多源卫星遥感秸秆焚烧过火面积动态监测

该文针对秸秆焚烧过火面积动态监测中高时间、高空间分辨率难以同时实现的问题,提出利用多源数据(Landsat8、GF-1、HJ-1A/B)来提升中分辨率卫星遥感的观测频次,并通过叠置分析和面向对象影像分析技术提高面积提取精度。使用该方法对河南省太康县进行了8次单日内全覆盖的秸秆焚烧过火面积提取,并通过变化检测获取各乡镇农田秸秆焚烧的累计过火面积、新增过火面积和新增过火农田翻耕面积的时空变化趋势。经验证,面积提取精度达93.89%以上,秸秆焚烧新增过火面积变化趋势与环保部监测结果基本相符。经分析,秸秆焚烧通常会在农作物大面积收割后的某个时间点开始,由若干个起火点随时序朝某个主方向进行传播蔓延,过火区域会随之出现间歇性的大范围翻耕,二者同时进行,即秸秆焚烧新增过火面积与新增过火农田翻耕面积随时序呈反向波浪状变化。说明相比利用低空间分辨率遥感数据进行广域监测,该方法可得到时效性强且精度更高的过火面积空间分布信息,能揭示出秸秆焚烧现象在县、乡尺度上的变化规律与细节。     

Satellite Analysis of Volcanic Clouds and Transport of Acidic Substances from Mt. Aso and Mt. Sakurajima

The satellite images of volcanic clouds in Kyushu, Japan during September–November 1989 were studied in connection with the mountain site measurement of atmospheric qualities at Unzen-Nodake and the SO₂ concentration data at Aso Volcano Museum. The images strongly indicate that many high concentration events of SO₂ were the results of the long-range transport of volcanic gas from Mt. Aso and Mt. Sakurajima to these stations. Brief comments on the 2000 eruption of Miyake-jima volcano are added.     

Android用户端东北地区秸秆焚烧点监测系统开发与应用

秸秆焚烧会产生大量有毒有害物质,严重影响大气质量,且易引发火灾。随着国内农村生产生活方式的改变,秸秆逐渐转变为农业废弃物,露天焚烧情况变得越来越严重,快速、高效、秸秆焚烧点监测迫在眉睫。该研究基于安卓（Android）操作系统,结合中等分辨率成像光谱仪（Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS）遥感数据,利用Python语言、ArcGIS Server、MySQL技术构建了一个客户端与服务端（Client/Server,C/S）分离的秸秆焚烧火点监测系统,以实现秸秆焚烧点的快速查询、定位以及数据可视化。应用该系统的案例分析表明,2010-2020年间东北地区秸秆集中焚烧的时间有由秋季向春季转移的变化趋势,逐渐形成春季集中焚烧-夏季耕作-秋季零星焚烧-冬季覆盖的规律;焚烧点主要集中在三江平原和松嫩平原,重心在哈尔滨市和绥化市的交界处。综上,该系统可以为秸秆焚烧点监测提供快捷方便的技术手段,方便农业和环境部门协同监控保护性耕作的实施情况,促进东北地区保护性耕作的实施与农业环境保护。     

Fog Water Chemistry at Mt. Oyama and its Dominant Factors

We have observed acid fog in Mt. Oyama since 1988. Fog events occur frequently in Mt. Oyama; 47% of the time the mountain top is covered with fog. The pH of fog is lower than that of rain collected at the fog sampling station by about 1 unit and the lowest pH was 1.95. We have also collected gas and aerosol components at the station and observed fog events by a video camera from the mountain base, where there is an air pollution monitoring station. The air quality at the fog sampling station was affected by not only the air quality at the base but also the wind direction, valley or mountain wind. It is ascertained by using back trajectory analyses that polluted air masses are transported to the base from the Kanto plains or other big urban areas, Osaka and Nagoya. When the base is polluted, the relative humidity increases, and the valley wind blows, acid fog is formed at the mountainside. In the acid fog, nitrate ion is the most abundant anion. Nitrate ion concentration correlates well with hydrogen ion concentration. The annual mean total ion concentration has not changed much since 1988, but the concentration ratio of nitrate ion to sulfate ion has increased in recent years. The nitric acid gas concentration in the station is comparable to that in urban areas, while other gas concentrations are much lower.     

Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Pesticides Subject to Long-Range Transport

Concern has arisen about the possible ecological effects of persistent pesticides that become airborne during or after application and are transported to regions far away from where they were applied. In this paper an ecotoxicological approach is outlined that may support assessments of products suspected of long-range transport capacity. It is proposed that the risk is estimated from a classical PNEC/PEC comparison for the surface layer of a remote area, where PEC is estimated from dose rate, emission factors, atmospheric residence time and persistence, while PNEC is estimated from ecotoxicological information collected as part of the registration procedure. According to this "null model", risk assessment of pesticides subject to long-range transport is not different from the usual risk assessment, provided that due attention is paid to losses occurring during transport and accumulation in remote areas with low temperature. A simplified equation is derived for estimating PEC from the recommended dose rate, which shows that the concentration in the remote area is higher than in the target area only if its residence time is at least two order of magnitude longer than the corresponding value in the target area. A review of ecotoxicity data for effects of volatile pesticides on arthropods indicates that effect levels in the air compartment are far above the concentrations of concern in long-range transport. Arguments supporting the view that remote areas, specifically the polar regions, are characterized by ecosystems that are more vulnerable than the ones on which the usual risk assessment is based, are reviewed. Although residues of organochlorines are of concern, there does not seem to be concrete epidemiological or experimental evidence about effects of modern pesticides on wildlife in remote areas. It is concluded that there is no reason to reject the "null model" at the moment, however, in view of the large uncertainty involved, it is proposed that the maximum acceptable ratio between PNEC and PEC be increased by an extra safety factor.     

秸秆捆烧清洁供暖技术评价

中国北方地区秸秆资源丰富,将秸秆打捆转化为能源实现清洁取暖,既能解决秸秆过剩问题,又能有效替代煤炭,对改善大气质量和人居环境具有重要意义。为探究秸秆捆烧清洁供暖技术的能源效率、经济效益和温室气体排放,采用3E（Economic,Energy and Environment）评价模型,从作物种植收获到秸秆捆烧供暖应用全过程开展系统评价,结果表明,秸秆捆烧供暖技术的能源和经济效益较好、温室气体排放少,适于居住较集中的村镇地区冬季供暖,也可用于农业、工业园区等区域供热。供暖面积0.5×104～10×104m2范围内,供暖面积越高,能源和经济环境效益越好,秸秆捆烧供暖的净能量10 512～10 774.8 MJ/t,能量产出投入比8.4～8.5,能源转化率较高,温室气体CO2当量排放量为9.67～11.21 g/MJ;技术经济成本391.1元/t（折合16.2元/m2）～560.5元/t（折合23.8元/m2）,按基准收益率8%计算,供暖规模应不小于2×104 m2,若不考虑折旧只考虑运行成本,则供暖面积应不小于1×104 m2。与秸秆成型燃料和秸秆炭气联产供暖技术比较,均具有较好的经济效益,秸秆捆烧供暖技术的能量效益最优,温室气体排放量最少。与煤炭供暖技术相比,3种秸秆供暖技术的净能量产出不如煤炭,但温室气体排放仅为煤炭的1/10～1/7,秸秆清洁供暖技术的环境效益显著。     

Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen Oxides Pollution in Moscow

Major factors (emissions and meteorology) controlling pollution patterns in Moscow are discussed in the context of different types of urban land use. Nitrogen oxide pollution is one of the main air quality problems in the city. Power generation is the major source of nitrogen oxides: in 1994, it accounted for 63% of the total NOx emissions with transport contributing 30%. CO emissions are produced almost entirely by road transport. An increase in CO levels has been observed since 1990 in line with growing car ownership. Analyses of seasonal and diurnal variations in CO, NO and NO2 concentrations are presented. Meteorological conditions during an intense pollution episode are analysed in the context of the characteristics of the main sources of pollution. The occurrence of high levels of CO concentrations is associated with high pressure systems, surface-based inversions and low wind speeds. High concentrations of NO2 are caused by fumigation of the surface with pollutants emitted by power plants. The passage of warm weather fronts, the decay of elevated temperature inversions, and stronger winds are identified as meteorological condition leading to NO2 build-up.     

Atmospheric monitoring network operations and results in Canada

Atmospheric monitoring activities in Canada relevant to the long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants and the ‘acid rain’ problem are reviewed. Particular aspects examined are network objectives, station density and location, sampling protocol, and quality assurance. Results from a number of these networks are presented for the purpose of outlining the nature and extent of air and precipitation contamination by pollution released in eastern North America. Examples discussed include: the spatial distribution of acidic wet deposition, the temporal variation of acid-related substances in both air and precipitation, an episode of long-range transport, and the impact of acidic emissions on the Arctic atmosphere. Acidic wet deposition is greatest in Canada east of the Manitoba-Ontario border. In 1978, it ranged from 18 to 46 mmol H⁺ m^?2 yr^?1 in the southern half of eastern Canada, with maxima in southern Ontario (44 mmol H⁺ m^?2 yr^?1) and southwestern Quebec (46 mmol H⁺ m^?2 yr^?1). Western Canada receives less acidity in precipitation, but areas of some concern are the Pacific Coast (10 mmol H⁺ m^?2 yr^?1) and to a lesser extent northern Alberta and Saskatchewan (3 to 5 mmol H⁺ m^?2 yr^?1). Acidic emissions from mid-latitude sources which reach the Arctic in winter cause an increase in the acidity of snow from a pH of approximately 5.6 in the summer to values of 4.9 to 5.1 in January through March.     

基于物联网的病死猪无害化处理山区运输监控系统设计

目前,大多数无害化处置运输车辆使用全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)来确定病死猪的消毒站位置和运输路线。然而,当车辆在偏远山区运行时,定位信息传递不连续和不完整。为了解决这个问题,设计了一套病死猪无害化处理监控系统,系统结合北斗导航系统、全球定位系统、无线射频识别技术(radio frequency identification,RFID)、通用分组无线服务技术和地理信息系统等技术。利用北斗/GPS双模用户机双模定位和双向通信的功能,一方面,它可以解决单一定位时出现的定位信息不稳定的问题;另一方面,当BDS导航定位系统数据似乎显示出偏差,将WGS-84坐标系的GPS定位数据转换为BDS定位系统的CGCS2000坐标系,以提高运输车辆位置信息采集精度的目的。利用GAMIT软件计算观测点的三维坐标,并对组合导航和单导航的定位精度进行分析。采用Floyd算法对运输路线进行优化,寻找最短的运输距离。利用北斗卫星的信息通信功能代替全球移动通信系统(global system for mobile communications,GSM),短消息业务,实现无害化运输车辆与控制中心之间的信息远程传输。控制中心通过对接收到的数据进行分析,得到病死猪收运车的运输路线和定点消毒监测信息。系统试验表明:采集的数据能够准确及时地传输到控制中心,北斗/GPS双模接收机定位精度比北斗卫星定位精度高55.13%,比GPS卫星定位精度高52.71%。北斗通信的网络丢包率为0.26%,消毒点的车辆定点识别误差率0.97%,结果表明,满足病死猪无害化处理监控管理的要求,系统运行可靠、稳定。该系统的构建与应用,为其他病死动物无害化处理的综合管理与监控提供参考。     

Development of hybrid LRT model to estimate sulfur deposition in Japan

We have developed a hybrid long-range transport (LRT) model to estimate long-term sulfur deposition amounts in Japan. This model combines a trajectory model for the LRT with an Eulerian model for the short-range transport and deposition. The hybrid model shows the ability to predict concentrations influenced by large nearby sources, which the trajectory model we previously developed consistently underestimated. The hybrid model is designed as an engineering model, which allows for long-term estimation without the requirements of detailed data on meteorology, surface condition, and emission over the whole domain, and huge computer resources required for comprehensive Eulerian models.     

Simulation of Dry Deposition Rates of Acidic Pollutants—An Assessment of Deposition Pathways in Hiroshima, Japan

A eulerian grid photochemical transport and dispersion model was used to simulate the dry deposition rates of nitrogen (as HNO₃) and sulfur (as SO₂) in Hiroshima, west Japan. Seasonal patterns of predicted dry deposition fluxes reveal that HNO₃ is most prevalent at more remote locations while SO₂ is deposited near to and slightly downwind from the major emission sources. The predicted dry deposition rates of HNO₃ and SO₂ were compared to the values measured at Mt. Gokurakuji (located in Hatsukaichi) and in Hiroshima City. The simulation results show that the model under-predicted (about 44% and 80%, respectively) both nitrogen and sulfur deposition rates at Mt. Gokurakuji and in Hiroshima City, indicating that the acid deposition in Hiroshima prefecture is possibly affected by long-range transboundary transport of acidic pollutants. Comparison of wet to dry deposition ratios (4.5 and 8.7 for nitrogen and 4.6 and 7.0 for sulfur) from the two observation sites above indicates that wet deposition maybe the most important acid deposition pathway in Hiroshima, Japan.     

Modeling of pollutant transport and removal during a regional sulfate episode

As part of a multidisciplinary study performed for the National Commission on Air Quality, the phenomena of atmospheric transport and the removal of SO₂ and SO₄ ^? during a major regional sulfate episode (the period July 18–25, 1978 in the eastern U.S.) had been examined. The main objective of this study was the evaluation and the quantification of varying source/receptor relationships under atmospheric conditions conducive to long-range transport of fine particulate matter. In the case study presented here, air mass trajectories were obtained using the numerical NMC trajectory predictions and the results of the isobaric trajectory computations at the 850 mb level. The effects of alternative regional SO₂ emission reduction scenarios on the predicted ambient SO₂ and SO₄ ^? concentrations were also investigated using the new modeling methods that were specifically developed for this purpose.     

Black Acidic Rime Ice in the Remote Island of Yakushima, a World Natural Heritage Area

In order to clarify the long-range transport of atmospheric pollutants in the East Asian regions, we have studied the components in rime ice on Yakushima Island, located in southwestern Japan near the China continent. The presence of a large number of particles has been found in the rime ice. Very small particles whose diameters are around 1 µm were identified as coal fly ash. The air mass at an altitude between 1500 m to 2000 m was probably long-range transported in association with a stable atmospheric layer in which the particles were efficiently scavenged by supercooled droplets. A back trajectory analysis also indicated the predominance of a north wind in the winter and in the other seasons as well. Such transport and deposition mechanisms may produce the greater pollutant deposition sometimes observed in mountain areas. Similar events may not be rare and could make an important contribution to the annual pollutants.     

基于MODIS数据的内蒙古野火时空变化特征

野火是陆地生态系统的重要干扰因子,影响生态系统的演替和更新。研究基于MCD45A1火烧迹地和MCD12Q1土地利用数据,提取2002—2014年内蒙古不同生态分区、土地利用类型的过火面积及火点分布,分析该区域野火的时空分布格局,同时结合降水数据,探讨野火年际变化对降水的响应特性。结果表明:1)2002—2014年内蒙古野火火点空间分布格局表现为由东北向西南逐渐减少,高密度火点主要分布在中蒙边境区域、森林-草原区以及平原典型农耕区。2)内蒙古野火过火面积2003年最大,2006年次之,2010年最小,分析表明过火面积的年际变动与火灾高发月降水异常有关。过火面积的季节变化表现为春秋多,冬夏少,尤其是3月、4月、5月和9月灾情严重。在7大生态分区中,90%的过火面积集中在兴安岭山地丘陵区、呼伦贝尔高平原丘陵区和锡林郭勒高平原区,过火面积占比分别为52%、28%和10%。3)野火干扰最严重的土地利用类型为草地,火点主要集中分布于草甸草原和典型草原,其次为农业用地和林地,对其他类型干扰程度最小。充分认识野火时空分布格局有利于深入了解其发生规律,为区域火灾预警监测提供科学依据。     

基于遥感与多变量概率抽样调查的作物种植面积测量

针对传统抽样调查工作中调查基础资料时效性不高和野外调查工作量较大等问题,该文提出了一种遥感与MPPS(multivariate probability proportional to size)抽样调查相结合的农作物种植面积测量方法。利用第2次农业普查数据进行抽样框的编制;利用时序中分辨率遥感数据进行农作物种植面积的分类;在中分辨率遥感分类图的基础上进行MPPS抽样;采用高空间分辨率遥感数据对抽选样本进行面向对象的分类;根据MPPS抽样方法进行总体农作物种植面积的推断;计算CV值,评价抽样精度,以国家统计局公布数据为标准进行总体面积精度评价。以辽宁省北镇市为研究区对该方法进行了测试。结果显示,该方法能够有效的提取县级农作物种植面积,农作物种植面积提取精度优于92%。     

The chemical composition of rainfall in a city of Northern Spain

A study was carried out over a period of 4 yr on precipitation in Santander, a coastal city with heavy rainfall in the north of Spain. An increase in acidity was found for the latter period studied, from April 1984 to April 1985, possibly due to a change in the meteorology of the area in this period. The correlations between the ions themselves, and with pollution from SO₂ and suspended particulate matter, as well as possible correlations with meteorological variables were analyzed using a multiple linear regression method. The influence of mid- and long-range transport of pollutants was also analyzed and found to be important when air masses come from highly industrialized zones both in Central Europe and in neighboring Spanish regions, although the contribution of the latter to total acid deposition is less owing to low frequency and the usually low volume of precipitation.     

河南省夏季秸秆焚烧污染物排放量的估算与分析

基于2007年夏季秸秆焚烧卫星遥感监测资料,结合粮食产量、谷草比、排放因子等,估算了河南省秸秆焚烧各污染物的排放量。结果表明,2007年夏季河南省秸秆焚烧共排放：PM2.5 30 433.9 t、SO2 1 586.2 t、NOx 12.2 t、NH3 76.1 t、CH4 39.6 t、VOC 82.2 t、CO477.8 t、CO2 2 799.9 t。秸秆焚烧污染物排放量空间分布受小麦种植面积影响较大,中东部多于西部,其中周口、驻马店和南阳排放量最多;夏季秸秆焚烧较为集中,PM2.5的排放多集中在5月下旬和6月上旬,且与郑州市PM2.5日均浓度有较好的相关性。     

Organochlorine Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Green Mussel,Perna Viridis in Singapore

A statewide total gaseous mercury (TGM) monitoring campaign was conducted from January 1997 to December 1999 in the State of Connecticut, U.S.A. Eight monitoring sites with different characteristics of geographical location (coastal vs. interior) and land use (rural vs. urban) were included in the monitoring program. Statistical procedures were utilized to evaluate the temporal trend and spatial distribution of the TGM concentration in the State, and the influence of long-range transport from non-local sources. The statewide mean TGM concentration was 2.08 ng m^-3. The annual mean concentration had no significant differences among the three years of measurements for all the sites. Weak seasonal variations were detected in the State with higher ambient TGM concentration found in warmer seasons. Urban areas in general had higher TGM concentrations than rural areas. The effect of site location of the monitoring sites on TGM concentration was interacted with land use characteristics. Waterbury site with extremely high concentration measurements was the major cause for this interaction. The long-range transport of TGM from remote sources showed an important influence on local ambient concentrations, by explaining over 45% of the total variance of the ambient TGM concentration for most sites. Local sources were responsible for the extremely high TGM concentration in the Waterbury site. The TGM concentrations at Voluntown, Hammonasset and Avery Point in southeast Connecticut were likely to be affected by some local sources.     

Effects of Land Use and Wildfires on the Habitat Selection of Great Bustard (Otis tarda l.)—Implications for Species Conservation

Increasing agricultural activities have been shown to affect soil and vegetation changes leading to serious biodiversity declines throughout the world. These effects are amplified in dry grassland areas, where resulting changes in habitat structure affect threatened animals on long temporal scales. Great bustards (Otis tarda) inhabit open landscapes where fire and grazing have been a part of the natural disturbance regime since historical times. Even fire and grazing are hypothesized to be important factors in the lifecycle of the species, studies are still missing on disturbance‐related lekking distribution patterns of great bustards. We analyzed the importance of fires and grazing on the spatial distribution of lekking bustards controlling for habitat types, habitat diversity, distance from roads and social effects. Our standardized dataset spanned 31 years, being one of the largest datasets on bustard lekking. During the 31 years we observed 10 118 individuals at 639 observation points in Hortobágy National Park, East‐Hungary. One of the most important predictors for total number of birds and number of males was the area burnt in previous years. We found that increased habitat diversity had a positive effect on female numbers. Models fit on second‐ and third‐year burn data detected no substantial role of burning on lekking distribution. Our results suggest that introduction of a patch‐burning management system in lekking areas could increase the availability of optimal lek sites for bustards. As an effective management tool, we suggest applying patch‐burning annually in a spatially mosaic structure inside the area occupied by each sub‐population unit. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

TRMM卫星降水数据在区域干旱监测中的适用性分析

为了评估高时空分辨率的卫星遥感降水产品在干旱监测中的适用性,该文基于热带降雨卫星(tropical rainfall measurement mission,TRMM)产品和气象站点的观测数据,利用标准化降水指数(standardized precipitation index,SPI)分别计算了2种数据源的不同时间尺度(1、3、6和12个月)的河南省1998-2016年干旱事件发生的年际和空间变化。结果表明:TRMM 3B43月尺度降水数据与气象站点的观测数据具有显著的相关性,相关系数均高于0.9,除少数情况下,TRMM 3B43对降水存在略微高估现象;两种数据源计算的各时间尺度(1、3、6和12个月)存在着很高的一致性,波动幅度随着时间尺度的增大而减小;1998年以来河南省春季发生干旱事件的年份是2000、2001年,夏季发生干旱事件的年份是1999、2014年,秋季发生干旱事件的年份1998、2001、2007年,冬季发生干旱事件的年份1999、2012年,另外,基于SPI-12得出发生干旱的年份是1999、2001、2012和2013年;根据站点的不同时间尺度的两种数据源的SPI时间序列进行相关性分析,其相关系数都高于0.7,两者间的一致性很高,说明TRMM数据能够替代站点观测数据进行干旱的监测与评估。