Peroxidase activity as an indicator of pollution stress in the fine roots of Pinus sylvestris

Peroxidase activity was determined in the fine roots and mycorrhizae of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in order to evaluate the suitability of this parameter as an indicator of stress caused by a long-term deposition of urban air pollutants. 3,3'-Dimethoxybenzidine and methylaminophenol were used as substrates. Peroxidase activity (3,3′-dimethoxybenzidine as a substrate) of the fine roots collected in autumn averaged 7.23 A min^?1 g^?1 root fresh weight in controls and 40.79 A min^?1 g^?1 in the most polluted pine stands, activities in the samples from June being distinctly lower. Peroxidase activity correlated positively with total N (p<0.05), total S (p<0.01), Cu (p<0.01) and NH₄ (p<0.05) in the mor humus layer. Significant negative correlations were found with the total number of root tips and the number of well-developed mycorrhizae per unit soil volume. Methylaminophenol gave lower activities and those did not correlate with either pollution or mycorrhizal parameters.     

Effects of Alkalization of the Environment on the Anatomy of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris) Needles

The effects of alkaline dust emitted from a cement plant for over 40 years on the anatomy of needles of Scots pine and lignin accumulation were analysed. Comparative analytical studies were conducted in stands similar as to their silvicultural indicators, climate and age in alkalised and in a relatively unpolluted area. Cross-section of needles were stained, photographed under microscope and measured. It was found that, due to the alkalisation of the environment, the total area of the needle cross-section, needle width and thickness and the area of mesophyll had decreased. At the same time, the vascular bundles and epidermis had increased. The greatest anatomical and biochemical differences between the needles from trees growing under optimum conditions and in the alkalised area were observed in the oldest needles. Visual analysis of cross-sections and biochemical analysis showed accumulation of lignin in older needles but more intensively in alkalised areas than in control.     

樟子松人工林土壤养分、微生物及酶活性的研究

对章古台不同林龄樟子松人工林土壤养分、微生物及酶活性进行了测定和分析,结果表明:各林地的土壤养分、微生物和酶活性均表现出差异。与健康林相比,出现生长衰退林地土壤样品的养分指标、微生物和酶活性均有显著程度的降低,表明土壤地力已出现严重衰退。土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤养分间呈显著相关关系,可作为评价土壤肥力的指标。解决当前人工林退化的主要措施是因地制宜进行间伐或轮伐,改善林地微生态条件,尽量避免营造人工纯林,建议营造混交林。     

山西省雁北地区沙地樟子松和油松生长及蒸腾特性对比研究

樟子松和油松是山西省雁北地区防风固沙的主要造林树种,由于该地区特殊的自然地理、气候条件,使两树种的生长状况呈现出一定的差异.对两树种的生长情况、树木蒸腾等进行研究,研究表明:樟子松自引种到山西省雁北地区以来长势良好,胸径、树高等各项生长指标都远远超过乡土树种油松,而且蒸腾强度弱,具有较强的抗旱性,是雁北地区造林的理想树种之一;油松是雁北地区的乡土树种,蒸腾强度弱,抗旱性强,也可作为雁北地区的主要造林树种之一.但是由于两树种生长状况存在明显的差异,从而导致在防风固沙方面和生态环境的改善方面有很大区别,因而,研究两树种的适生性和生长差异对雁北地区优选造林树种、适地适树,从根本上改善生态环境具有重要的意义.     

The role of nitrogen in declining scots pine forests (Pinus sylvestris) in the lowland of East Germany

Over the last decade, N inputs in pine ecosystems on the lowland of the former GDR have clearly increased. Agriculture plays a special role as a NH_x emitter, because the whole lowland is covered with a network of large livestock farms. High N inputs cause an overnutrition of the pine stands with N, an accumulation of N in the soils, and as a consequence of the ensuing eutrophication, a drastic modification of the ground vegetation with a luxuriant growth of weeds and shrubs or of the vital herbaceous cover. The fine root quantity is reduced, also the mycorrhiza and the growth of pine. In many cases pine stands show a dramatical decrease of Mg nutrition. Finally, the limited range of silvicultural options is discussed, which are available to limit the progress of damage.     

干旱荒漠区沙地衬膜樟子松育苗技术研究

沙地衬膜试验结果表明：衬膜沙地栽植的樟子松苗木当年平均成活率高于对照地,不同越冬处理的苗木越冬事从大到小为埋土,衬膜深度90cm露地,衬膜深度70cm露地,不衬膜露地越冬。高生长量显示出第一年、第二年衬膜苗高于对照苗,而第三年衬膜苗弱于对照苗。灌水量相同的条件下,衬膜苗在生长季节利于苗木旺盛生长;秋冬春季苗地土壤水分过多,地块低洼处的苗木保存率降低,生长量也较低,对照地苗木则相反。建议通过控制灌水量,积极探索衬膜种植的栽培学技术,创造条件,实行少量多次的定额灌溉,是干旱区进一步提高樟子松育苗成活事、保存率的一种新的有效途径。     

樟子松幼苗对接种外生菌根真菌与指数施肥的响应

以普通苗圃培育的2年生樟子松幼苗为研究对象,通过接种外生菌根真菌和指数施肥双因素处理,探讨不同接菌处理与施肥处理对幼苗的生长效应,旨在为樟子松菌根化育苗中苗木精准施肥提供理论依据.试验采用8种外生菌根真菌混合接种处理,同时设不接种菌剂作为对照.设置指数施肥(EF)、2倍指数施肥(DEF)、常规施肥(CF)、接菌+指数施...     

Soil carbon and nitrogen budget in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands along an air pollution gradient in eastern Germany

Litterfall, bio- and necromass of the forest floor vegetation, decomposition of recent organic material, soil respiration and humus stocks were examined in 3 Scots pine stands along an air pollution gradient in eastern Germany. High nitrogen loads and increased pH values due to Ca deposition caused shifts in the vegetation structure, and higher biomass production of the forest floor vegetation, whereas needle litter production was not impacted. Simultaneously, decomposition rates of the recently harvested forest floor vegetation decreased with increasing pollutant loads, but needle litter and soil organic matter decomposition rates did not differ between the sites. Consequently, soil carbon and nitrogen stocks increased with increasing pollutant input.     

Effects of fungal inocula on the decomposition of lignin and structural polysaccharides in Pinus sylvestris litter

 Litter bags containing sterile Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) needles (19.8% lignin, 26.5% cellulose and 0.34% N) were inoculated with two species of fungi in the laboratory and then placed in the litter layer of a pine plantation. Marasmius androsaceus, which can degrade lignocellulose, was initially displaced by other fungal colonisers and was not detected in the litter after 2–3 months; but was re-isolated from the needles after 12 months. Trichoderma viride, which is a cellulolytic species and also antagonistic to other fungi, dominated the litter throughout the experiment. The control litter was naturally colonised by litter fungi. After 12 months, mass losses were similar at 52% for M. androsaceus and 48% for T. viride, compared with 36% for the control litter colonised by a more complex fungal community. Lignin concentrations increased with time in control litter and with T. viride because mass losses of carbohydrates were greater than those of lignin. Litter inoculated with M. androsaceus showed significant lignin decomposition throughout the experiment but cellulose concentrations showed a proportional increase in the first 6 months, suggesting that the fungus was preferentially exploiting hemicellulose and non-structural carbohydrates. Analysis of TFA-extractable sugars (mainly from hemicellulose) and CuO-derived phenylpropanoid moieties from lignin confirmed the differential patterns of resource decomposition which were not evident from total mass losses. During the initial stages of decomposition, T. viride was as effective in utilising structural polysaccharides as the complex fungal community in the control litter. Furthermore, M. androsaceus not only exhibited unexpectedly low cellulolytic activity but also facilitated lignin depolymerisation after the fungus was no longer detectable in the litter. The pre-inoculation of litter with these two fungal species therefore affected the overall dynamics of decomposition at a biochemical level. This study illustrates the importance of understanding the effects and interactions of specific fungi, rather than assumptions about the functional competence of diverse communities, on the processes of litter decomposition. Received: 5 July 2000     

Nutrient balance in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest 1. Design of experiments

The main objectives of the project described in the present and four following papers are:

1. To study tree growth and nutrient status of forest soil as influenced by atmospheric depositions of S and N.
2. To study the influence of plant growth, litter decomposition and atmospheric depositions on soil acidity.
3. To study the influence of atmospheric deposition on the release of N₂O from soil.

One field plot experiment in a Scots pine forest and one lysimeter experiment were established in 1990 on weakly podzolized soils (Cambic arenosol). The experiment was established in a young Scots pine forest. N, Mg and P were applied in a factorial design. The experiment includes 12 treatments and three blocks. Soil was collected in a long-term field experiment with acid rain and filled into lysimeters (bucket type) by horizon. Under each horizon tension lysimeters were installed. The lysimeters were under a roof to avoid input of natural precipitation. S was applied as sulphuric acid diluted to pH levels of 5.5, 4.0, 3.5 and 3.0 and applied in a quantity of 1000 mm ”rain” yr^?1. Nitrogen (NH₄NO₃) was applied in three quantities: 0, 30 and 90 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1. Seedlings of Scots pine were planted in the lysimeters. Lysimeters with no trees were also established. The experiment includes four replicates.     

黑龙江省东部山地樟子松人工林生态系统水化学特征

对黑龙江省东部山地樟子松人工林(P inus sy lvestr is var.m ongolica)生态系统的大气降水、穿透水、树干径流和枯透水中的pH值、溶解氧、浊度、电导率、氧化还原电位、钾、钠、钙、镁、铜、锌、锰、铁等水质指标进行了观测,结果表明:大气降水经过林冠层后,水化学特征发生了明显变化,pH逐层降低,经过枯枝落叶层后,水质的酸化得到了缓解,说明樟子松人工林的枯枝落叶层对水质酸化有很好的缓冲作用。穿透水、树干径流和枯透水的COND变化趋势相同,且各月树干径流和枯透水的COND平均值均高于穿透水和大气降水。枯透水各月ORP的平均值明显低于大气降水和树干径流,可见樟子松人工林的枯枝落叶层对ORP值的降低有很好的作用。樟子松人工林对于增强水中微量元素F e和M n含量也有很好的作用。     

樟子松树干液流的时空变异性研究

应用热脉冲技术，对内蒙古自治区乌兰察布盟中旗的主要造林树种樟子松的液流变化进行了1年的观测，对液流量的日变化、各位点液流及全年液流量的变化进行了深入地研究。结果表明：樟子松在正常生长状态下，树干液流量日进程呈现单峰型曲线，全天总液流量为25．61L，全年总液流量为3423．35L；樟子松木质部不同部位输水能力差异较大，液流速度最大的位点位于形成层外5～10mm处；樟子松单位边材面积日累计液流量Qs为1．56m^3／m^2左右，整个过程呈现“S”形。     

Effects of sod-cutting on the nematode community of a secondary forest of Pinus sylvestris L.

Atmospheric S and N compounds accumulate in the surface layers of the forest soil environment, where they affect soil biota and nutrient availability for tree growth. In addition to measures to reduce the input of atmospheric deposition, removal of the ectorganic layers by sod-cutting may contribute to the recovery of the soil ecosystem. In this study, we examined the effects of sod-cutting on the nematode fauna of a Scots pine forest, 1 and 3 years after treatment. Sod-cutting reduced the total numbers of nematodes, nematode taxa, and Maturity Index. The first taxa that colonized the newly developing organic layers after sod-cutting had low colonizer-persister (c-p) values, and appeared to have originated from the tree canopy and mineral soil. Colonization, presumably from nearby untreated plots, was observed 3 years after the sod-cutting. The initial (after 1 year) nematode community of the new organic layer comprised hyphal-, bacterial-, and algal-feeding nematodes, whereas plant-feeders, predators, and omnivores were not detected. The composition of the nematode fauna in the ectorganic layers 15 and 39 months after sod-cutting was highly similar to that of the nematode fauna of the early stages of a primary succession of Scots pine forest in a reference area in the Netherlands. In the mineral soil only insect parasites were negatively affected by sod-cutting.     

Geographic origin of Pinus sylvestris populations influences the effects of air pollution on flowering and growth

Flowering and height growth of 20 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) populations from 10 countries were analyzed at two replicated provenance sites established in 1984 in western Poland. One site was 2 km from a phosphate fertilizer factory that emits SO₂ and fluorides, and the other 12 km to the southeast in an area free of acute air pollution levels was treated as a control. Slow-growing populations from the southern (40 to 45°N) and northern (58 to 61°N) part of the species range exhibited relatively smaller air pollutioninduced growth reductions than those from the central part of the range (45 to 58°N). Trees growing in the control area started flowering 4 yrs earlier than those at the polluted site. The percent of trees flowering at the control site differed significantly among provenances in both 1988 and 1990. The mean percent of trees with flowers was three times lower at the polluted site. The least sensitive southern and northern provenances in terms of pollutioninduced reductions in growth exhibited the largest pollution-induced decreases in flowering. These findings indicate that the sensitivity of vegetative organs to air pollution stress is not always paralleled by the sensitivity of reproductive organs.     

沙埋和种子处理对樟子松贮藏种子萌发出苗的影响

樟子松是我国北方荒漠化地区生态环境建设的重要树种,近年来樟子松人工林出现不同程度的衰退问题,自然更新障碍则是限制樟子松人工林发展演替的关键因子.为探究樟子松人工林自然更新的限制因子,通过不同沙埋深度及不同种子处理方法等室内发芽试验,对樟子松种子萌发出苗的影响进行研究.结果表明:1)在沙埋深度为0 ～3.00 cm范围内,无沙埋时樟子松种子萌发出苗能力最强,随着沙埋深度的增加,种子萌发出苗能力不断降低,沙埋深度显著影响种子的萌发和出苗;2)4℃低温冷藏保存的种子比常温保存和-18℃低温冷冻保存的种子,在萌发出苗上更具优势;3)种子经25～30℃温水浸种24 h处理后,在出苗率和出苗时间等方面优于55 ～ 60℃热水浸种和不浸种处理,表现为樟子松种子较为适宜的处理方式.其研究可为解决樟子松人工林自然更新障碍问题提供参考和借鉴,并为樟子松人工育苗提供技术支撑.     

火烧对大兴安岭樟子松天然林土壤有机碳组分的影响

以大兴安岭轻度火烧迹地为研究对象,通过对比研究,探讨火烧对樟子松天然林土壤有机碳组分的影响。结果表明:轻度火烧改变了樟子松天然林土壤有机碳的组成和含量。轻度火烧使樟子松天然林0—5cm土层土壤有机碳、易氧化碳和颗粒有机碳含量分别下降了8.52g/kg,1.36g/kg和5.85g/kg;5—10cm土层分别下降了4.78g/kg,0.19g/kg和2.98g/kg,与对照样地差异达到显著水平(P0.05)。轻度火烧使樟子松天然林表层土壤黑碳含量显著增加,0—5cm土层黑碳含量较对照样地增加了9.95g/kg,与对照样地差异达到显著水平(P0.05)。火烧迹地0—5cm和5—10cm土层BC/SOC分别增加了25.4%和6.12%,ROC/SOC分别减小了1.49%和0.65%,与对照样地差异达到显著水平(P0.05)。轻度火烧对樟子松天然林土壤POC/SOC影响不大。回归分析表明,火烧迹地和对照样地土壤有机碳各组分与有机碳之间都呈极显著的线性关系(P0.01)。     

Transpiration and hydraulic conductivity in three Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands with different air pollution histories

As part of a project studying the effects of massive reductions in the output of air pollutants in eastern Germany we monitored stand transpiration rates and water stress and analyzed the hydraulic architecture of Scots pine in three stands with different air pollution histories. Sap flow densities were continuously measured in 15 trees per stand with a thermoelectric method. The sap flow densities were scaled up to the stand transpiration rate via the conductive xylem area, which was measured with computer-tomography in the same trees. Radiation (PAR), humidity and temperature were monitored at three levels in the stands, water stress is assessed by predawn water potentials. As a parameter of hydraulic architecture we studied leaf specific conductivity (LSC). The proportion of the heartwood area did not significantly vary along the gradient of air pollution. The variation of sap flow densities within the stands was large. The ratios of sap flow densities in the inner and outer xylem were site-specific and significantly different between the stands. In the stand with the highest rate of air pollution there was a sharp decline in the sap flow densities towards the heartwood. Stand transpiration in the site with the lowest pollution was significantly higher than in the two more polluted sites. LSC in 2 years old twigs was significantly higher in the low pollution stand. In the dry summer of 1994 predawn water potentials fell to extreme values of below 1.6 MPa. At that stage transpiration ceased until the next substantial rainfalls.     

毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林恢复过程中土壤粒径演变特征

[目的]研究土壤颗粒分形维数与樟子松人工林恢复时间的关系,为评价毛乌素沙地植被恢复对土壤颗粒特征的影响提供数据支撑。[方法]以自然荒草地为对照,选择不同恢复年限樟子松人工林土壤为研究对象,分析了不同林龄樟子松林下土壤基本理化性质、颗粒粒径含量和分形维数,开展毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林恢复过程中土壤粒径演变特征研究。[结果] 3种不同林龄樟子松土壤中细砂粒含量最多,极粗砂粒含量最少,并且随着土层深度的增加细砂粒含量和粗砂粒含量呈增加的趋势,而黏粒含量、粉粒含量以及极细砂粒含量呈现减少的趋势。随着土层深度的增加土壤中全氮、全磷、有机质以及土壤含水率均呈现减小的趋势。不同林龄下樟子松土壤颗粒分形维数范围为2.27～2.71,均值大小顺序表现为50 a>60 a>40 a>CK;全氮含量和土壤含水率的均值大小顺序均表现为60 a>50 a>CK>40 a;全磷含量和有机质含量的均值大小顺序均表现为60 a>50 a>40 a>CK。全氮、全磷和土壤有机质含量与分形维数间呈正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.391,0.418,0.522。[结论]樟子...     

毛乌素沙地樟子松人工林不同坡向的碳储量及空间分布研究

采样分析了樟子松人工林林木不同器官碳储量、凋落物碳储量及土壤不同土层碳储量,以研究不同坡向樟子松人工林系统碳储量及其空间分布。结果表明:丘间地(Interdune)树木碳密度显著高于背风坡(Leeward)和迎风坡(Windward)(p0.05)。三种立地条件下樟子松各器官碳密度分配分别为:树干碳密度根碳密度枝碳密度叶碳密度,其中丘间地和背风坡林木分配较多的碳同化物给树干生长,迎风破林分则分配较多的同化物给根系生长,说明植物各器官碳含量受坡向的影响。丘间地的凋落物密度与迎风坡没有明显差异,而背风坡显著低于丘间地(p0.05)。整个坡面(0—50cm)土壤有机碳密度丘间地显著高于迎风坡和背风坡,迎风坡与背风坡之间没有显著差异。樟子松林系统总碳密度大小为丘间地(98.86t/hm2)背风坡(72.3t/hm2)迎风坡(51.2t/hm2),其中凋落物占总碳储量的2.8%~3.1%。背风坡和丘间地的土壤碳密度占林分总碳密度的比例低于迎风坡,但林木碳密度占林分总碳密度比例则相反,表明坡向对林分碳储量的空间分布有明显影响。     

Redistribution process of precipitation in ecological restoration activity of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica in Mu Us Sandy Land,China

Precipitation is the most important water resource in semi-arid regions of China. The redistribution of precipitation among atmospheric water, soil water and groundwater are related to the land surface afforested ecological system. The study took widely replanted Pinus sylvestris var. Mongolica (PSM) in Mu Us Sandy Land (MUSL) as a research object and monitored precipitation, soil moisture, sap flow, and deep soil recharge (DSR) to find out moisture distribution in shallow soil layers. Results showed that the restoration process of PSM in MUSL changed the distribution of precipitation, with part of it infiltrating downward as DSR and part of it being stored in the shallow soil. Consequently, evapotranspiration increased and DSR significantly decreased, resulting in up to 466.9 mm of precipitation returning to the atmosphere through evapotranspiration in 2016. Vegetation increased soil water storage (SWS) capacity, with maximum SWS in PSM plot and bare sandy land (BSL) being 260 mm and 197 mm per unit horizontal area, respectively in 2016. DSR decreased from 54% of precipitation in the BSL plot to 0.2% of precipitation in the PSM plot in 2016. A great portion of infiltrated water was stored in the PSM ecosystem, resulting in a time lag of infiltration to reach the deep soil layer, and the infiltration rate in the BSL plot was 11 times of that in the PSM plot. SWS decreased 16 mm and 7.6 mm per unit horizontal area over a one-year period (from March to October, non-freezing time) in 2017 and 2019, respectively. The PSM annual sap flow was maintained at a relatively constant level of 154 mm/yr. Through in-situ measurement and comparative analysis of the precipitation redistribution of the BSL plot and the PSM plot, we find that PSM can significantly reduce the shallow soil water storage and DSR. However, substantial reduction of shallow soil water storage and DSR is detrimental for the long-term development of PSM forest. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce PSM density to cut the water consumption by PSM per unit area, thus to augment the shallow SWS and DSR, which will be beneficial for the PSM to survive under extreme drought conditions in the future. This study helps us understand the role of precipitation-induced groundwater recharge in the process of vegetation restoration in semi-arid regions and explains the possible causes of PSM forest degradation.