1例长颈鹿跖骨骨折的诊断和治疗

介绍1例长颈鹿跖骨骨折的诊断与治疗。患鹿左侧跖骨远端开放性横骨折,采用全身镇静配合神经传导阻滞麻醉和局部浸润麻醉,使用外固定支架进行骨折断端的恢复,植入物完成后采用氩弧焊焊接牢固,术后恢复良好。     

Fatal herpesvirus encephalitis in a reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata)

Fatal meningoencephalitis caused by equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) was diagnosed in a reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulate). The giraffe died following a history of stumbling, incoordination, and abdominal pain. Gross examination of the brain revealed asymmetric edema and red-brown discoloration, predominantly within the telencephalon. Microscopically, there was perivascular lymphohistiocytic cuffing, multifocal gliosis, and neuronal necrosis in the cerebrum. Necrotic neurons contained acidophilic intranuclear inclusions. EHV-1 was isolated from the brain of the giraffe, and polymerase chain reaction was positive on sections of the brain. Immunohistochemistry using an EHV-1-specific antibody identified positive staining in neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells. The giraffe had been housed with a group of zebras that were serologically positive for EHV-1 and suspected as the source of infection. This raises concerns for cross-species transmission of EHV-1 when housing equids together with other species in zoologic collections.     

Tooth wear in captive giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis): mesowear analysis classifies free-ranging specimens as browsers but captive ones as grazers.

Captive giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) mostly do not attain the longevity possible for this species and frequently have problems associated with low energy intake and fat storage mobilization. Abnormal tooth wear has been among the causes suggested as an underlying problem. This study utilizes a tooth wear scoring method ("mesowear") primarily used in paleobiology. This scoring method was applied to museum specimens of free-ranging (n=20) and captive (n=41) giraffes. The scoring system allows for the differentiation between attrition--(typical for browsers, as browse contains little abrasive silica) and abrasion--(typical for grazers, as grass contains abrasive silica) dominated tooth wear. The dental wear pattern of the free-ranging population is dominated by attrition, resembles that previously published for free-ranging giraffe, and clusters within browsing herbivores in comparative analysis. In contrast, the wear pattern of the captive population is dominated by abrasion and clusters among grazing herbivores in comparative analyses. A potential explanation for this difference in tooth wear is likely related to the content of abrasive elements in zoo diets. Silica content (measured as acid insoluble ash) is low in browse and alfalfa. However, grass hay and the majority of pelleted compound feeds contain higher amounts of silica. It can be speculated that the abnormal wear pattern in captivity compromises tooth function in captive giraffe, with deleterious long-term consequences.     

Observations on Ovarian Structure and Development of the Southern Giraffe,Giraffa Camelopardalis Giraffa

The occurrence of vesicular follicles and corpora lutea (CL), without evidence of ovulation, in late fetuses and during prepubertal life was confirmed in the southern giraffe. In this, and other respects, the pattern of ovarian development is similar in the southern giraffe to the northern subspecies. This early ovarian activity recedes during late prepubertal life. Numerous accessory CL were present in pregnant and non-pregnant giraffe but they did not attain the size of the true CL of pregnancy. The latter undergo an initial phase of rapid enlargement lasting about 100 days, followed by a period of recession till mid-pregnancy and a second growth phase which persists until term (457 days). The CL of pregnancy rapidly regresses after parturition. The accessory CL regress slowly and form normal looking corpora albicantia (CA). These CA are most abundant during early adult life as also are vesicular follicles.     

Evaluation of anthelmintic activity in captive wild ruminants by fecal egg reduction tests and a larval development assay.

The effectiveness of anthelmintics was evaluated in four herds of captive ruminants, wapiti (Cervus elaphus), Armenian red sheep (Ovis orientalis), giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), and pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), by the use of fecal egg reduction tests (FERTs) and a commercial larval development assay (LDA) designed to evaluate susceptibility or resistance of nematodes to anthelmintics. Haemonchus sp. was the predominant nematode in the red sheep, giraffe, and pronghorn herds, whereas Ostertagia sp. and Trichostrongylus sp. were predominant in the wapiti. The LDA data indicated susceptibility by the worms to benzimidazoles except in the red sheep flock, which showed a high level of resistance. High levels of resistance to levamisole were seen in the worm populations from the wapiti and red sheep, moderate resistance in the pronghorn herd, and susceptibility in the giraffe herd. Worms were susceptible in all four herds to a combination of benzimidazole/levamisole. There was suspected avermectin resistance by Trichostrongylus sp. in the wapiti herd and by Haemonchus sp. in the giraffe. The FERTs agreed with the LDA in showing the Haemonchus in the giraffe was susceptible to fenbendazole and had suspected resistance to ivermectin, whereas Haemonchus in the red sheep and pronghorn were susceptible to ivermectin. There was correlation between the tests evaluating anthelmintics. The LDA is useful as a screening test in the selection of an anthelmintic for use in grazing ruminants, but the effectiveness of a drug in a host species may depend as much on the dose used, and the method of administration, as it does on the parasite's sensitivity to the anthelmintic.     

不同能量水平及玉米加工饲粮对瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响

利用体外产气法研究不同能量水平与不同加工方式玉米对瘤胃体外发酵参数的影响。试验以玉米秸秆为主要粗饲料来源设计精粗比为65∶35的等氮饲粮,选用玉米青贮与过瘤胃脂肪调整低、高能量水平,普通玉米与蒸汽压片玉米作为不同加工方式,采用2×2因子试验设计。结果表明,高能水平饲粮的理论最大产气量、48 h总产气量、干物质降解率均显著高于低能(P<0.05),普通玉米高能组的乙酸、丙酸含量显著高于低能组(P<0.05)。同一能量水平下,蒸汽压片处理组的48 h总产气量均显著高于普通玉米组(P<0.05);而低能条件下蒸汽压片组的总挥发酸、丙酸含量显著高于普通玉米组(P<0.05)。不同饲粮营养水平与体外产气参数相关性分析表明48 h总产气量与中性洗涤纤维(NDF)呈显著负相关(P<0.05),与中性洗涤可溶物(NDS)、非纤维性碳水化合物(NFC)和NDS/CP呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。因此,使用蒸汽压片方式处理玉米以及提高饲粮能量水平均可以显著增加体外发酵48 h总产气量;低能水平下,蒸汽压片玉米对改善瘤胃的发酵特性更为明显。     

Ovarian follicular populations at two stages of an estrous cycle in heifers given high energy diets

Sixteen crossbred heifers were assigned at random on d 3 of an estrous cycle to continue to receive the medium quality hay (control diet) or to be flushed with a grain ration (high-energy diet) until slaughtered on d 12 or 16. The ovarian follicles were counted and measured using routine histological techniques. Both the nonatretic and atretic (more than four pyknotic bodies) antral follicles (greater than .14 mm) were separated into six classes according to diameter size. The mean number of nonatretic follicles measuring .29 to .67 mm and .68 to 1.57 mm in heifers on a high-energy diet increased from 30.8 and 8.1 on d 12 to 57.5 and 15.5 on d 16, whereas in heifers on a control diet it decreased from 43.1 and 13.0 to 28.1 and 6.5, respectively (energy in diet X day of estrous cycle interaction, P less than .05). The mean number of nonatretic follicles measuring 3.68 to 8.56 mm decreased from 2.1 to 0 between d 12 and 16 in heifers on a high-energy diet while it remained the same at 0 and .5, respectively, for heifers on a control diet (energy in diet X day of cycle interaction, P less than .05). Of the total number of follicles (mean = 161) 38.2% were atretic. Mean number of atretic follicles measuring 1.58 to 3.67 mm in heifers on a high-energy diet increased from 14.8 at d 12 to 31.0 at d 16 whereas in heifers on a control diet it decreased from 27.4 to 13.3, respectively (energy in diet X day of cycle interaction, P less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

The Structure of the Masseter Muscle in the Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)

In the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), the masseter muscle was divided into several layers. The superficial and more medial (second) tendinous sheets of the masseter muscle fused with each other at the dorso-caudal part and a fleshy portion was located between these tendinous sheets. In the rostral part, the most superficial tendinous sheet turned around as a compact tendon and attached to the facial crest (Crista facialis). The turned tendinous sheet, however, never fused with the second tendinous sheet and this layer of the masseter muscle, that originated from the facial crest with the turned sheet, was inserted into the mandible with its fleshy portion. In the cattle, goat, sheep and Sika deer, the rostral layer of the masseter muscle arises from the facial crest with its fleshy portion and is inserted into the tubercle on the mandible through the strong tendinous sheet. In this study, the takin also showed the same structure of the masseter muscle. In the giraffe, however, the rostral layer inserted into the mandible through the strong tendinous sheet could not be distinguished, thus, there was no conspicuous tubercle on the mandible. Moreover in the masseteric region of the skull.,the giraffe was similar to the Sika deer in several ways. However, it is suggested that the giraffe exerts smaller forces on the cheek teeth than does the Sika deer because of its longer Margo interalveolaris.     

Detection and characterisation of papillomavirus in skin lesions of giraffe and sable antelope in South Africa

Papillomavirus was detected electron microscopically in cutaneous fibropapillomas of a giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) and a sable antelope (Hippotragus niger). The virus particles measured 45 nm in diameter. Histopathologically, the lesions showed histopathological features similar to those of equine sarcoid as well as positive immunoperoxidase-staining of tissue sections for papillomavirus antigen. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected bovine papillomavirus (BPV) DNA. Bovine papillomavirus-1 was characterised by real-time PCR in the sable and giraffe, and cloning and sequencing of the PCR product revealed a similarity to BPV-1. As in the 1st giraffe, the lesions from a 2nd giraffe revealed locally malignant pleomorphism, possibly indicating the lesional end-point of papilloma infection. Neither virus particles nor positively staining papillomavirus antigen could be demonstrated in the 2nd giraffe but papillomavirus DNA was detected by real-time PCR which corresponded with BPV-1 and BPV-2.     

日粮能量水平对皖南三黄鸡的生长和腹水综合征发生的影响

选取210只皖南三黄鸡,根据该系列商品代鸡的生产指标设计了低、中、高3种能量水平的日粮配方,能量值分别为12.81 MJ/kg、13.1 MJ/kg和13.38 MJ/kg,在常温下进行饲喂,每日称重,观察鸡群健康状况,试验持续6周。研究结果表明:高能量组生长性能都显著高于低、中能量组,尤其4周末和6周末时,高能量组平均体重显著高于其他2组。但是,高能量组腹水综合征的发病率和死亡率显著高于中、低能量水平组,分别为85.29%和6.90%。取腹水、肝脏、心脏等病料,显微镜检查未发现细菌,细菌培养呈阴性。有腹水症状鸡的红细胞压积(PCV)、血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞计数(RBC)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)及心脏指数(AHI)等指标均显著增高。以上结果显示:在肉鸡生产过程中,应协调好生长和腹水综合征发生之间关系,从而有利于发展皖南三黄鸡生产和减少腹水综合征所造成的经济损失。     

Evaluation of progesterone levels in feces of captive reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata).

Fresh fecal samples were collected from seven adult female reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata). Samples were collected for several weeks before, during, and for a few weeks after gestation. Fecal samples were analyzed for progesterone levels by radioimmunoassay. There were significant differences in progesterone levels between pregestational and gestational samples and between gestational and postgestational samples. These results demonstrate that fecal progesterone levels are useful in determining pregnant versus nonpregnant reticulated giraffe.     

Dystocia in a Rothschild giraffe leading to a caesarean section

A 9-year-old female Rothschild giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi), weighing approximately 900 kg, at Longleat Safari Park, Wiltshire, UK was presented with dystocia in September 2005. This paper details the surgical and anaesthetic procedures carried out performing a caesarean section to remove a dead male calf and the successful recovery of the giraffe.     

Influence of macronutrients and activated charcoal on intake of sagebrush by sheep and goats

We determined if supplemental macronutrients or activated charcoal influenced intake of sagebrush, a shrub that contains terpenes. Sheep (lambs 3 mo age, 33 kg) and goats (kids 5 mo age, 28 kg) were fed supplements high in energy, high in protein, or offered a choice between the two supplements before and after receiving sagebrush for 4 h/d. The effect of activated charcoal, a compound that reduces bioavailability of toxins, was assessed by offering charcoal mixed with a carrier or the carrier alone while animals consumed sagebrush for 4 h/d. The effects of supplemental macronutirents were tested before and after charcoal supplementation. Activated charcoal did not increase intake of sagebrush by sheep or goats (P > 0.05), but supplemental macronutrients influenced intake of sagebrush by both species (P < 0.05). Intake of sage-brush was markedly higher for animals fed the high-protein supplement than for animals fed the high-energy supplement (P < 0.05). Lambs (before and after charcoal supplementation) and kids (after charcoal supplementation) offered a choice between the two supplements used sagebrush at levels comparable to animals supplemented with protein. They consumed more CP than animals fed the high-energy supplement and more ME than lambs fed the high-protein supplement (P < 0.05). Thus, providing a choice between supplements enhanced intake of sagebrush and enabled animals to achieve a more balanced intake of macronutrients. Preference for supplement and sagebrush also depended on an animal's immediate past history with a supplement. Sheep and goats previously fed the high-energy or the high-protein supplement preferred, respectively, the high-protein or the high-energy supplement when given a choice (P < 0.05). The changes in preference for supplement caused a decreased intake of sagebrush by groups that preferred the energy concentrate, and an increased intake of sagebrush by groups that preferred the protein concentrate. Thus, supplements of different energy and protein densities consistently altered intake of sagebrush by sheep and goats.     

长颈鹿饲养管理和日粮养分估算

介绍了长颈鹿的一些生物学特征：分类、生理特性、天敌和食性。根据太原动物园多年饲养经验,长颈鹿日粮包含精料、蔬菜、水果、树叶、稀饭、补充营养等。估算了长颈鹿精料（颗粒料）营养成分和所有日粮营养成分。长颈鹿所有日粮养分含量估算结果如下：能量3.20MJ/kg,粗蛋白质13.69%,粗脂肪3.83%,粗纤维8.95%,碳水化合物34.31%,灰分4.31%,钙1.53%,总磷0.12%。提出了饲养管理中的一些建议：日常饲喂中要禁止饲喂发霉变质饲料,要留意拣出草料中的绳索、塑料袋、金属等异物,防止对动物造成不必要的损伤。根据季节、气候调整日粮,西瓜、黄瓜、绿豆只在夏季提供。长颈鹿属反刍动物,日常饲喂要以树叶为主,槐树叶营养丰富,是优良的长颈鹿饲料。大葱可能对长颈鹿有特殊作用。     

Arthroscopic surgery in a reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata).

An 8-mo-old captive male reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata) developed an acute lameness (grade IV/V) of the right forelimb, with swelling of the metacarpophalangeal joint. A traumatic injury was suspected based on clinical, radiographic, and arthroscopic evaluation. Several abnormalities were identified arthroscopically, including synovitis, cartilage damage, and an osteochondral fragment. Medial collateral ligament damage was also suspected based on radiographic evaluation. Arthroscopy provided a means of diagnosis and treatment of the abnormalities identified. The lameness in this giraffe resolved within 6 wk following arthroscopic surgery.     

人工哺育长颈鹿初探

为了突破人工哺育长颈鹿仔鹿这一技术难关,采用非洲山羊乳作替代乳品,采取引诱坐卧,随机投喂新鲜乳品,乳量渐进等方法,对广州动物园内1头被母兽遗弃的初生长颈鹿开展人工哺育研究,获得成功。仔鹿生长发育良好。     

长颈鹿胃肠卡他性炎症的诊断和治疗

青岛森林野生动物世界动物园—患病雄性长颈鹿出现一系列临床症状。病初表现为食欲减少、反刍缓慢,粪便成团;中期表现为腹痛、腹胀,精神逐步萎靡;后期粪便松散不成型,内有黏液膜性物附着于粪便内,粪便内有未消化的苜蓿草秆。通过临床症状结合病史调查和粪便寄生虫检查,初步诊断为长颈鹿胃肠卡他性炎症。在治疗过程中选用了肠道消炎药氟哌酸与乙酰螺旋霉素配伍,在动物发病中期,控制住胃肠内炎症;同时选用了人参健脾丸投喂,健脾利湿;在饲料中添加多酶益菌素,增加胃内活性菌成分,增强胃动力,达到了治愈目的。     

Helminths in a giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis xgiraffa) from a zoo in Spain

A pregnant female Cape giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa) died from an unknown cause in the Aitana Zoo, Alicante, Spain. Neither clinical signs nor macroscopic lesions were observed at necropsy. The alimentary tract was removed and examined for parasites. A total of 2 724 nematodes were found, including Camelostrongylus mentulatus, Trichostrongylus axei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Teladorsagia trifurcata, Marshallagia marshalli, Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Spiculopteragia asymmetrica and Trichuris giraffae. Only T. giraffae and C. mentulatus have been previously reported from giraffes. The other nematodes are common in mouflons, fallow and red deer, which can usually be found in the same paddock as the giraffes in Aitana Zoo. Although its occurrence is unusual in this host, C. mentulatus was the most abundant nematode in our giraffe. This parasite has been related to disease, and even death, in several wild ruminants.     

长颈鹿检疫设施设计与使用方法

2010年9月,北京野生动物园自南非进口3只长颈鹿,根据进口动物的检疫要求,所有来自南非的偶蹄类动物要严格检疫。为了完成对3只进口长颈鹿检疫任务,我们通过学习北京顺义的经验,在他们的基础上,进行改进,设计了适用于北京野生动物园的长颈鹿检疫设施。根据设计图纸,我们使用了1周的时间,动管部职工配合园区维修人员自己动手搭建了长颈鹿检疫长廊。2010年9月14日和10月5日,经过我们的实际应用,长颈鹿检疫设施虽然存在一些小缺陷,但使用效果很好,对长颈鹿2次5只的检疫采血操作顺利完成。     

高能混合粒子场和γ射线对紫花苜蓿的诱变效应

分别利用5个不同剂量(109、145、195、284和560Gy)的高能混合粒子场和⁶⁰Coγ射线处理龙牧803紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.×Melilotoides ruthenicus (L.) Sojak cv. Longmu 803)干种子,比较同一剂量不同处理方法间和同一处理方法不同剂量间的生物学效应。结果表明,高能混合粒子场处理的种子发芽势和发芽率明显高于γ射线处理,发芽势高于对照,发芽率低于对照;微核率略低于γ射线处理,两者均显著高于对照;γ射线处理的株高和产量随着处理剂量的增高而降低,除109Gy外,均低于对照和高能混合粒子场处理,高能混合粒子场处理对植株的损伤效应较小。