黄土高原降雨侵蚀力时空分布

降雨侵蚀力时空分布规律定量研究是进行土壤侵蚀预报的基础。利用231个气象站多年平均年雨量资料估算了黄土高原地区多年平均降雨侵蚀力,并绘制了等值线图。利用17个气象站日雨量和日雨强资料估算了半月降雨侵蚀力及其年内分配特征。全区降雨侵蚀力变化于327~4416MJ.mm/(hm2.h.a)之间,等值线图显示降雨侵蚀力的空间分布与年降水量的空间分布规律十分相似,大致从东南向西北递减。半月降雨侵蚀力占年侵蚀力的累积频率表,为估算土壤侵蚀方程中土壤可蚀性因子和植被覆盖—管理因子提供了基础。侵蚀力年内分配集中度指标反映出黄土高原R值年内分配集中度很高,且多集中在6—9月,集中度最大的达96.4%,最小的也有66.9%。     

Seasonal and Spatial Variations in the Chemical and Sulfur Isotopic Composition of Acid Deposition in Niigata Prefecture, Japan

The following measurements were carried out to clarify acid deposition in Niigata Prefecture, an area facing to the Sea of Japan. 1) Acid deposition fluxes and sulfur isotopic ratios of atmospheric deposition were measured at 9 sites in the prefecture in 1999. 2) Atmospheric deposition was collected daily at one site in 1997, to measure the sulfur isotopic variations of sulfate together with the air mass trajectory for each deposition. It became clear that: (a) The major component that acidifies atmospheric deposition is sulfuric acid. (b) Sulfate deposition increases in winter in the whole study area. (c) The sulfur isotopic ratios indicate that sulfur dioxide emitted from China affects the whole study area in winter. (d) Winter deposition of sulfate estimated to derive from coal combustion in China account for half of nss-sulfate deposition in average at 9 sites.     

Spatial Distribution of Acid-sensitive and Acid-impacted Streams in Relation to Watershed Features in the Southern Appalachian Mountains

A geologic classification scheme was combined with elevation to test hypotheses regarding watershed sensitivity to acidic deposition using available regional spatial data and to delimit a high-interest area for streamwater acidification sensitivity within the Southern Appalachian Mountains region. It covered only 28% of the region, and yet included almost all known streams that have low acid neutralizing capacity (ANC ≤20 μeq l^?1) or that are acidic (ANC ≤0). The five-class geologic classification scheme was developed based on recent lithologic maps and streamwater chemistry data for 909 sites. The vast majority of the sampled streams that had ANC ≤20 μeq l^?1 and that were totally underlainby a single geologic sensitivity class occurred in the siliceous class, which is represented by such lithologies as sandstone and quartzite. Streamwater acid-base chemistry throughout the region was also found to be associated with a number of watershed features that were mapped for the entire region, in addition to lithology and elevation, including ecoregion, physiographic province, soils type, forest type and watershed area. Logistic regression was used to model the presence/absence of acid-sensitive streams throughout the region.     

Temporal and Spatial Variations of Inorganic Nitrogen Levels in Surface and Groundwater Around Hanoi,Vietnam

Abstract

Pollution of surface and groundwater by inorganic nitrogen (N) was assessed in farm villages of northern Vietnam. The pH and ammonium‐N and nitrate‐N concentrations were monitored at three communes near Ha Noi in the Red River Delta in March and September 2003, following monitoring in October 2002. In each monitoring time, ammonium‐N concentrations exceeded the Vietnamese water standards applicable to surface and groundwater, whereas the nitrate‐N concentrations were relatively low and below the corresponding standards. Neither spatial nor temporal variation was found in the ammonium‐N and nitrate‐N concentrations of the surface water. A temporal increase in the ammonium‐N concentration was statistically confirmed in the groundwater. Intensively applied fertilizer‐N and disposed animal/human wastes were thought to be sources of ammonium‐N. Ammonium‐N originating from those sources was seen to accumulate steadily in the groundwater through percolation from the surface water and surrounding land. A spatial variation of the nitrate‐N concentration was observed in the groundwater. The nitrate‐N concentration in the groundwater was particularly low in communes located in lowland areas with alluvial soils. The suppression of nitrification or promotion of denitrification was considered to be responsible for the low nitrate‐N concentration. A spatial variation was also found in the groundwater pH. Therefore, variation of the pH may be linked to variation of the nitrate‐N concentration in the groundwater.     

Simulation of Leaching Losses in the Nitrogen Cycle

Abstract

The CERES (Crop Estimation through Resource and Environment Synthesis) family of crop models predicts cereal growth, development, and yield. CERES simulates nitrogen (N) as a yield‐limiting macronutrient. Because N leaching is an economic and environmental concern, this study evaluated if CERES can be used to predict N leaching under different N management scenarios: background leaching in unfertilized corn (Zea mays L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) residue mineralization, and till versus no‐till management. Data were collected during a 7‐yr field experiment on tillage practices in a maize–alfalfa–maize succession. Sensitivity analyses were performed for decomposition rates of the different residue pools and the relative proportions of carbohydrate, cellulose, and lignin in the residues. During the last 5 yr, under corn, CERES accurately simulated nitrate leaching from the no‐till lysimeters. Nitrate leaching was underestimated in the tillage treatments, possibly because CERES does not simulate tillage. The model is not very sensitive to the decomposition rates and to the composition of the residues.     

土壤及喷灌水量不均匀性对干旱区春小麦产量影响的试验研究

在一种土壤特性变异程度较大的砂土及壤质砂土上，对干旱地区喷灌条件下春小麦生育期内的土壤水分空间分布、作物产量等进行了监测，研究了田间持水量及土壤机械组成的空间变化特性。对田间持水量及土壤机械组成的统计分布及空间变异规律的分析结果表明，田间持水量可以用正态分布和对数正态分布来描述，土壤细颗粒(粒径＜0.02 mm)含量服从对数正态分布；田间持水量随土壤细颗粒含量的增加而明显增大，细颗粒含量离散程度较大时，田间持水量的离散程度也较大。田间试验结果还表明，喷灌均匀系数和可利用水量(田间持水量与凋萎系数之差)的离散程度对作物产量及其分布均有影响，但对所试验地块而言，可利用水量的离散程度对作物产量的影响更明显，在制订喷灌均匀系数设计标准时，土壤特性的空间变异也应作为一个考虑因素。由于干旱地区作物生育期降水量明显小于湿润和半湿润地区，降水难以弥补灌水不均匀对产量带来的负面影响，因此干旱地区喷灌均匀系数设计标准一般应高于湿润和半湿润地区。     

滨海苹果园土壤碳氮空间分布及动态变化研究

土壤有机碳(SOC)和土壤全氮(STN)是土壤肥力和土壤质量的重要组成部分,对维持农田和果园生产力至关重要。以我国典型温带滨海果园—胶东苹果园为对象,采集了不同种植年限果园的488件表层土壤样品,探讨滨海果园SOC、STN含量和密度(SOCD、STND)及碳氮比(C/N)的空间分布、动态变化及其影响因素,为滨海地区及我国苹果园的生产、管理提供基础数据和科学依据。结果表明:胶东苹果园SOC和STN平均含量为10.78和1.42 g kg~(-1),平均密度为2.81和0.37 kg m~(-2),平均C/N为7.70;苹果园SOC、STN、SOCD、STND和C/N块基比分别为0.432、0.340、0.420、0.387和0.391,均表现出中等强度的空间异质性。苹果园SOC、STN和C/N的时空分布受种植年限影响显著。随种植年限延长,SOC呈先增加、再下降的趋势,而STN持续增加,相应地C/N呈先降、后增加再降的趋势。土壤类型、地形条件和土壤酸化对胶东果园碳氮均有不同程度的影响。相对于内陆地区的辽宁西部、北京郊区、陕西渭北和新疆伊犁等地果园,山东胶东滨海苹果园SOC、STN含量和密度较高,C/N偏低,具有较快的周转速度和自身的时空变化特征。     

骆马湖东部沉积物中氮磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性季节变化

骆马湖是江苏省四大淡水湖泊之一,是南水北调东线工程重要蓄水库。2008年6月、10月及2009年4月对骆马湖东侧10个采样点的沉积物分层采样进行了分析,结果表明,骆马湖沉积物中,不同深度总氮含量变幅在0.13～2.91mg.g-1,平均（0.86±0.50）mg.g-1,季节变化不显著;总磷含量变幅为0.03～0.41mg.g-1,平均（0.19±0.10）mg.g-1,春季〉夏季〉秋季,季节变化显著;碱性磷酸酶活性最高为592.39mg.kg-1.h-1,最低为44.59mg.kg-1.h-1,平均（233.83±132.70）mg.kg-1.h-1,春季〉夏季〉秋季,季节变化显著,与总磷含量呈正相关。研究结果可初步揭示骆马湖沉积物中氮、磷和碱性磷酸酶的分布状况、变化规律,为骆马湖的治理与管理提供科学依据,为南水北调过水湖泊的水质安全问题提供参考。     

减氮配施有机物质对土壤氮素淋失的调控作用

采用室内土柱模拟试验方法,研究不同氮肥施用下1m土体中氮素的分布和移动特征,揭示土壤氮素动态变化规律。结果表明:FN(农民习惯施无机氮用量)、RN(根据土壤养分供应和作物需求确定的推荐无机氮用量)显著增加了土壤上层NH_4^+-N和NO_3^--N向下层淋失。RN+HA(与推荐无机氮纯养分相等的锌腐酸尿素)和RN40%+OMB(推荐无机氮肥减60%基础上配施自制有机调理物质)可延长上层土壤NH_4^+-N峰值出现时间,降低下层NH_4^+-N。淋溶结束后,等氮量下增施HA较RN降低60cm以下NH_4^+-N残留29.7%～54.2%;降低60—80cm NO_3^--N累积17.4%。RN40%+OMB处理无机氮肥用量最小,0—20cm的NH_4^+-N最高,40—100cm稳定在2.0mg/kg左右;0—20,20—40cm土层NO_3^--N较RN+HA增加12.3%和2.0%,显著降低40cm以下NO_3^--N残留。RN+HA和RN40%+OMB较RN的土壤总无机氮残留分别减少7.4%和20.2%,降低表观淋失率。因此,RN40%+OMB可较好地抑制氮素下移,降低氮素淋失风险,为减少氮素淋失、明确合理氮肥施用方式提供科学依据。     

田间条件下氮的矿化及硝态氮淋溶研究

采用SRC（Soil-Resin-Core）装置，研究了重庆市主要土壤类型的氮矿化差异以及与硝态氮淋溶的关系。研究结果表明，微酸性紫色土（菜地）的氮索矿化量、硝态氮淋失量和有效氮的变幅均较大，而其它两种坡耕地变化的氮素矿化景和硝态氮的淋失量变幅均较小。相关分析表明：在微酸性紫色土中，影响硝态氮淋失的主要因素是矿化量，且二者呈显著正相关；而其它两种坡耕地土壤的矿化量与硝态氮淋失量不表现相关性。这就表明不同土壤矿化、硝态氮淋失的情况有差异。     

片麻岩新成土中氮素淋溶迁移的模拟研究

采用室内土柱模拟的方法,研究片麻岩新成土中不同肥料、不同施氮量对氮素垂直运移的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量增加,硝态氮和铵态氮淋溶浓度增大,氮素淋失量增多。中等施氮量下施用有机无机混合肥可以减少氮素淋失。尿素、有机无机混合肥、氮磷复合肥中硝态氮淋失总量比值为671∶583∶629。尿素硝态氮淋失率平均为29.0%,氮磷复合肥硝态氮淋失率平均为27.8%,有机无机混合肥硝态氮淋失率平均为23.7%。随着土层深度的增加,60cm处和90cm处硝态氮淋失量差异不显著,两处硝态氮淋失量比值为1∶1.03,铵态氮的淋失量增加显著,两处铵态氮淋失量比值为1∶2.4。在片麻岩新成土壤地区,土壤培肥应本着少量多次原则。     

基于地区和土类的吉林省农田耕层土壤氮素时空变化特征

为明确吉林省农田耕层土壤氮素营养的时空变化特征,基于2005—2013年间测土配方施肥项目测定的土壤全氮和碱解氮数据,分析吉林省不同地区、土类农田耕层土壤氮素养分的空间变异特征,并与第2次土壤普查数据对比,探讨土壤氮素养分的时间变化趋势。结果表明,目前吉林省农田耕层土壤全氮含量为0.4~3.9g/kg,平均为(1.62±0.60)g/kg,碱解氮含量为15~360 mg/kg,平均为(145.0±59.5)mg/kg。不同土类之间全氮和碱解氮含量的高低顺序一致,均以暗棕壤最高,平均分别为(2.02±0.57)g/kg和(190.2±72.80)mg/kg,其后依次为白浆土、水稻土、黑土、草甸土、黑钙土和风沙土;空间变异方面,吉林省农田耕层土壤氮素营养水平呈自东向西逐渐下降的分布特征,全氮和碱解氮含量在县域尺度上存在显著正相关关系;时间变化方面,吉林省农田耕层土壤全氮和碱解氮含量相比第2次土壤普查均呈明显上升趋势,中部地区变化最显著,西部地区变化相对较小。不同土类之间,黑土、黑钙土、草甸土和风沙土呈上升趋势,而暗棕壤、白浆土和水稻土出现下降,其中以风沙土的增加和暗棕壤的下降最明显。综上所述,吉林省农田耕层土壤氮素营养状况在空间上存在显著差异,时间上也发生了巨大变化。建议中部粮食主产区应严格控制作物施氮量以提高氮肥效率,降低环境风险,东、西部地区应因地制宜优化氮肥管理以提升地力,实现增产增效。     

酸化沸石对尿素氮淋失和玉米籽粒氮素利用的影响

在尿素减量施用条件下,探究添加酸化沸石(SF)对氮素淋失及籽粒氮肥利用率的影响.通过等温吸附试验,结合土柱淋溶和玉米盆栽试验,研究酸化沸石对NH4+—N和NO3-—N的吸附性能,以及不同施氮梯度下,酸化沸石对氮素淋失和氮肥利用率的影响,试验分别设置农民习惯施肥(CN)、氮肥减量15％(CN1)、氮肥减量30％(CN2)...     

Vegetation Type Affects the Relationship Between Soil Carbon to Nitrogen Ratio and Nitrogen Leaching

Nitrate leaching occurs when the soil's nitrogen immobilisation and plant uptake capacity has been saturated. Several widely-used models of nitrogen saturation incorporate a breakthrough function in which N begins to be leached at C/N values below an upper threshold, and is completely leached at C/N values below a lower threshold. In a survey of deciduous and coniferous woodland, acid grassland and heathland sites for which both C/N and nitrate flux measurements were available, deciduous woodland and acid grassland typically had lower C/N ratios, and began leaching nitrate at a lower C/N ratio, than coniferous woodland and heathland. Least-square fits of nitrate breakthrough functions gave upper thresholds (no nitrate leaching) of 27 mol C mol^?1 N for deciduous woodland and acid grassland and 50 mol C mol^?1 N for coniferous woodland and heathland. Upper thresholds were similar, at 24 and 51 mol C mol^?1 N, respectively, for total inorganic N (NH₄ + NO₃) leaching flux as a proportion of total inorganic N influx. In conifer plantations, stand maturity had a large effect, suggesting that a breakthrough function is unsuitable for modelling systems that are in disequilibrium. However, there was sufficient evidence to suggest that using different breakthrough C/N thresholds for different groups of vegetation would improve predictions of N saturation and leaching at both plot and catchment scales. The difference may be related to the reactivity of soil carbon; soils with a large proportion of recalcitrant carbon are likely to begin leaching nitrate at a higher C/N value than soils with more labile carbon.     

热带亚热带酸性土壤硝化作用与氮淋溶特征

通过室内好气培养和土柱模拟淋洗培养试验,研究了氨基氮肥加入对热带亚热带4种不同性质和利用方式酸性土壤硝化、氮及盐基离子淋溶、土壤及淋出液酸化的影响。4种土壤分别为采自花岗岩发育的海南林地砖红壤(HR)、玄武岩发育的云南林地砖红壤(YR)、第四纪红黏土发育的江西旱地红壤(RU)和第四纪下蜀黄土发育的江苏旱地黄棕壤(YU)。结果表明:4种土壤硝化作用大小表现为YU>RU>YR>HR。HR主要以可溶性有机氮(DON)和NH₄⁺-N形态淋失,YU土壤的氮淋溶形态以NO₃^–-N为主,YR和RU土壤的氮淋溶形态NO₃^–-N、NH₄⁺-N和DON兼而有之。盐基离子总淋失量与NO₃^–-N淋失量显著正相关,但各盐基离子淋失由于离子本性和土壤性质差异并不完全一致。Ca²⁺在缓冲外源NH₄⁺-N硝化致酸和平衡...     

我国4种土壤磷素淋溶流失特征

磷素是水体富营养化的主要限制因子,地表水磷的污染负荷主要来源于农业面源污染。采集黑土、潮土、红壤和水稻土4种土壤,采用土柱模拟的试验方法,研究磷素在4种土壤剖面中空间分布特征,以及土壤渗漏液中TP、TDP的含量、动态变化以及流失量特征。结果表明:(1)不同类型土壤全磷和有效磷含量差异性显著,由高到低依次为水稻土潮土黑土红壤;黑土、红壤和水稻土土壤全磷和有效磷含量都表现出,随土壤深度的增加,不断降低;而潮土剖面呈上下层高,中间低的分布格局。(2)4种土壤渗漏液中占主导的磷形态不一致,潮土以MRP占主导,黑土和水稻土以DOP为主,而红壤则以PP为主。土壤磷素动态变化方面,潮土表现为TP含量先减后增再减,TDP含量先增后减;黑土表现为TP含量先增后减,TDP含量持续下降;红壤和水稻土TP和TDP含量变化不显著。(3)相关分析表明,4种土壤中Olsen-P与渗漏液中TP呈指数关系,具有极显著相关性。(4)4种土壤TP、TDP下渗流失量都以潮土最高,其次是黑土和水稻土,红壤流失量最小,磷素流失以TDP为主。     

露天鸡粪好氧堆肥氮素的径流及淋洗损失

在露天自然条件下对鸡粪进行好氧堆肥,系统研究了堆肥过程中氮素的径流和淋洗损失。结果表明,堆肥期间通过径流损失的氮素只占初始堆肥氮素的3‰~6‰,其中无机氮与有机氮约各占50%,径流中总氮浓度在不同时间和降雨量条件下差异较大,浓度平均在20 mg/L左右;氮素表现出很强的空间移动性,堆肥期间氮素至少能够迁移至150 cm土层,对当地地下水安全构成了严重威胁;堆肥过程中可能有35%~65%的氮素会通过氨挥发损失;用秸秆覆盖堆体能显著降低堆肥氮素的径流损失,而添加沸石减少堆肥氮素损失的效果不显著。     

氮磷肥减施对露地蔬菜农田氮磷淋溶及蔬菜产量的影响

过量氮磷肥施用导致菜田氮磷淋溶严重,对水环境及人体健康产生较大威胁。本研究在河南蔬菜种植区选取典型露地菜田,采用田间渗漏池法,研究洋葱、甘蓝菜田氮磷肥减施后氮磷淋溶及蔬菜产量变化。试验设置常规施肥(NP),常规氮磷肥减量20%(JNP1),常规氮磷肥减量40%(JNP2)。结果表明:通过氮磷肥减施,JNP1和JNP2处理淋溶液总氮、可溶性总氮、硝态氮浓度比常规平均降低12.9%、18.2%和20.5%。JNP1处理总氮、可溶性总氮和硝态氮淋溶量分别比常规处理降低5.3%、11.9%和10.3%。JNP2处理总氮、可溶性总氮和硝态氮淋溶量比常规处理分别显著降低33.6%、36.2%和32.6%(P <0.05)。所有处理硝态氮平均淋溶量占总氮淋溶量60.1%,占可溶性总氮淋溶量的79.0%。两个蔬菜季氮积累量236.0～256.1 kg hm-2,磷积累量25.3～29.9 kg hm-2。氮磷肥减施后,蔬菜的产量略有降低,不同处理差异并不显著。     

旱地土壤硝态氮残留淋溶及影响因素研究

在我国北方旱地,施入土壤而未被作物吸收利用的肥料N,主要以NO3--N的形式残留于土壤中。残留的NO3--N如不及时被作物吸收利用,在降水或灌水的作用下,会淋入土壤深层,或随径流进入地表水体,或经反硝化形成N2O进入大气,对土壤、水体和大气环境构成严重威胁。本文分析了旱地农田生态系统中,NO3--N在土壤剖面的残留淋溶与施肥、灌溉/降水、耕作、土壤、植物等因素的关系。提出在今后的研究工作中应特别注意的问题:①建立长期定位试验,确定NO3--N淋溶阈值,评价和预测NO3--N残留和淋失的趋势;②优化作物栽培和养分资源管理措施,提高作物利用土壤NO3--N的能力;③改进N肥施用技术,加强N素管理,防止NO3--N在土壤中大量累积。     

Nitrogen Leaching of Two Forest Ecosystems in a Karst Watershed

Karst watersheds are a major source of drinking water in the European Alps. These watersheds exhibit quick response times and low residence times, which might make karst aquifers more vulnerable to elevated nitrogen (N) deposition than non-karst watersheds. We summarize 13 years of monitoring NO ₃ ^? , NH ₄ ⁺ , and total N in two forest ecosystems, a Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) forest on Cambisols/Stagnosols (IP I) and a mixed beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) spruce forest on Leptosols (IP II). N fluxes are calculated by multiplying concentrations, measured in biweekly intervals, with hydrological fluxes predicted from a hydrological model. The total N deposition in the throughfall amounts to 26.8 and 21.1 kg/ha/year in IP I and IP II, respectively, which is high compared to depositions found in other European forest ecosystems. While the shallow Leptosols at IP II accumulated on average 9.2 kg/ha/year of N between 1999 and 2006, the N budgets of the Cambisols/Stagnosols at IP I were equaled over the study period but show high inter-annual variation. Between 1999 and 2006, on average, 9 kg/ha/year of DON and 20 kg/ha/year of DIN were output with seepage water of IP I but only 4.5 kg/ha/year of DON and 7.7 kg/ha/year of DIN at IP II. Despite high DIN leaching, neither IP I nor IP II showed further signs of N saturation in their organic layer C/N ratios, N mineralization, or leaf N content. The N budget over all years was dominated by a few extreme output events. Nitrate leaching rates at both forest ecosystems correlated the most with years of above average snow accumulation (but only for IP I this correlation is statistically significant). Both snow melt and total annual precipitation were most important drivers of DON leaching. IP I and IP II showed comparable temporal patterns of both concentrations and flux rates but exhibited differences in magnitudes: DON, NO ₃ ^? , and NH ₄ ⁺ inputs peak in spring, NH ₄ ⁺ showed an additional peak in autumn; the bulk of the annual NO ₃ ^? and DON output occurred in spring; DON, NO ₃ ^? , and NH ₄ ⁺ output rates during winter months were low. The high DIN leaching at IP I was related to snow cover effects on N mineralization and soil hydrology. From the year 2004 onwards, disproportional NO ₃ ^? leaching occurred at both plots. This was possibly caused by the exceptionally dry year 2003 and a small-scale bark beetle infestation (at IP I), in addition to snow cover effects. This study shows that both forest ecosystems at Zöbelboden are still N limited. N leaching pulses, particularly during spring, dictate not only annual but also the long-term N budgets. The overall magnitude of N leaching to the karst aquifer differs substantially between forest and soil types, which are found in close proximity in the karstified areas of the Northern Limestone Alps in Austria.