叶绿灵矫治桃树缺铁黄化症试验

在石灰性或盐渍性土壤上栽培的柑桔、桃、葡萄、梨、苹果、猕猴桃等果树,常发生缺铁黄化症,严重时叶片白化,叶小枝短,产量低、果实质量差。荷兰ＡＫＺＯＮＯＢＥＬ化学公司研制生产的叶绿灵,对矫治多种作物缺铁黄化症有很好的效果〔１〕。叶绿灵为螯合态铁ＥＤ－ＤＨＡ—Ｆｅ的商品名称。近年来,我们用叶绿灵矫治柑桔的缺铁黄化症,也获得了良好效果〔２〕。为了检验叶绿灵对桃树缺铁黄化症的矫治作用,我们进行了此项试验,初步获得了良好效果,现简报如下。１　材料和方法　　试验于１９９８年３月至９月在重庆市壁山县龙梭山桃树基…     

EDDHA螯合铁矫光树缺铁黄叶病的研究

在成都龙泉进行的用ＥＤＤＨＡ螯合铁盐矫治桃树缺铁黄化的试验表明,缺铁黄化桃树施用ＥＤＤＨＡ螯合铁盐后,可迅速使黄叶转绿,结果数增加,单查重增大,极显著地提高产量,而且对改善果品品质也有较好的效果。     

用EDDHA—Fe矫治钙质紫色土柑桔园缺铁黄化症试验初报

用ＥＤＤＨＡ┐Ｆｅ矫治钙质紫色土柑桔园缺铁黄化症试验初报何绍兰１邓烈１谭志友１万天伦１黄国祥２廖蓉３黄明亨２郑佳兵４张志良５何宗清６袁维虎６陈朝伟６张琼秀６（１中国农业科学院柑桔研究所重庆４００７１２;２四川省内江市水电局;３四川省科学技术协会;４四...     

柑桔缺铁黄化症发生原因及矫治

柑桔缺铁黄化症发生原因及矫治四川读者彭燮根来信说：我地近年来柑桔缺铁黄化越来越严重，无论采取叶面喷铁、土施等方法矫治，效果均不理想。难道柑桔黄化就没有一个很好的治疗和防治办法吗？柑桔缺铁失绿症，又称缺铁黄化病，是一种常见的营养生理性病害，主要发生在碱...     

不同铁制剂对石灰性土壤条件下猕猴桃缺铁黄化的矫治效果

为明确陕西杨凌渭河滩地猕猴桃出现黄化现象的原因,通过对喷施铁制剂矫正效果的比较,筛选出理想的铁制剂用于果树缺铁黄化病防治。以陕西杨凌西桥村出现缺铁黄化的猕猴桃园为研究对象,采用土壤诊断和叶片诊断等方法确定黄化的原因,并以清水为对照,喷施不同铁制剂(硫酸亚铁、柠檬酸铁、复合氨基酸铁、乳酸亚铁和腐殖酸铁)进行矫治,检测其对猕猴桃叶片叶绿素和有效铁含量及果实品质的影响。结果表明,猕猴桃黄化原因不仅仅是由于土壤有效铁含量低,还与植株吸收能力不同有关。由于植株过多吸收P、K、Zn、Mn等元素,引起养分不平衡而导致对铁吸收产生拮抗作用也是产生缺铁黄化的原因之一。不同铁制剂对猕猴桃黄化的矫治效果有差异,其中以柠檬酸铁和复合氨基酸铁的处理效果最好,显著提高了猕猴桃叶片的叶绿素和有效铁含量以及果实中维生素C、可溶性固形物、全铁的含量,有效改善了果实品质。在供试的几种铁制剂中,柠檬酸铁和复合氨基酸铁是矫治果树缺铁黄化的最理想制剂。     

叶面喷施麦根酸铁对矫正山定子缺铁黄叶病的效果

通过盆栽试验，以山定于（苹果实生苗）为供试材料，用水（ＣＫ）． 乙二胺四乙酸铁（ＦｅＥＤＴＡ）、ＢＡＳＦ多元微 肥（ＢＡＳＦ）、柠檬酸复合铁（ＦＣＵ）为对比，探讨了叶面喷施麦根酸铁（ＦｅＰＳ）矫正山定子缺铁黄叶病的效果。结果表明， 叶面喷施 ＦｅＰＳ后，山定子新叶叶绿素的变化虽明显好于 ＣＫ，但前期不如 ＦｅＥＤＴＡ、ＢＡＳＦ、ＦＣＵ喷施效果明显，后期 喷施ＦｅＰＳＰ和ＦｅＥＤＴＡ、ＦＣＵ、ＢＡＳＦ叶绿素含量相近。叶面喷施ＦｅＰＳ后山定子新叶和老叶全铁含量分别比ＣＫ增加 ２２５．６２％和 ２０２．３３％，明显高于喷施 ＦｅＥＤＴＡ、ＢＡＳＦ和 ＦＣＵ。叶面喷施 ＦｅＰＳ后山定子新叶和老叶活性铁含量分别比 ＣＫ增加１２６．１１％和１５９．４１％，略低于ＦｅＥＤＴＡ喷施，但明显高于ＢＡＳＦ和 ＦＣＵ喷施。叶面喷施ＦｅＰＳ，山定子新叶过 氧化氢酶活性比ＣＫ增加１１５．４４％，远高于ＦｅＥＤＴＡ、ＢＡＳＦ、ＦＣＵ喷施，但老叶仅比ＣＫ提高５０．２２％，好于ＢＡＳＦ，略 低于 ＦｅＥＤＴＡ 和 ＦＣＵ处理。初步证明双子叶植物可以吸收麦根酸铁。     

柑桔缺铁黄化低产树矫治技术

柑桔缺铁黄化低产树矫治技术我区以丘陵紫色土为主，绝大部分土壤ｐＨ值在７．５～８．５之间，有相当部分柑桔园出现缺铁黄化，特别是丘陵坡地果园的枳砧甜橙表现最为严重，造成大量叶片黄化脱落，树势衰弱，产量、果实品质下降，形成柑桔缺铁低产树。近年来，我们应用综...     

四川盆地紫色土柑桔黄化减产原因研究

自六十年代末以来,四川盆地丘陵采用爆破法在紫色土栽植的柑桔,尤其是枳砧植株,容易发生黄化而减产。不少紫色沙、页岩和紫色土含有高量的碳酸钙,其pH值偏高。致使土壤中活性铁含量极大地降低,从而导致柑桔缺铁黄化。在惯用砧木中以枳砧最不抗碱。目前应以选择中性与酸性土壤建立柑桔固和施用酸性肥料为主要措施,并研究局部酸化的办法和选择抗碱砧木,以矫治其缺铁黄化症,     

EDDHA螯合铁矫治桃树缺铁黄叶病的研究

在成都龙泉进行的用EDDHA螯合铁盐矫治桃树缺铁黄化的试验表明,缺铁黄化桃树施用EDDHA螯合铁盐后,可迅速使黄叶转绿,结果数增加,单果重增大,极显著地提高产量,而且对改善果品品质也有较好的效果。     

3种铁肥对‘深州蜜桃’缺铁黄叶病的防治效果

研究了黄腐酸铁、EDDHA铁、蓝铁矿等3种铁肥对‘深州蜜桃’缺铁黄叶病的预防与治疗效果。结果表明:在预防试验中,施用黄腐酸铁、EDDHA铁、蓝铁矿的桃树,叶片叶绿素SPAD值均比对照提高;在矫治试验1中,施用15 d后SPAD值分别比对照提高了26.5%、29.3%、30.6%;在矫治试验2中,喷施黄腐酸铁结合土施蓝铁矿7d后,SPAD值提高了57.2%,喷施EDDHA铁结合蓝铁矿土施7d后SPAD值提高了62.1%。在预防试验中,黄腐酸铁和EDDHA铁处理果实固酸比比对照分别提高了20.7%、29.2%;在矫治试验1中黄腐酸铁和EDDHA铁处理果实固酸比比对照分别提高了16.8%、33.1%,黄腐酸铁单果重提高4.1%;在矫治试验2中,蓝铁矿与黄腐酸铁相结合的处理固酸比、果实纵横径分别提高了36.49%、10.61%、4.00%。综合比较,在预防和缺铁黄化初期喷施黄腐酸铁最为有效,而缺铁黄化严重时施用蓝铁矿与黄腐酸铁相结合能够快速有效矫治黄叶症状,并提高果实产量和品质。     

缺铁黄化对葡萄生长及果实品质的影响

以生长在石灰性土壤上的鲜食葡萄(抗黄化品种红脸无核、玫瑰香,重度黄化品种藤稔、紫珍香)为试材,通过测定不同抗缺铁黄化葡萄不同叶位叶片的叶绿素、光合能力,统计植株坐果率,分析比较果实品质。结果表明,黄化对葡萄植株的生长、产量和品质造成严重的危害,主要表现在:葡萄植株发生重度黄化时,整个植株从下部到顶部逐渐出现轻度—中度—重度黄化叶片,植株生长缓慢;黄化叶片叶绿素含量和净光合速率(Pn)较正常植株显著下降。黄化植株的绿叶、轻度、中度到重度黄化叶片叶绿素含量、Pn也显著递减;重度黄化植株紫珍香和藤稔坐果率极低,果粒大小和品质显著低于未黄化植株。     

不同品种蓝莓植株失绿的叶片和土壤诊断及分析

以4种蓝莓失绿植株的根际土和黄化叶片为试材,分析了各根际土壤的K、P、Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu、有效铁含量和植株叶面积、叶绿素a、叶绿素b、有效铁含量等指标,以探究蓝莓植株黄化的原因。结果表明:4种蓝莓的各级黄化叶的叶面积(重度黄化叶下降15.5%～37.5%)、叶绿素b(重度黄化叶下降43.8%～71.0%)和有效铁含量低于健康叶(重度黄化叶下降14.7～19.7%),重度黄化叶的叶绿素a含量低于健康叶(下降72.5%～76.8%);4种蓝莓黄化植株的根际土壤有效铁含量低于健康植株(重度黄化植株的下降16.7%～22.1%),依次为健康植株>轻度黄化>中度黄化>重度黄化;重度黄化植株根际土壤的K、P含量高于或等于健康植株;除"蓝金"品种外,其它品种重度黄化植株根际土壤的Ca含量低于或等于健康植株;除"伯克利"品种外,其它品种根际土壤的Mg含量与健康植株相等;除"莱克西"品种外,其它品种根际土壤的Zn含量低于健康植株;4种蓝莓重度黄化植株根际土壤的Cu含量与健康植株相等。因此,蓝莓植株叶片黄化的原因是由于土壤中的有效铁含量较低,K、P含量过高,从而造成叶片有效铁含量过低,叶绿素含量下降,最终导致叶片黄化。     

Zinc Ameliorates Fruit Yield and Quality of Mangoes Cultivated in Calcareous Soils

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is frequently observed in mangoes grown in calcareous soils. Inherent inability of mango to extract sufficient Zn from the soil exacerbates this situation. Therefore, mitigating effects of Zn application was investigated on flowering, fruit setting, yield and quality of mango cv. Samar Bahisht Chaunsa growing in calcareous soils. The experiment consisted of five treatments: control—no Zn, soil application of 50 and 100 g ZnSO₄ per tree and foliar application of 0.5? and 1.0?% ZnSO₄ solution. Zn was applied twice in the 2^nd week of November, 2011 and 3^rd week of March, 2012, respectively. The experiment was repeated on the same dates during the next growing season. Zn application significantly increased number of flower panicle, fruits matured panicle, leaf Zn concentrations, fruit size, peel thickness, fruit weights at harvest and after ripening and fruit yield tree, whereas it reduced malformed panicles and early fruit drop. However, flower sex ratio and fruit set remained statistically unaffected. Similarly, fruit quality in terms of total soluble solids, flesh color, aroma, flavor and overall acceptability significantly improved as compared to control. Foliar application mitigated Zn deficiency more effectively than the soil application in calcareous soils.     

Effects of the application of ‘cash’ on the growth,fruit yield,and nutrient status of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown in reclaimed saline soil

Summary

The effects of ‘cash’ [a novel 2:5:1 (w/w/w) mixture of calcium sulphate, ground sunflower heads, and humic acid] as a soil amendment on the growth, fruit yield, and leaf nutrient status of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown on reclaimed saline soil (EC = 9.4 dS m^–1) were investigated. A glasshouse experiment was performed in a completely randomised design with six treatments (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 g ‘cash’ kg^–1 soil) each with four replicates. The results indicated that ‘cash’ increased both the shoot dry weight (DW) plant^–1 and the root DW plant^–1, the free proline contents of leaves, and leaf chlorophyll contents. The use of ‘cash’ also increased the number of fruit plant^–1, fruit yield pot^–1, and fruit vitamin C contents, although total soluble solids (TSS) contents were not affected. The contents of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca), and the Ca:Na ratios of leaf tissues increased with all application rates of ‘cash’. Leaf phosphorus (P) contents showed no response to any applied level of ‘cash’. Leaf sodium (Na) contents declined gradually with an increase in the level of ‘cash’ applied to the soil. We concluded that ‘cash’ has a pronounced positive effect on the growth and fruit yield of tomato plants grown in reclaimed saline soil. ‘Cash’ therefore has the potential to be used as a soil amendment for vegetable crops such as tomato to overcome the adverse effects of salinity in newly-reclaimed soils.     

The Effects of Tillage,Non-Tillage and Nitrogen on Yield and Fruit Composition of Citrus

Over the period 1947 to 1965 studies were made of the effects of four cultural treatments and four levels of ammonium sulphate on crop growth and fruit composition of Washington Navel and Late Valencia oranges, budded on to either Rough Lemon or Sweet Orange rootstocks. In terms of yield and quality, the best treatment combination was weed control by kerosene oil sprays together with 4 lb. of ammonium sulphate per tree per annum. For this treatment combination the average annual yield over the five-year period 1961–65 approached 500 lb. per tree.

Almost all the nitrogen requirements of mature citrus trees were obtained from clover grown during March to September and then rotavated into the soil. Repeated ammonium sulphate applications caused soil acidity, aggravating an inherent soil phosphorus deficiency. Basal superphosphate applications, made since 1955 at an average annual rate of 4 lb. per tree, gradually improved fruit quality.

From 1955 to 1965 small annual calcium carbonate applications of up to 30 lb. per tree were made to half the trial area. Although these applications only partially neutralized soil acidity there was a consistent tendency since 1961 for yield and fruit quality to be higher on limed plots. As there was no evidence of calcium deficiency, it is considered that liming treatments stimulated crop growth mainly by raising soil pH and increasing soil phosphorus availability.

Soil analytical results showed that considerable differences existed between the fertility status of inter-tree and under-branch-spread areas: base exchange capacities and soil pH were considerably higher under the leaf canopy than in inter-tree areas.

A study of fruit quality indices, summarized for four periods each of four years duration, suggests that the juice content of an orange is a more sensitive index of fruit quality than skin thickness or sugar and acid contents.     

Long term fertilization effects on ‘Rio Red’ grapefruit yield and shape on a heavy textured calcareous soil

Fertilizer recommendations for citrus production on heavier textured, calcareous soils increase with the age of the tree up to 168 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ from a soluble source in one or two applications. Such practices may be inefficient and could cause detrimental effects on fruit quality. A variety of fertilization practices are used in South Texas, and additional evaluation is needed. Rates and sources of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and a commercial program consisting of both a soil component containing organic acids and a foliar component were evaluated on grapefruit production for 6 years. Increasing rate of N application increased leaf nutrient concentration, grapefruit yield, and affected fruit shape as indicated by a decrease in the equatorial:polar diameter (E:P) ratio. Since the response to increasing N application by the E:P ratio was linear while grapefruit yield was quadratic, high N application has a negative effect on fruit shape beyond the level of increasing total yield. Phosphorus application had no effect on any parameter measured, even though soil testing indicated soil P levels were below those at which a P response would be expected. Comparisons between granular 21-0-0 applied broadcast and liquid N-32 injected in a band in the soil at the drip line showed an increase in the number of fruit per tree, but no differences in yield. The ‘Actagro’ program greatly improved available soil P levels and increased the juice brix:acidity ratio, but did not affect grapefruit yield. Phosphorus availability may therefore be a factor in improving grapefruit juice quality. The soil profile within the citrus root zone was found to contain large amounts of inorganic N, but availability of this residual N was limited since yield responses occurred at the N application rates applied in this study. The amount of N contained in the fruit harvested was a small fraction, roughly 5–10%, of the residual amount in the soil. While N uptake in the fruit increased with N fertilizer application, the increase in N taken up relative to the amount applied averaged 42%.     

滴灌施肥对‘特罗维它’甜橙生长结果的影响

 以卡里佐枳橙砧‘特罗维它’甜橙为材料,以每年撒施10次肥料为对照,研究了年施肥总量一定,不同滴灌施肥频率（每年4次、10次和16次）对树体生长、产量和品质的影响。2002—2007年的结果显示,仅个别年份的处理与对照的树干粗度、树高和冠径存在显著差异以外,到试验结束时,不同滴灌施肥频率对树干粗度、树高和冠径大小无显著影响,滴灌施肥与对照间的树体生长无显著差异。滴灌施肥可显著提高果实产量,处理的累计产量比对照高29.4% ~ 36.5%;增加滴灌施肥频率无显著增产作用;滴灌施肥对果实品质无显著影响。建议碱性紫色土柑橘园滴灌施肥频率为每年4次。     

石灰质土壤上不同葡萄品种叶片的铁含量与其黄化的关系

以石灰性土壤上8年生的3个欧亚种鲜食葡萄品种(红脸无核Blush Seedless、玫瑰香MuscatHamburg、里扎马特Rizamat) 以及3个欧美杂种(京亚J ingya、藤稔Fujiminori、紫珍香Zizhenxiang) 为试材, 通过对叶片叶绿素、活性铁和全铁含量相互关系的分析发现, 不同品种新叶到成熟叶的叶绿素、活性铁和全铁含量逐渐增加; 黄化叶片叶绿素比绿叶显著降低, 重度黄化欧美杂种1、2位叶活性铁含量显著低于未黄化欧亚种; 不同品种1、2位叶全铁含量比较, 黄化叶与绿叶差别不大, 有时黄化叶比绿叶全铁含量高; 欧亚种红脸无核和玫瑰香4位叶全铁含量显著高于黄化品种4位叶。叶片叶绿素含量与其黄化程度呈负相关, 与活性铁和全铁含量呈正相关。     

叶面喷施沼液肥对温室香瓜茄叶片光合特性、果实产量和品质的影响

以香瓜茄为材料,在日光温室条件下,于果实发育期叶面喷施沼液肥,研究沼液肥施用浓度及其与土壤追肥配合对香瓜茄叶片光合特性和果实产量与品质的影响.结果表明,稀释100倍沼液肥处理的叶片总氮和叶绿素质量分数分别为35.7 g·kg-1和1.129 mg·g-1,显著高于稀释400倍沼液肥的处理和对照,沼液肥配合土壤追肥时叶片...     

脐橙叶片镁、硼含量变化与缺素黄化的关系

以‘纽荷尔’和‘朋娜’脐橙品种为材料,研究了中亚热带季风区红壤果园的脐橙叶片镁和硼含量的动态变化,叶片镁和硼含量对叶绿素含量的影响及其与叶片缺素黄化的关系。两个品种的叶片含镁量均随叶龄增长而下降,6月果实进入膨大期后尤其明显,且与叶片黄化进程同步;叶片含硼量随叶龄增长而增加或稳定;两个品种的叶片含镁量与叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关（P < 0.01）,相关系数分别为0.9082和0.9063,而叶片含硼量与叶绿素含量相关不显著（P > 0.05）;缺镁是导致脐橙叶片缺素黄化的原因。