N-Application Methods and Precipitation Pattern Effects on Subsurface Drainage Nitrate Losses and Crop Yields

Diverting the infiltrating water away from the zone of N application can reduce nitrate–nitrogen (NO₃–N) leaching losses to groundwater from agricultural fields. This study was conducted from 2001 through 2005 to determine the effects of N-application methods using a localized compaction and doming (LCD) applicator and spoke injector on NO₃–N leaching losses to subsurface drainage water and corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean (Glycine max L.) yields. The field experiments were conducted at the Iowa State University’s northeastern research center near Nashua, Iowa, on corn–soybean rotation plots under chisel plow system having subsurface drainage ‘tile’ system installed in 1979. The soils at the site are glacial till derived soils. The N-application rates of 168 kg-N ha^?1 were applied to corn only for both the treatments each replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. For combined 5 years, the LCD N-applicator in comparison with spoke injector showed lower flow weighted NO₃–N concentrations in tile water (16.8 vs. 20.1 mg L^?1) from corn plots, greater tile flow (66 vs. 49 mm), almost equivalent NO₃–N leaching loss with tile water (11.5 vs. 11.3 kg-N ha^?1) and similar corn grain yields (11.17 vs. 11.37 Mg ha^?1), respectively, although treatments effects were found to be non-significant (p?=?0.05) statistically. The analysis, however, revealed that amount and temporal distribution of the growing season precipitation also affected the tile flow, NO₃–N leaching loss to subsurface drain water, and corn–soybean yields. Moreover, the spatial variability effects from plot to plot in some cases, resulted in differences of tile flow and NO₃–N leaching losses in the range of three to four times despite being treated with the same management practices. These results indicate that the LCD N-applicator in comparison with spoke injector resulted in lower flow weighted NO₃–N concentrations in subsurface drain water of corn plots; however, strategies need to be developed to reduce the offsite transport of nitrate leaching losses during early spring period from March through June.     

施肥对设施菜地土壤硝态氮累积及pH的影响

在甘肃武威市设施栽培条件下,通过田间小区试验研究了不同施肥量及肥料种类（化肥、有机肥、有机＋无机）对设施土壤硝态氮累积、硝态氮在土壤剖面运移及土壤pH值变化的影响。结果表明：施氮量和肥料种类对土壤硝态氮的累积和淋溶均有较大的影响,随施氮量的增加,土壤剖面硝态氮累积量增加,其中对0～20cm土层硝态氮累积量的影响最为显著;在同等施氮量时,单施无机肥处理（NPK）、有机无机肥减半配施处理（1/2MNPK）、单施有机肥处理（M）,在40～150cm土层硝态氮的累积量分别为267.33、211.94、125.72kg.hm-2,表明只施用化肥较有机肥、有机肥与化肥配施更易造成土壤硝态氮淋溶并在深层累积。将农户习惯施肥量（MNPK）减半后施用（1/2MNPK）对蔬菜产量没有影响,并且显著减少了硝态氮在土壤中的累积,表明当地农户设施栽培肥料施用量过高,不仅造成肥料利用率低,栽培成本高,还可能给地下水位较浅的地区带来环境污染的风险。此外,土壤硝态氮含量与pH值呈极显著负相关关系,表明硝态氮在土壤中大量累积会造成土壤pH值的下降。     

农田水位管理系统地下排水磷淋失实验研究

农田控制排水对减少土壤养分淋失、保护农田水环境具有重要作用。为探讨影响地下排水磷淋失量的要素,基于田间实验小区观测资料,统计分析了玉米作物生长期间农田水位管理系统运行对地下排水量和磷淋失量的影响,结果表明,与暗管自由排水系统相比,农田水位管理系统下的累积排水总量约减少1/3,但次地下排水磷淋失浓度和地下排水总磷累积淋失量均明显增高。农田水位管理系统下存在的土壤持续性饱和厌氧状态造成地下排水中氧化还原电位Eh的明显降低和pH值及可溶解性Mn和Fe浓度的显著增大,这或许是导致该系统地下排水磷淋失量明显高于暗管自由排水系统的主要影响因素。     

Discharge of Escherichia Coli from Agricultural Surface and Subsurface Drainage Water: Tillage Effects

Drainage water from agricultural fields with applied manure can degrade the bacterial quality of surface and groundwater. The impact of conventional tillage (CT) and zero tillage (ZT) practices on Escherichia coli (E.coli) discharge through artificially drained soils is not well understood. Consequently, two field trials were conducted during 2002–2004. The first trial involved fall applications of beef manure while the second involved spring applications of dairy manure. Both surface and subsurface drainage water were monitored in the first trial while only subsurface drainage water was monitored in the second. Under fall applied beef manure (trial 1), no differences (p?>?0.05) were observed in E.coli concentrations (cfu/100 ml) in combined drainage water under both tillage systems. However, during 2003–2004, subsurface drainage water under ZT had higher E.coli concentrations and loads than drainage water under CT. When the combined (surface + subsurface) annual E.coli loads were considered, CT loads were greater than ZT during 2002–2003 with an opposite situation during 2003–2004. Overall, annual E.coli loads were similar under ZT (4.7?×?10¹⁰ cfu/ha) and CT (4.8?×?10¹⁰ cfu/ha). Spring dairy manure application (trial 2) produced significant (p?>?0.03) tillage effect on E.coli loads in subsurface drainage water only during the second year. During the study period, ZT plots (1.55?×?10¹⁰ cfu/ha) discharged 5× more E.coli than CT (0.23?×?10¹⁰ cfu/ha). A longer duration of ZT practices resulted in higher subsurface flow volumes and subsequently greater loads of E.coli discharge in both trials.     

有机肥对土壤剖面硝态氮淋失影响的模拟研究

利用三种不同长度的土住,模拟研究了有机肥对土壤剖面中土壤硝态氮淋失的影响。结果表明,有机肥对ＫＮＯ３氮肥中ＮＯ３＾－的淋失有一定抑制作用;施加有机肥可提高土壤碱解态含量;有机肥本身亦可产生ＮＯ３＾－Ｎ淋失。     

喀斯特岩溶裂隙对地下径流和氮素垂直渗漏的影响

为了探究水土漏失过程对岩溶裂隙发育形态的响应,采用野外模拟降雨试验,研究了裂隙出露型岩土(XL)、裂隙埋藏型岩土(XM)两种结构形态岩溶裂隙对地下径流及氮素垂直渗漏的影响,并以全土微区(QT)为对照。结果表明:裂隙出露型岩土(XL)、裂隙埋藏型岩土(XM)和全土(QT)3个处理中地下径流对降雨的响应时间表现为XLXMQT,其初始地下径流产流时间分别是29,77,139min,XL和XM初始地下径流产流时间分别比QT减少了79.14%,44.60%;降雨产流阈值分别为20.64,55.06,94.90mm,以QT的降雨产流阈值为基准,XL和XM的降雨产流阈值分别减少了78.25%,41.98%;地下径流达到稳定的时间分别为59,107,169min,稳定径流速率分别为42.09,42.36,38.24mm/h。不同结构形态岩溶裂隙下XL全氮、硝态氮渗漏浓度最高,浓度均值分别为11.64,10.45mg/L,除XM外,XL、QT在降雨结束前地下径流中的全氮、硝态氮浓度基本达到稳定;不同结构形态岩溶裂隙下全氮渗漏量表现为XLXMQT,硝态氮渗漏量表现为XMXLQT,地下径流中氮素输出的主要形式为硝态氮,其比例约占全氮渗漏量的82.32%~90.12%,而铵态氮渗漏量占全氮渗漏量的比例不足2%。裂隙的存在,尤其是出露地表裂隙的存在,增加了微区底部单位面积土壤地下径流速率,同时还增加了微区底部单位面积土壤氮素渗漏量,喀斯特地区普遍存在的裂隙结构促进了水分入渗,加剧了地下径流中氮素的渗漏。本研究相关结果可为喀斯特地区水土漏失机制的探索以及物质迁移模型的构建提供科学依据。     

Ammonium Losses Through Subsurface Drainage Effluent from Rice Fields of Coastal Saline Sodic Clay Soils

Subsurface tile drainage systems with drainspacings of 15 m in 0.4 ha and 25 m in 3.2 ha wereinstalled at the farmers' field in 1986 and 1987,respectively, to study their effect on the reclamationof the coastal saline sodic clay soils. The system'sperformance in terms of the changing physical andchemical properties of the soil and rice yield wascontinuously monitored for a decade. Field datasuggested the possibility of adopting wider drainspacings and thus, drainage system with 35 and 55 mspacings was laid in 1997 in a 4 ha area. On theseinstallations the losses of NH₄ ⁺-N throughsub-surface drainage effluent were estimated. Thearea under 25 m drain spacing was the control with nocrops, fertilization and irrigation. Analysis ofwater samples collected daily for 10 days startingfrom 40 DAT from the drain laterals revealed thatthere were no trace of NH₄ ⁺-N in theeffluent from 15 and 25 m drain spacings. However,the effluent from 35 and 55 m spacings contained anaverage of 6.704 mg L^-1 and 4.205 mg L^-1 of NH₄ ⁺-N, respectively, before irrigation and2.438 and 1.650 mg L^-1 after irrigation. Themagnitudes of the losses of NH₄ ⁺-N duringthe crop season were 6.43 kg ha^-1 in 35 m spacingwith a drainage rate of 5.6 mm d^-1 and 2.14 kgha^-1 in 55 m spacing with a drainage rate of 3.5 mm d^-1. The rice yield was 6.5 Mg ha^-1 in15 m drain spacing where no ammonium losses throughsubsurface drainage effluent occurred. The rice yieldsunder 35 and 55 m drain spacings were 1.9 and 1.8 Mgha^-1, respectively. The poor yield was due tosignificant loss of ammonium form of nitrogen throughthe drainage effluent and lesser availability of totalnitrogen to the plants. The plant uptake of nitrogen in the unreclaimed area with 55 m spacing was half ofthat in the reclaimed area with 15 m spacing.     

我国NH3-N排放量及空间分布变化初步研究

NH3-N的排放量增加引起了水体富营养化、土壤酸化等一系列环境问题,所以对NH3-N排放情况的研究越来越受到科学家的重视。而有关我国NH3-N排放量历史变化情况,尤其是近20多年来的排放量报道很少。参照已有的各个NH3-N源的排放因子,利用中国农业年鉴统计等数据资料,计算了1980—2005年我国NH3-N排放量。结果表明,1980年,NH3-N排放量为5.50Tg,到2005年达到13.38Tg,增加了143%,年均增长率为5.51%。因使用化学肥料产生的NH3-N排放量最大,约占总排放量的29.4%～47.4%,畜牧业中动物厩舍及其排泄物储存产生的NH3-N排放量居第二位。我国NH3-N排放量空间分布不均匀,主要分布在我国东部河南、山东、江苏、河北以及西南的四川等省,2005年约占总排放量的36.2%。我国NH3-N排放总量的时间变化最大的几个省份分别是黑龙江、天津、河北、河南、山东等,其年均增长在8%以上,而我国的西北和青藏高原地区排放量变化最小,仅为0.44%。     

温室表层土壤硝态氮运移的水、热耦合效应研究

为了探讨温室作物生产水肥管理和温度环境对土壤NO3--N向表层迁移的影响,选用5 a的温室土壤样品进行土柱蒸发模拟试验,研究蒸发温度、土壤初始含水量、初始NO3--N含量及其耦合效应对温室土壤迁移速率及其垂直剖面分布的影响。试验结果表明:蒸发温度和土壤初始含水量明显影响NO3--N向土壤表层的迁移,并随蒸发温度和土壤初始含水量的增加而加强;通过正交回归分析得出影响NO3--N迁移速率的因素依次为初始含水量、蒸发温度以及温度与含水量的交互作用;土壤初始NO3--N含量以及它与蒸发温度、土壤初始含水量的交互作用对NO3--N迁移速率的影响不显著,但它影响土壤中各层的NO3--N绝对含量;经过5 d蒸发后,NO3--N沿垂直剖面分布出现上高下低,并出现一小的回升后逐渐趋于稳定。本文建立了蒸发条件下NO3--N迁移速率的回归模型,利用该回归模型,可为温室土壤在不同环境及水肥条件下NO3--N向表层迁移速率的预测提供依据。     

土施硫磺对甘蓝叶球NO_3-N含量的影响

通过盆栽试验，研究了土施硫磺对甘蓝叶球ＮＯ３－Ｎ含量的影响。结果表明，土施硫磺能有效控制甘蓝叶球ＮＯ３－Ｎ污染。随着硫磺用量增加，甘蓝叶球ＮＯ３－Ｎ含量显著下降。两者呈极显著的直线负相关，相关系数（ｒ）为－０．９８２。施硫对甘蓝叶球ＮＯ３－Ｎ含量的降低作用主要归因于氮素同化作用的增强、吸收作用的减弱和叶球生长量的增大。     

施氮模式对番茄氮素吸收利用及土壤硝态氮累积的影响

采用田间小区试验,以番茄为指示植物,研究不同施氮模式：农民习惯施肥（N—hmxer）、减施化肥氮26％（74％N-farmer）、减施化肥氮26％结合调节土壤C／N（74％N—farmer＋S）、减施化肥氮26％结合调节土壤C／N和采用滴灌（74％N-farmer＋S＋D）、减施化肥氮45％结合调节土壤C／N和采用滴灌（55％N-farmer＋S＋D）的集成模式对设施番茄氮素吸收利用及土壤硝态氮累积的影响。结果表明。55％N-farmer＋S＋D模式下番茄产量最高为108349kg·hm^-2,产投比最高为26．1;与N—farmer模式相比,74％N-farmer、74％N—farmer＋S、74％N-farmer＋S＋D和55％N—farmer＋S＋D模式的氮素利用率和氮素农学利用效率均有增加,其中55％N—farmer＋S＋D模式的氮素当季利用率为9．56％,氮素农学效率为43．67kg·kg^-1,均显著高于N—farmer模式（P〈0．05）;氮肥生理利用效率在各施氮模式间没有显著差异,55％N-farmer＋S＋D模式的效率最高为598．06kg·kg^-1;55％N-farmer＋S＋D模式的氮素果实生产效率和收获指数分别为493．81kg·kg^-1和53．84％,均高于N—farmer模式。氮平衡结果表明,N—farmer模式的表观损失最高,55％N-farmer＋S＋D模式显著低于N—farmer模式;相同土壤剖面中不同模式硝态氮含量随番茄生育进程均呈先增高后降低的趋势;番茄盛果期和拉秧期,74％N—farmer＋S、74％N—farmer＋S＋D和55％N-farmer＋S＋D模式在0～100cm剖面累积的硝态氮含量均低于N—farmer模式,拉秧期N—farmer模式累积的硝态氮含量最高达705．24kg·hm^-2,74％N-farmer＋S＋D模式累积的硝态氮含量最低为453．75kg·hm^-2;番茄在3个不同生育期,土壤硝态氮多累积在0—40cm土层,硝态氮的相对累积量约为50％。综合以上分析结果,集成模式55％N—farmer＋S＋D具有明显优势,能够提高氮肥的吸收和利用效率,减少土壤硝态氮的残留。     

施氮水平与模拟降雨pH值对玉米冠层NO3--N淋失的影响

为探明降雨特别是酸雨对玉米冠层氮素淋失的影响,以盆栽试验春玉米为指示作物,采用自制人工降雨器进行模拟降雨,研究施氮与不施氮（对照）条件下玉米冠层NO3--N淋失动态、数量及随生育期和降雨酸度的变化规律。结果表明,中性和弱酸性降雨淋洗,NO3--N淋失量主要由冠层氮素含量决定,而强酸雨淋洗,NO3--N淋失量受降雨pH值和冠层氮素含量共同影响。各生育期玉米冠层NO3--N淋失量随降雨pH值降低变化规律不一,生育前期降雨pH值对冠层NO3--N淋失影响较生育后期显著,在研究降雨酸度对玉米冠层NO3--N淋失的影响时,必须考虑生育期。相同pH值模拟降雨条件下,玉米冠层NO3--N淋失量随生育期推进逐渐降低：11叶期>吐丝期>灌浆期,生育前期显著高于中后期。玉米冠层NO3--N淋失量不仅与介质施氮有关,同时受降雨pH值影响,2因素在不同生育期对NO3--N淋失贡献大小有所不同,但总体看,植物体氮素丰富程度是影响冠层NO3--N淋失的主要因素。各生育期玉米冠层均存在一定数量的NO3--N淋失,尤以生育前期为甚,说明在研究农田生态系统氮素流量和冠层氮素损失时,冠层氮素淋失应予以考虑。     

不同施肥处理对稻田氮素径流和渗漏损失的影响

采用田间试验,研究了不施肥(CK)、常规施肥(CF)、90%常规施肥(90%CF)、80%常规施肥(80%CF)、控释复合肥(CRF)和有机—无机肥配施(MF)6种施肥处理对稻田氮素径流和渗漏损失的影响。结果表明:水稻田面水总氮(TN)和铵态氮(NH+4—N)浓度在施肥后第2天达到峰值,之后快速下降,第7天后降至峰值的15%以下并趋于稳定,控制稻田氮素流失最关键的时间为施肥后1周。减量施肥可以有效降低田面水和渗漏水的氮素浓度。不同施肥处理(CK除外)TN径流损失量和氮素流失率分别为8.81~15.78kg/hm2和施N量的2.58%~4.96%,其中90%CF、80%CF、CRF和MF处理TN径流流失量分别较CF处理低22.05%,34.16%,44.17%和33.52%;TN渗漏损失量和氮素淋失率分别为18.86~40.39kg/hm2和施N量的3.55%~11.77%,其中90%CF、80%CF、CRF和MF处理的TN渗漏损失量分别较CF处理低24.57%,26.52%,53.29%和26.97%。减氮20%不仅能有效减少稻田氮素径流和渗漏损失,还能有效保障水稻产量,提高氮素利用率。     

土壤硝态氮含量对辣椒疫病的影响及机理的初步研究

盆栽试验得出:辣椒疫病的发病率随着土壤NO3-N含量的增加而增高。NO3-N浓度显著影响辣椒根际细菌、真菌及放线菌的动态变化。平板培养试验表明:不同NO3-N浓度对辣椒疫霉菌丝的生长速率没有影响,但高浓度的NO3-N在12h内可促进孢子及孢子囊的萌发。     

明沟排水洗盐条件下土壤水盐动态模拟研究

运用数值模拟的方法,对明沟排水洗盐过程中土壤水盐运移动态进行了研究。在沟距一半处土壤水盐运移可近似视为一维运动,冲洗脱盐率与脱盐深度最小,并沿这一位置形成对称分布;整个冲洗过程中,含盐量的变化总是稍滞后于含水率的变化;分析冲洗后不同含盐量剖面的返盐率发现,返盐率与含盐量符合幂函数关系,含盐量较低时,返盐率较高,反之亦然;运用数值模拟方法,建立了区域不同含盐量情况下明沟排水洗盐沟距一半处的洗盐制度。     

不同水分条件下不同形态氮素比例对茼蒿产量及品质的影响

蔬菜作为人们日常生活中与健康密切相关的重要副食品,其品质问题日益引起重视.19世纪70年代以来,国内外许多学者就蔬菜品质的概念、研究方法、影响蔬菜品质的因素以及未来人们对蔬菜品质的要求等方面进行了系统研究.蔬菜品质成为生产者、经营者和消费者共同追求的目标,提高蔬菜品质也已经成为21世纪蔬菜研究的中心[1].     

Predicting Water, Sediment and NO3-N Loads under Scenarios of Land-use and Management Practices in a Flat Watershed

Changes in land-use or management practices may affect water outflow, sediment, nutrients and pesticides loads. Thus, there is an increasing demand for quantitative information at the watershed scale that would help decision makers or planners to take appropriate decisions. This paper evaluates by a modeling approach the impact of farming practices and land-use changes on water discharge, sediment and NO₃-N loads at the outlet of a 51.29 km² watershed of central Iowa (Walnut Creek watershed). This intensively farmed (corn-soybean rotation) watershed is characterized by a flat topography with tiles and potholes. Nine scenarios of management practices (nitrogen application rates: increase of current rate by 20, 40%, decrease of current rate by 20, 40 and 60%; no tillage) and land-use changes (from corn-soybean rotation to winter wheat and pasture) were tested over a 30 yr simulated period. The selected model (Soil and Water Assessment Tool, SWAT) was first validated using observed flow, sediment and nutrient loads from 1991 to 1998. Scenarios of N application rates did not affect water and sediment annual budgets but did so for NO₃-N loads. Lessening the N rate by 20, 40 and 60% in corn-soybean fields decreased mean NO₃-N annual loads by 22, 50 and 95%, respectively, with greatest differences during late spring. On the other hand, increasing input N by 20 and 40% enhanced NO₃-N loads by 25 and 49%, respectively. When replacing corn-soybean rotation by winter wheat, NO₃-N loads increased in early fall, immediately after harvest. Pasture installation with or without fertilization lessened flow discharge, NO₃-N and sediment delivery by 58, 97 and 50%, respectively. No-tillage practices did not significantly affect the water resource and sediment loads. Finally, such realistic predictions of the impact of farming systems scenarios over a long period are discussed regarding environmental processes involved.     

耕作方式对麦田土壤水分消耗和硝态氮淋溶的影响

以高产冬小麦品种济麦22为材料,设置条旋耕、深松＋条旋耕、旋耕、深松＋旋耕和翻耕5种耕作方式处理,研究耕作方式对小麦各生育阶段土壤水分消耗和硝态氮淋溶的影响。结果表明：（1）深松＋条旋耕处理小麦各生育时期棵间蒸发量、播种至拔节阶段0-40cm土层土壤贮水消耗量和农田日耗水量显著低于旋耕、深松＋旋耕和翻耕处理的;开花至成熟阶段60-120cm土层土壤贮水消耗量、农田日耗水量和灌浆后期旗叶水势显著高于其他处理的。（2）深松＋条旋耕处理成熟期0-80cm土层土壤硝态氮含量与深松＋旋耕处理的无显著差异,均低于其他处理的;80-120cm土层土壤硝态氮含量低于深松＋旋耕处理的。（3）深松＋条旋耕处理籽粒产量与深松＋旋耕处理的无显著差异,均高于其他处理的,水分利用效率最高,是本试验条件下的高产高水分利用效率处理。     

尿素涂层对土壤渗出液NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究尿素涂层后施用于水田土壤其渗出液NO3--N和NH4+-N含量的变化情况。研究结果表明:与未涂层尿素相比,施用尿素涂层可使氮素释放变得平缓,土壤渗出液中NH4+-N和NO3--N浓度明显降低,有利于水稻生长对氮素的吸收利用;在等氮量条件下,施用涂层尿素处理的土壤渗出液中的NH4+-N浓度明显低于未涂层尿素处理,且尿素用量越低这一差异越明显,而土壤渗出液中的NO3--N浓度施入土壤后前10天涂层尿素低于未涂层尿素处理,而至第18天则表现出高于未涂层尿素处理的趋势;涂层处理土壤渗出液NO3--N和NH4+-N之和大都小于未涂层处理。     

施氮量和底追比例对小麦氮素利用和土壤硝态氮含量的影响

利用^15N同位素示踪技术研究了不同的施氮量和底追比例对小麦氮素利用和土壤硝态氮的影响。结果表明：底追比例均为5：5，处理2（纯氮施用量为168kg／hm^2）与处理1（纯氮施用量为240kg／hm^2）比较，处理2成熟期植株中土壤氮素的积累量，肥料氮的利用率均高于处理1的，但处理2的土壤硝态氮含量低；籽粒产量、蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量和面团稳定时间处理间无显著差异。纯氮施用量均为168kg／hm^2，氮肥全部用于拔节期追施的处理3与处理2比较，处理3成熟期植株中土壤氮素的积累量，籽粒蛋白质含量、面团稳定时间和0～40cm土层土壤硝态氮的含量均高于处理2的；肥料氮的利用率和籽粒产量处理间无显著差异。成熟期不同处理0～60cm土层土壤硝态氮含量均低于播种前，在60～80cm土层形成累积峰并高于播种前，但80cm以下层次与播前相比无明显差异。