Enhancement of Solubility and Biohydrogen Production from Sewage Sludge with Lime Mud Filtrate

This work has been performed to investigate the use of lime mud filtrate (LMF) pretreatment to enhance hydrogen (H₂) evolution from sewage sludge (SS). The SS samples were pretreated with LMF (pH 8.0–11.0) at 55 °C for 48 h, prior to the H₂ fermentation. The maximum H₂ yield of 38.30 ml/g-VS (volatile solid) was obtained from the SS pretreated by LMF pH of 10.0, with the corresponding lag time of 3.10 h, which was well described by the modified Gompertz model. Adequate pH of LMF facilitated the solubilization of SS and the release of organic matters, providing adequate substrates for subsequent bio-H₂ evolution. The soluble chemical oxygen demand was increased from 25.0 to 91.7%, as compared with the control test without LMF soak. However, further increase in pH of LMF could decrease the concentration of available substrate, thus reducing the H₂ yield. This technique revealed sustainable waste management and energy recovery.     

Utilization of Wastes from the Coke-Chemical Production and Sewage Sludge as Additives in the Brick-Clay

Current modern building technologies use a greater variety of building materials and elements of these. Lately, intensive work has been done on investigating possibilities for using different wastes as additives in the production of new ceramic building products. This demonstrates that the raw material base can be enlarged and some environmental problems solved.The present work investigates the possibility of combined utilization of sludge from the Sofia wastewater treatment plant and waste products from coke-chemical production as additives to brick clay. The most appropriate combinations and concentrations of the materials used, and the means of preparing and firing the brick masses are determined. The strength characteristics of the resulting products are studied. The results obtained are useful in showing possibilities for the solution of environmental problems.     

基因工程菌诱导表达苏云金芽胞杆菌Vip3Aa蛋白的条件优化

营养期杀虫蛋白(vegetative insecticidal protein,Vip)是在苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)营养生长至对数中期到稳定期期间产生的一类蛋白。为获得苏云金芽胞杆菌Vip3Aa蛋白的高效表达条件,本研究利用正交试验综合考察了大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)重组基因工程菌BL21-p Czn1-Vip诱导过程中诱导剂浓度、诱导时间和诱导温度对Vip3Aa蛋白表达量的影响。结果表明,该工程菌目的蛋白的最优诱导表达条件:诱导温度21℃、诱导时间8 h、诱导剂(异丙基-β-d-硫代半乳糖苷(isopropyl-β-dthiogalactoside,IPTG))浓度为200μg/m L;直观分析表明,影响目的蛋白表达量的最主要因素为诱导温度,其次为诱导时间,诱导剂浓度影响最小;方差分析结果表明,诱导温度的P值0.01、诱导时间的P值0.05、诱导剂浓度的P值0.05,与直观分析结果相一致;利用优化后诱导表达条件进行培养,测得目的蛋白最高表达量可占总蛋白的27.6%,相当于常规诱导方法的2.3倍。本研究为大量制备高纯度Vip3Aa蛋白及其深入的理论研究和实践应用提供了基础资料。     

活性污泥中细菌对聚丙烯酰胺的生物降解研究

聚丙烯酰胺（Polyacrylamide,PAM）是一类重要的水溶性高分子聚合物,已广泛应用到工农业生产的各个领域和人们的日常生活中。同时,PAM在环境中的残留、迁移和降解对环境的污染也日趋严重,尤其是降解后的单体丙烯酰胺对人类的神经系统有很大的危害。本文从胜利油田的活性污泥中筛选出3株聚丙烯酰胺降解菌,通过比较筛选出一株降解效果较好的菌,命名为AS－2。根据生理生化特性分析,初步鉴定为海球菌属。采用室内培养方法,研究了AS－2对聚丙烯酰胺生物降解的最佳条件。结果表明,当降解时间为5d,pH=8,温度为40℃,碳源为原油,氮源为NaNO3,原油和NaNO3的含量分别为2．5,1．4g·L^-1时,AS-2对聚丙烯酰胺的降解率达到45．23％。通过对聚丙烯酰胺生物降解前后的红外谱图比较,推断出AS-2主要降解了聚丙烯酰胺侧链的酰胺基,将酰胺基降解为羧酸和游离的氡基。用高效液相色谱检测生化后的PAM溶液,未检测出单体丙烯酰胺。     

Agronomic Traits of Corn Fertilized with Sewage Sludge

Although research on the environmental impacts of using waste as a fertilizer is of great importance, the basic principle for using a product as fertilizer is that it should provide nutrients for plants without causing any harm to them. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic traits (number of nodes, plant height, leaf number, yield, and protein content of grains) and the nutritional status of corn treated with sewage sludge. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Jaboticabal in a Red Latosol. A randomized block design with four treatments (0, 55, 110, and 167.5 Mg ha^?1 of sewage sludge) and five repetitions was used. At 30 days after emergence (DAE), the dose of 110 Mg ha^?1 dry weight presented greater values for plant height, leaf number and stem diameter. At 60 DAE, the treatments did not affect the agronomic traits. No influence from the treatments tested was observed for protein content of grains and yield. The dose of 167.5 Mg ha^?1 showed greater weight of 100 seeds. All treatments showed nutritional imbalances. This study confirmed the agricultural potential of sewage sludge as a source of nutrients.     

Leaching of Metals from Oxidising Sulphide Mine Tailings with and without Sewage Sludge Application

A 20-month column experiment investigated leaching of Al, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn, Cd and Pb during sulphide oxidation in mine tailings with and without sewage sludge (SS) amendment. Leachate pH decreased gradually in all columns during the experiment, irrespective of treatment, due to sulphide oxidation. As the degree of sulphide oxidation, and thus the pH trajectory, differed between replicates (n?=?3), running data for each column used are reported separately and the relationships between sulphide oxidation, metal leaching and treatment in each column compared. Mean pH in the columns correlated negatively with total amounts of leached SO₄ ^2-. In the beginning of the experiment the leachate concentrations of Al, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb were higher in SS-treated columns due to high initial concentrations of dissolved organic carbon. As leaching proceeded, however, the amounts of Al, Cu, Mn and Ni leached from the columns were closely related to the degree of sulphide oxidation in each column, i.e. to its mean pH. There were no statistically significant differences between treatments regarding the total amounts of metals leached and thus addition of sewage sludge to the tailings appeared to play a minor role for metal leaching patterns. Peak concentrations of Al and Cu in the leachate from untreated tailings and of Zn in the leachate from both untreated and SS-treated tailings at pH 4 exceeded national background values for groundwater.     

Synthetic Fibers as Indicators of Municipal Sewage Sludge,Sludge Products,and Sewage Treatment Plant Effluents

Because of concerns regarding health, safety, and aesthetics, a test that identifies the presence of sewage sludge or its products (biosolids) in commercial materials such as soil conditioners and composts would be useful. This test could also trace the effluent plume from a sewage treatment plant. We have discovered that synthetic fibers serve as such an indicator. Synthetic fibers are abundant in sludge, sludge products, and sewage treatment plant effluents. The fibers evidently are introduced from clothes-washing machines and survive the sewage treatment process. Synthetic fibers were identified using polarized light microscopy, which provided a simple, rapid method for determining the presence or absence of municipal sewage sludge or its products. False positives or false negatives have not occurred with any of the materials examined so far. We also monitored synthetic fibers in surface sediments of Huntington Harbor, Long Island, NY, a harbor receiving the effluent from a trickling filter sewage treatment plant. Fibers generally decrease in size and abundance with distance from the source. In Oyster Bay Harbor, Long Island, an advanced sewage treatment plant is operated with a final microfiltration step. Synthetic fibers are less abundant in the sediments of this harbor.     

坡度对酸性土坡地上污泥铜随径流迁移的影响

研究了人工模拟降雨条件下,坡度对撒施于酸性赤红壤坡地的污泥铜随径流的迁移情况。结果表明,污泥撒施1 d后的径流中混匀样总铜(MTCu)、静置样总铜(STCu)、颗粒态总铜(TPCu)、悬浮态总铜(TSCu)浓度和流失量均达到峰值,大小依次为25°>20°>15°>10°,其中25°MTCu、STCu浓度和流失量峰值分别高达6 475.8,300.2μg/L和90.78,4.32 mg/m2,分别是10°对应峰值的4.6,3.4倍和5.7,4.6倍。随时间推移,各坡度撒施径流MTCu,STCu,TPCu,TSCu浓度和流失量总体呈递减趋势,坡度引起的径流同期铜浓度和流失量差异逐渐变小。10°~25°处理径流中75.4%~92.9%MTCu和65.1%~73.5%STCu流失量发生在污泥撒施前期(1 d和18 d)径流中,MTCu径流流失系数为0.48%~1.75%,颗粒态铜是铜随径流流失的主要形式。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌cry1Aa14基因的分离、克隆及其表达

Bt25是中国自行分离的对小菜蛾(Plutella xylotella)具有高毒力的苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis),经PCR-RFLP鉴定含有cry1Aa基因。以全长基因PCR产物的粘端定向克隆的方法,设计1对特异引物,以Bt25质粒DNA为模板扩增cry1Aa全长基因。序列测定结果表明,该基因编码区为3552bp,编码1183个氨基酸,分子量为133．7kD,pI4．755。该基因序列已在GenBank注册,登记号为AY197341,并获得正式命名cry1Aa14。在氨基酸序列918～1180间,和已知的11种cry1Aa存在22-23个氨基酸的差异(其中1094～1097的4个氨基酸无对应序列),而这段区域和Cry1Ab氨基酸序列的对应区域无差异。cry1Aa14全长基因插入Bt表达载体,获得了重组表达质粒pBYB1,转化Bt无晶体突变株HD73cry-,经过抗性筛选、DNA酶切分析和PCR检测,证实转化成功。SDS-PAGE分析表明,该基因在上述受体中能正常表达133kD蛋白。杀虫生物测定结果表明,cry1Aa14表达产物对小菜蛾幼虫具有显著的毒杀作用,与cry1Aa12进行比较,毒力无明显差异。这种单基因菌株的发现及其基因的获得,为害虫抗性研究和高效工程菌的构建提供了重要实验材料。     

Digestion Activity of Thermophilic Bacteria Isolated from Ash-Amended Sewage Sludge Compost

Previous experiments had shown thatco-composting sewage sludge with coal fly ash resultedin a decrease in microbial activity during thethermophilic phase. Therefore, attempts were made toutilize isolated dominant thermophilic bacteria fromash-amended sludge compost to enhance thedecomposition of organic matter in digestion testsinvolving mixtures of sewage sludge and coal fly ash.Cultures of three Bacillus species, i.e., B. brevis, B. coagulans, and B.licheniformis were inoculated into sewage sludgeamended with 25% coal fly ash at cell densitiesranging from 10⁵ to 10⁷ CFU g^-1 drysludge, and were incubated for 10 days in aqueoussuspension. The digestion test showed that aninoculation level of ≥10⁶ CFU g^-1dry sludge was suitable for achieving an acceptablerate of digestion of ash-sludge mixture, as indicatedby the significantly higher evolution of CO₂compared to the control receiving no inoculation.Weight loss and contents of soluble organic carbon,protein, and amino acids were lower in ash-sludgemixture with bacterial inoculation. Hence, all thethree bacilli were able to decompose the organicmatter in ash-sludge mixture faster than that of thecontrol. Among the three bacilli, B. brevis wasless efficient in decomposing the organic matter inthe ash-sludge mixture than the other two bacilli atan inoculation rate of 10⁶ CFU g^-1 drysludge, but no significant difference was noted amongthe three bacilli at an inoculation rate of 10⁷CFU g^-1 dry sludge. It can be concluded that thethree bacilli all exhibited the ability to improve thedecomposition of organic matter in ash-sludge compost.     

Characteristics of Sludge from Sewage Discharge Channels of Tianjin, China

In 1998, sludge samples were taken from the sewage dischargechannels of Tianjin, China, and concentrations of 50 elementsand total organic carbon (TOC) were detected by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), and otherconventional methods, and the results are reported in thisstudy. The sludge samples contain high concentrations oforganic matter, with the median value of TOC 15.5%. Comparedwith sediments from the intertidal flats of Bohai Bay, highconcentrations of Sn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Sb, Bi, Cr, Ni, P and Ba areobserved in the sludge. However, rare earth elements, alkalielements, Ti and Al do not show a correlation with pollution.From the urban side to the coastal side, the spatial variationof concentrations of the pollution-related elements is quiteirregular, indicating that the channels receive dischargesalong the course. No significant pollution in sediments at theoutlets of the sewage discharge channels was observed, whichmay be attributed to the dispersion of pollutants andpurification of the Bohai Bay. Factor analysis has revealed thetwo controlling factors of `pollution' and `background' on theelemental composition of the sludge.     

Ultrasonic Enhanced Desorption of DDT from Contaminated Soils

In this study, using high-power low-frequency ultrasound, heated slurries with anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were treated to enhance desorption of DDT from soils with high clay, silt, and organic matter content and different pH (5.6?C8.4). The results were compared with DDT extracted using a strong solvent combination as reference. Slurry ranges from 5 to 20 wt.% were studied. For a soil slurry (10 wt.%) at pH 6.9 with 0.1% v/v SDS surfactant heated to 40°C for 30 min, desorption was above 80% in 30 s using 20 kHz, 932 W/L ultrasonic intensity without solvent extraction. Other soils gave lower desorption efficiency in the range 40?C60% after 30 s ultrasonic treatment. The percentage of organic matter, dissolved organic carbon, soil surface area, clay and silt percentage, and soil pH level were the key parameters influencing variations in desorption of DDT in the three soils in similar experimental conditions. DDT dissolution in SDS and soil organic matter removal employing the ultrasonic-enhanced organic matter roll-up mechanism emerged as the two best possible methods of DDT desorption. The method offers a practical, potentially low-cost alternative to high volume, costly, hazardous solvent extraction of DDT.     

不同施用方式下酸性土坡地污泥氮素随径流迁移的研究

研究了以撒施和穴施方式施用于酸性赤红壤坡地上的污泥氮素在人工降雨条件下随径流的迁移情况。试验结果表明,污泥撒施后24 h径流中TN、TDN、TPN和NH4 -N的浓度和流失量最高,其中TN浓度为57.0 mg/L,TN流失量为1 086.5 mg/m2,占撒施TN累积流失量的70.6%,分别是穴施对应峰值的6.0倍和2.4倍,此后浓度和流失量均逐渐降低。穴施径流中氮素及撒施NO3--N浓度与流失量则呈先上升后逐渐下降趋势。撒施和穴施TDN/TN累积流失量分别为38.7%和65.0%,NH4 -N是TDN流失的主要形式(≥55.7%)。控制颗粒物流失是防止氮流失的重要内容,此外,污泥氮素在土壤中的转化及污泥对坡地土壤理化性状的改变均影响着径流中氮的迁移。     

污泥与施污土壤重金属生物活性及生态风险评价

将城市污泥以不同质量比施于土壤中构成污泥混合土壤,研究各污泥配比土壤中重金属的生物活性,并采用三种重金属评价方法(地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法、综合毒性指数模型)和黑麦草对重金属的吸收富集效果来对施污土壤中重金属具有的生态风险性进行评价。结果表明:污泥的添加使土壤中生物活性态Cd、Cu和Zn含量显著增加,对三种重金属具有活化作用,但对Pb却起到钝化作用。生态风险评价结果表明:污泥的添加使土壤中Pb呈现无污染和低生态风险;Cu和Zn呈现中度污染和低生态风险;Cd达到强度污染和重度生态风险,重金属潜在生态风险(RI)总体处于强度生态风险水平。当污泥添加比例大于6:10(污泥S3处理)时,施污土壤中重金属的综合毒性指数高于土壤对照。黑麦草对Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的富集浓度与施污土壤中对应重金属的生物活性态含量存在显著正幂指数关系,同时黑麦草对施污土壤中Cd、Cu和Pb的富集能力大小与地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对三种重金属具有的生态风险性的评价结果具有一致性。     

Elemental Relationships and Growth and Development of Spinach Grown with Sewage Sludge

A pot experiment with spinach (Spinacia oleraceae L. Fam.: Chenopodiaceae) was conducted aiming to investigate the effect of the addition of sewage sludge (SS) on soil substrate, the growth of spinach, and the plant interactions of CaxCd and ZnxCd. There were six substrates obtained by mixing soil and sludge in different proportions by volume (20:1, 10:1, 6.7:1, 5.0:1, 4.0:1, 3.3:1) and a control (only soil). The highest biomass was achieved in treatments 20:1 and 10:1. There was not a linear increase due to toxicity when SS was added in higher proportions. Sludge improved soil fertility by increasing organic matter and total N. Furthermore, in all plant parts of spinach, the Ca and Zn contents were synergistically interrelated with the Cd content, facilitating Cd uptake. The use of sewage sludge as soil amendment is not applicable on agricultural land due to the accumulation of Cd in plant.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌4.0718菌株晶体毒素性质的研究

以苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis，Bt）4．0718菌株伴孢晶体65kD原毒素为材料，比较了几种染色-脱色方法对电洗脱回收蛋白的影响。蛋白纯化的步骤包括SDS-PAGE分离、采用自制蛋白回收装置电洗脱回收杀虫晶体蛋白及抗胰蛋白酶核心多肽、超滤法脱盐、冷丙酮沉淀法除去考马斯亮蓝及SDS。经SDS—PAGE检测，呈现出均一的蛋白带，回收蛋白达到了电泳纯。以双向凝胶电泳（2-DE）技术分析了苏云金芽孢杆菌库斯塔克亚种HD—1和4．0718菌株伴孢晶体内的蛋白质组分。结果表明，两者相互匹配的蛋白点有54个，HD—1菌株的130kD亚基有2个点，其等电点在5．25～5．75之间，65kD亚基在等电点3．4～8．3之间具有广泛的分布，130与65kD之间的亚基的等电点集中在3．5～4．2之间，65kD以下亚基的等电点集中在3．5～6．2之间；4．0718菌株的130kD亚基仅有1个点，65kD亚基的蛋白点比HD-1菌株更多，130与65kD之间的亚基、65kD以下的亚基蛋白点均比HD-1菌株多且等电点分布范围更广。     

鉴别苏云金芽孢杆菌生产菌株MZ1的溶原性噬菌体

苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thurillgicnsis，Bt）作为不污染环境而又高效的生物杀虫剂已广泛地应用。可是，在83％的Bt菌株中都能分离到相应的溶原性噬菌体，在发酵生产中由其引起的发酵倒罐率轻者为15％-30％，重者达到50％-80％，甚至会导致工业的破产，因此溶原性噬菌体已成为发酵工业的一大危害。本研究采用溶原性噬菌体的指示菌、直接电镜观察法和噬菌体DNA等综合进行检测，证明了该菌株属于溶原菌。此研究既能为生产上防治溶原性噬菌体提供理论依据，又能为后续阶段研究其溶原性爆发规律及其分子生物学准备了生物实验材料。     

城市污水污泥处理利用研究进展

城市污水污泥由于其产生量的巨大及成分的复杂,如何对它进行合理利用已越来越受人们关注。文章系统地综述了污泥的减容化、无害化处理方式及其进展,并重点对其资源化的土地利用和水处理利用等作了较为详细的论述,从而提出污泥的资源化最经济、最有效的处理途径。     

Bioconversion of Sewage Sludge and Industrially Produced Woodchips

Platinum mines produce large amounts (750 m³ per month) of woodchips as by-product during ore extraction, posing environmental hazards but also a possible source of organic material to be applied in revegetating tailing dams. The aims of this study were to assess the effectiveness of different bioconversion strategies viz. composting, vermicomposting and a commercial micro-organism inoculant (EM). Woodchips (WC) and sewage sludge (SS) with a mixing ratio of 3:1 were composted and vermicomposted for 112 days and the generated products evaluated in terms of their chemical and physical characteristics. Despite low temperatures (33 °C) in all the treatments, no Escherichia coli or Salmonella was detected in any of the end-products. No significant (P ≥ 0.05) difference in the mean percentage change of C in the different bioconversion strategies was observed and it was only in the SS+WC and SS+WC+EM groups that the soil available P (P-Bray 1) increase was statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). Treatments containing SS showed significant (P ≤ 0.05) decreases in NH₄ ⁺, whereas NO₂ ^- and NO₃ ^-increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05). The NH₄ ⁺:NO₃ ^- ratios in the treatments containing SS were lower than 0.16, ranging from 0.011-0.0016, which is an indication of the maturity of the compost. Total solids and ash contents showed an increase, while the volatile solids and the lignin decreased, but it was only in the vermicomposted treatments that these changes were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05). The percentage neutral detergent fibre (%NDF) and %cellulose decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) in all the treatments containing SS and particle size analysis indicated higher reductions in the vermicomposted treatments. It is concluded that vermicomposting of industrially produced woodchips and sewage sludge is more effective than composting and that the addition of a microbial inoculant did not have a significant effect on the decomposition process.     

Fluoride Removal from Aqueous Solutions by a Carbonaceous Material from Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge

Contact time, pH, fluoride concentration, and sorbent dose effects on the removal of fluoride ions by a carbonaceous material obtained from pyrolysis of sewage sludge (CM) were evaluated. Equilibrium was reached after 18?h of contact time and the maximum sorption was found at pH_eq?=?7.06?±?0.08, which corresponds to the zero charge point of the CM. The highest efficiency in the sorption system for fluoride removal (2.84?±?0.03?mg?F^?? $ g_{{CM}}^{{ - 1}} $ ) was found with 0.4?g_CM?L^?1 and with 20?g_CM?L^?1, 82.2?±?0.5% of fluoride was removed. The kinetic data of the process could be fitted to the pseudosecond order and the intraparticle mass transfer diffusion models, whereas isotherm to the Langmuir?CFreundlich equation. These results indicate that the mechanism is chemisorption on a heterogeneous material. Fluoride ions were best partially desorbed using a bicarbonate ions solution and the material was partially regenerated by using a solution of HCl (pH?=?1).