累转运的影响,为制定玉米秸秆还田配套的合理耕作方式提供参考。以玉米品种合众11为试验材料,在东北农业大学向阳试验基地进行了两年田间小区定位试验,采用土壤耕作方式与秸秆还田相结合的方法,设置免耕+秸秆还田、免耕+秸秆不还田、旋耕+秸秆还田、旋耕+秸秆不还田、翻耕+秸秆还田、翻耕+秸秆不还田6个处理,测定并分析玉米产量及相关因子、钾积累量、钾转运量及利用效率。与免耕相比,翻耕和旋耕的玉米产量、钾积累量及利用效率均显著提高。与秸秆不还田相比,秸秆还田处理显著提高了玉米产量、钾积累量。耕作方式与秸秆还田对各指标存在显著交互作用。与免耕+秸秆不还田处理相比,翻耕+秸秆还田和旋耕+秸秆还田显著提高产量和钾积累量与利用效率。在6种耕作模式中,翻耕+秸秆还田处理的产量和钾素积累量最高,2016年产量翻耕+秸秆还田较免耕不还田提高了32.19%,2017年提高了23.30%。钾素积累量2016年抽雄期、成熟期翻耕+秸秆还田较免耕不还田分别提高了19.86%、14.15%,2017年抽雄期、成熟期翻耕+秸秆还田较免耕不还田分别提高了40.75%、20.03%,且与免耕+秸秆不还田存在显著性差异,表明翻耕结合秸秆还田有利于产量和钾素积累利用的提高。因此,在本试验条件下,在秸秆还田的基础上翻耕是适宜的耕作方式。     

小麦-夏玉米周年耕作措施对夏玉米茎秆和穗部性状的影响

为了探索山东省半湿润易旱区夏玉米高产稳产适宜耕作措施,将冬小麦和夏玉米两季耕作技术作为一体,设置了10种周年耕作措施,比较分析不同耕作措施对夏玉米茎秆、穗部性状及产量的影响。耕作试验（一周年）结果表明,不同耕作措施对玉米株高和穗位高没有显著性影响,而对茎粗和穗高系数影响显著,其中对照即常规耕作方式（小麦旋耕+玉米直播+秸秆不还田）茎秆最细,穗高系数最高,而A1B11（小麦旋耕+玉米旋耕+秸秆还田）、A2B21（小麦免耕+玉米直播+秸秆还田）、A3B31（小麦深松+玉米深松+秸秆还田）和A4B41（小麦深耕+玉米深耕+秸秆还田）耕作处理间茎秆粗度均显著高于其他处理。与对照相比,各耕作措施显著增加了玉米穗行粒数和百粒重,秃顶长度减小,籽粒产量和生物量均显著增加,其中A1B11（小麦旋耕+玉米旋耕+秸秆还田）耕作处理籽粒产量最高,比对照高35.83%。