Particulate Organic Matter in Noncultivated and Arable Soils

Eurasian Soil Science - Data on the contents of particulate organic matter (POM) in the humus horizons of different soil types were obtained. The influence of the land use system and fertilizers on...     

A Comparison of Trace Gases and Particulate Matter over Beijing (China) and Delhi (India)

Air pollution represents a significant fraction of the total mortality estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) global burden of disease projec?t (GBD). The present paper discusses the characteristics of trace gases (O₃, NO, NO₂, and CO) and particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) in two Asian megacities, Delhi (India) and Beijing (China). A continuous measurement of trace gases and particulate matter are considered from 12 measuring sites in Beijing and 8 sites in Delhi. Over Beijing, the annual average of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, O₃, NO₂, and CO is, respectively, 85.3, 112.8, 58.7, and 53.4 μg/m³ and 1.4 mg/m³, and, respectively, over Delhi 146.5, 264.3, 24.7,and 19.8 μg/m³ and 1.73 mg/m³. From the spatial variations of pollutants, the concentrations of particulate matter and trace gases are observed to be much higher in the urban areas compared to the suburban areas. The higher average concentrations of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 over Delhi and Beijing are observed during winter season compared with other seasons. The maximum diurnal variation of PM₁₀ concentration is observed during winter season over Beijing and Delhi. The comparison of trace gases shows that the O₃ concentrations during daytime are obviously higher compared with nighttime, and the highest diurnal variation of O₃ is observed during summer. The concentrations of CO are highest during winter season, and higher concentrations are observed during nighttime compared to daytime. The O₃ and CO show negative correlation over Beijing and Delhi. The negative correlation between O₃ and NO₂ is merely observed over Beijing, while CO and NO₂ concentrations, in contrast, show positive correlation over Beijing.     

GIS-Based Emission Inventory, Dispersion Modeling, and Assessment for Source Contributions of Particulate Matter in an Urban Environment

The Industrial Source Complex Short Term (ISCST3) model was used to discern the sources responsible for high PM₁₀ levels in Kanpur City, a typical urban area in the Ganga basin, India. A systematic geographic information system-based emission inventory was developed for PM₁₀ in each of 85 grids of 2?×?2 km. The total emission of PM₁₀ was estimated at 11 t day^?1 with an overall breakup as follows: (a) industrial point sources, 2.9 t day^?1 (26%); (b) vehicles, 2.3 t day^?1 (21%); (c) domestic fuel burning, 2.1 t day^?1 (19%); (d) paved and unpaved road dust, 1.6 t day^?1 (15%); and the rest as other sources. To validate the ISCST3 model and to assess air-quality status, sampling was done in summer and winter at seven sampling sites for over 85 days; PM₁₀ levels were very high (89?C632 ??g m^?3). The results show that the model-predicted concentrations are in good agreement with observed values, and the model performance was found satisfactory. The validated model was run for each source on each day of sampling. The overall source contribution to ambient air pollution was as follows: vehicular traffic (16%), domestic fuel uses (16%), paved and unpaved road dust (14%), and industries (7%). Interestingly, the largest point source (coal-based power plant) did not contribute significantly to ambient air pollution. The reason might be due to release of pollutant at high stack height. The ISCST3 model was shown to produce source apportionment results like receptor modeling that could generate source apportionment results at any desired time and space resolution.     

An Integrated Assessment Model for Fine Particulate Matter in Europe

Exposure to fine particles in the ambient air is recognized as a significant threat to human health. Two pathways contribute to the particle burden in the atmosphere: Fine particles originate from primary emissions, and secondary organic and inorganic particles are formed from the gas phase from the emissions of 'conventional' pollutants such as SO₂, NO_x, VOC and NH₃. Both types of particulate matter can be transported over long distances in the atmosphere. An integrated assessment model for particulate matter developed at IIASA addresses the relative importance of the different types of particulates, distinguishing primary and secondary particles and two size fractions. The model projects these emissions into the future and seeks cost-effective strategies for reducing health risks to population. The model integrates the control of primary emissions of fine particles with strategies to reduce the precursor emissions for the secondary aerosols. Preliminary results addressing the PM_2.5 fraction of both primary and secondary particulate matter indicate that in Europe the exposure to particulates will be significantly reduced as a side effect of the emission controls for conventional air pollutants (SO₂, NO_x, NH₃).     

Granulometry of Non-colloidal Particulate Matter Transported by Urban Runoff

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - This study examined the granulometry of non-colloidal particulate matter (PM) from four urban transportation land use catchments (source areas) in Baton Rouge,...     

土壤中颗粒状有机质对重金属的吸附作用

为了解土壤颗粒状有机质(POM)对重金属富集机理,用室内分析方法研究了土壤POM对Cu、Cd、Co、Pb、Ni和Zn等6种常见重金属的吸附作用。研究表明,土壤中颗粒状有机质(POM)对重金属有较高的吸附潜力,吸附过程是一个快速反应,在100分钟内可接近平衡。POM对重金属的吸附强度随pH的变化而变化,在pH5￣7范围达到较高水平,pH<5和pH>8均可降低POM对这些重金属的吸附;POM对重金属的吸附明显高于相同粒径的矿物质,也高于或接近于细土(<0.053mm)。重金属元素共存时,POM对重金属的吸附强度由大而小顺次为Cu>Pb>Cd>Cr>Co>Zn>Ni。移去土壤颗粒态有机质将显著降低土壤对重金属的吸附,增加土壤重金属的淋失风险。POM对重金属的强吸附性能可能是土壤中POM重金属富集的主要机理之一。     

Physically-Based Particle Size Distribution Models of Urban Water Particulate Matter

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pretreatment on the phytotoxicity and leaching of nitrogen and phosphorus in biosolids from anaerobic...     

A Module to Calculate Primary Particulate Matter Emissions and Abatement Measures in Europe

Primary particulate matter is emitted directly into the atmosphere from various anthropogenic and natural sources such as power plants (combustion of fossil fuels) or forest fires. Secondary particles are formed by transformation of SO₂, NO_x, NH₃, and VOC in the atmosphere. They both contribute to ambient particulate matter concentrations, which may have adverse effects on human health. Health hazards are caused by small particulate size, high number of especially fine (< 2.5 µm) and ultra-fine (< 0.1 µm) particles and/or their chemical composition. As part of an integrated assessment model developed at IIASA, a module on primary particulate matter (PM) emissions has been added to the existing SO₂, NO_x, NH₃ and VOC sections. The module considers so far primary emissions of total suspended particles (TSP), PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 from aggregated stationary and mobile sources. A primary PM emission database has been established. Country specific emission factors for stationary sources have been calculated within the module using the ash content of solid fuels.     

Impact of Biomass Combustion on Urban Fine Particulate Matter in Central and Northern Europe

The distribution of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOn) and their derivatives of nonylphenol (NP) and nonylphenoxy ethoxy acetic acids (NPEnC) in the sediments of a relatively closed freshwater reservoir was investigated using sediment layers sliced from undisturbed sediment cores collected with a gravity core sampler at three sampling sites (St. 1, St. 2 and St. 3) along the water flow direction. The relationships between the bound content of these compounds and the sediment organic matter as well as the likely transformation pathways were evaluated. The total content of NPEOn (n?=?1–15) fell in 84.6–336.5, 59.9–135.5 and 77.0–623.4 μg/kg-dry for all sliced layers at St.1, St.2 and St.3, respectively, with the content of individual NPEOn species showing a general decreasing trend with the attached molar number of the ethoxy (EO) chain. Compared to each detected NPEOn species, the bound content of NP was much higher, falling in 73.2–248.4, 79.9–358.2 and 25.5–1,988.4 μg/kg-dry at St. 1, St. 2 and St. 3, respectively. A general increasing trend of the NP content along the water flow direction of the reservoir was revealed. NPEnC (n?=?1–10) varied in 1.93–4.12, 2.85–9.84 and 1.05–19.1 μg/kg-dry for sediment at the respective site of St. 1, St. 2 and St. 3, with the averaged values at these sites (2.91, 4.71 and 6.72 μg/kg-dry) showing an increasing trend from the upstream to the downstream. For NPEnC, a parametric trend of increases in the content of NPE₁C, NPE₂C and NPE₃C with the bound sediment organic matter (9.06–11.8%) seemed to be existent. Furthermore, the computed magnitudes of NPEO_1–2/NPEO_1–15, NP/NPEO_1–15 and NPEC_1–10/NPEO_1–15 suggested that non-oxidative hydrolytic transformation was probably prevailing within the sedimented mud phase of the reservoir, with the oxidative hydrolytic transformation pathway being less involved.     

Seasonal Fluxes of Particulate Matter in a Small Closed Lake in Northern Estonia

The seasonal fluxes of dry matter, spheroidal fly-ash particles and pollen were studied in a small mesotrophic lake in order to reveal the patterns of their spatial-temporal distribution in regard to seasonal variations. Sediment traps deployed in the lake at different depths and locationswere used to collect samples for calculating sediment fluxes in two years. The results show that resuspension of settled particles in the lake with a small dynamic ratio is moderate and depends on seasonal changes in thermal stratification. The rate of particle deposition during the summer stratification period was low. The weather conditions during early spring, such as air temperature and the thickness of snow-cover, influence the intensity of resuspension. Air temperature and cloudiness during the summer stratification period determine the rate of bioproduction and thermocline parameters, which also have a major effect on the seston composition and fluxes.     

西南地区紫色水稻土颗粒有机质的季节动态

以西南大学试验农场的紫色水稻土试验田为研究对象,探讨颗粒有机质的季节变化。结果表明,在油菜生长季内,颗粒态土质量分数呈现先升高后降低趋势,变化范围为27.38%～32.15%,具有明显的季节变化。颗粒有机碳(POC)与颗粒有机氮(PON)含量具有相同的季节变化趋势,为"U"字形,主要影响因子为TOC、TN及pH值。POC与PON分配比例的季节变化特征大体相似且均较明显,POC分配比例变化范围为24.96%～42.39%,平均值为35.73%,PON分配比例变化范围为17.19%～30.98%,平均值为22.59%。有机质的输入及其矿化分解是造成POC、PON含量及其分配比例变化的主要原因。生长季内POC/PON介于13.96～17.28之间,极显著高于全土碳氮比,表明颗粒有机质更容易被分解和转化。     

延庆县环京津风沙源区治理工程实施的经验与特点

延庆县自实施环京津风沙源区治理工程3年来,取得了丰硕成果。治理区林草覆盖率比治理前普遍提高了40%,土壤侵蚀模数平均下降65%,农业基础条件夯实了,生态环境得到了极大改善,营造了北京地区一流的人居环境。     

Seasonal Variations of Ten Metals in Highway Runoff and their Partition between Dissolved and Particulate Matter

Knowledge of differentiation of pollutants in urban runoff between dissolved and particulate matter is of great concern for a successful design of a water treatment process. Seasonal variations in pollutant load are of equal importance. Ten metals (Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn), as dissolved and particulate bound, was studied in the runoff from a major urban highway during a winter season and its following summer. Studded tyres and winter salting were expected to have an impact on the runoff water quality. The dissolved part of Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn and Ni was significantly higher in winter in comparison with summer (p?<?0.01). For Fe, however, the dissolved part was lower during winter. No significant difference was found for Cu, Pb and Zn between the two seasons. The mass concentration (mg kg^?1) for all metals was significantly higher over the summer except for Al and Co, which showed a higher mass concentration during the winter. The concentration of selected metals vs. total suspended solids (TSS) showed a linear relationship (r ²?>?0.95) during winter runoff events except for Cd. A good correlation (r ²?>?0.90) was also found for the summer period for Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn. It is suggested that the metal pollutant load during winter could be assessed indirectly by measurement of TSS.     

Rare Earth Elements and Other Metals in Atmospheric Particulate Matter in the Western Part of The Netherlands

Atmospheric particulate matter (APM) wascollected in Delft, in the western part of theNetherlands, on micro-quartz glass fibre filters fromJuly to September, 1997. The concentrations of rareearth elements (REE) and 9 other metals (Cd, Pb, Fe,V, Ti, Mg, Ca, Na and Al) in the APM were determinedby Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-AtomicEmission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The total REE(ΣREE) concentration, light-REE (LREE, includingSc, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm and Eu) concentration, andheavy-REE (HREE, including Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb,Lu and Y) concentrations were 0.22–33.0; 0.21–30.68;and 0.01–2.32 ng m^-3, respectively. The ratio ofLREE to HREE ranged from 6.37 to 33.58; the ratio ofLREE to ΣREE was 0.86–0.97, the average being 0.90; and the ratio of HREE to ΣREE was0.03–0.14, with an average of 0.1. The variation ofthe ratio of LREE to ΣREE and HREE to ΣREEwas small. The La to Ce, and La to Sm ratios variedconsiderably i.e. 0.5–4.38 and 4.33–71.42respectively. The variation in concentrations of REEand other metals observed was dependent upon the winddirection and consequently on prevailingmeteorological conditions and anthropogenic activity.     

湘西花垣河花垣镇地段水体污染特征及来源解析

为探究矿业经济发展背景下花垣河重污染地段水体污染特征及污染物来源,于2007年1月至2015年12月对湘西花垣河重污染地段狮子桥电站下游200m、川心城、教化码头、汇合口、龙科村下游500m及对照点兄弟河浮桥电站上游100m共6个点位水体中的Pb,Cd,Mn,Zn,Cr6+,高锰酸盐指数,氨氮,COD,BOD5的含量进行测定,并对监测值进行了相关性及主成分分析。结果表明:研究区水体主要以Mn、氨氮污染为主,Mn和氨氮在2007—2015年间最大监测值分别达到了2.561 9mg/L,2.539mg/L,9年来除氨氮、BOD5呈先降后升外,其他污染物监测值总体呈下降趋势;Pb—Zn,Mn—Cd,Cr—Cd,Cr—Mn,氨氮—高锰酸盐指数,COD—高锰酸盐指数,COD—氨氮之间具有显著正相关性(p0.01),COD—Zn,COD—Pb之间存显著负相关性(p0.01),高锰酸盐指数—Pb,氨氮—Pb之间具有显著负相关性(p0.05),BOD5—高锰酸盐指数,BOD5—氨氮之间存在显著正相关性(p0.05),说明以上污染物相互之间有较大影响;花垣河点位1—5之间具有显著正相关性(p0.01),说明各监测点位相互之间存在较大影响;主成分的主要影响因素为高锰酸盐指数,氨氮,COD,BOD5,Cd,Mn,Cr等的监测值,点位1—5污染程度排序为:点位5点位1点位2点位3点位4;污染成因分析结果表明,花垣河水体中存在无机污染和有机污染,周边企业废水和居民生活污水是花垣河水体污染的主要来源。     

Chemical Analyses after Consecutive Extraction of Inorganic Components in Suspended Particulate Matter in Bilbao (Spain)

An extraction procedure for determining the most important inorganic components in urban suspended particulate mattercollected in glass fiber filters has been used by treating thewhole sample, rather than treating one filter portion for eachanalysis. Certain blank filters have been treated following theproposed extraction procedure in order to ascertain the leachingproblems derived from the use of glass fiber filters for collecting the samples. In the acid extractable fraction, the main problem was that high amounts of Zn were leached from thefilters themselves which rendered impossible measurements of this metal in the samples. Many of the water soluble componentsrendered high values in the blank filter treatment, especiallySO₄ ^2-, Cl^-, Ca²⁺ and Na⁺. Consequently,the sample measurements have been carried out using, as blankreference, the external crowns of the filters used for collecting the samples. The extraction procedure has been validated by using one certified material.     

Adsorption of Microcystin LR and LW on Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) at Different pH

The occurrence of microcystins (MC) during aquatic blooms of cyanobacteria in eutrophicated freshwater body has increasingly become an environmental and health concern worldwide. An experimental study was conducted to investigate the adsorption of two common variants of microcystins, MCLR and MCLW, onto SPM at different pH values. The results showed that most microcystins spiked into an SPM solution with the concentration of 0.25g/l was adsorbed onto solids at pH3 (>95%) and 7 (>85%). At pH13, the proportion of adsorbed microcystin decreased to 8–29% for MCLR and 38–47% for MCLW. The adsorption of MCLR and MCLW onto SPM fitted well with S type of Freundlich isotherm except for pH3 at which L type of Freundlich isotherm was suitable for MCLW. At pH3 and 7, linear isotherm was also able to describe the adsorption of MCLR and MCLW. The adsorption of MCLR and MCLW decreased significantly with the elevated pH, which is consistent with the pH-dependent hydrophobicity.     

Conservation Tillage,Rotations, and Cover Crop Affecting Soil Quality in the Tennessee Valley: Particulate Organic Matter,Organic Matter,and Microbial Biomass

Abstract

The impact of conservation tillage, crop rotation, and cover cropping on soil‐quality indicators was evaluated in a long‐term experiment for cotton. Compared to conventional‐tillage cotton, other treatments had 3.4 to 7.7 Mg ha^?1 more carbon (C) over all soil depths. The particulate organic matter C (POMc) accounts for 29 to 48 and 16 to 22% of soil organic C (SOC) for the 0‐ to 3‐and 3‐ to 6‐cm depths, respectively. Tillage had a strongth influence on POMc within the 0‐ to 3‐cm depth, but cropping intensity and cover crop did not affect POMc. A large stratification for microbial biomass was observed varing from 221 to 434 and 63 to 110 mg kg^?1 within depth of 0–3 and 12–24 cm respectively. The microbial biomass is a more sensitive indicator (compared to SOC) of management impacts, showing clear effect of tillage, rotation, and cropping intensity. The no‐tillage cotton double‐cropped wheat/soybean system that combined high cropping intensity and crop rotation provided the best soil quality.     

Source Identification of Rural Precipitation Chemistry in Japan

Precipitation chemistry was discussed from the viewpoint of potential sources for four rural sites where wet-only daily-basis measurement data sets were available during the period from April 1996 to March 1997 in Japan. Annual volume-weighted mean concentrations of nss-SO₄ ^2? and NO₃ ^? ranged from 18.0 to 34.6 µeq L^?1, and from 9.3 to 23.1 µeq L^?1, respectively. The degree of neutralization of input acidity in terms of the concentration ratio, [H⁺] / ([nss-SO₄ ^2?] + [NO₃ ^?]), ranged from 0.46 to 0.63. This suggests that about half of the input acidity due to H₂SO₄ and HNO₃ was neutralized by NH₄ ⁺ and nss-Ca²⁺ to produce the pH values of 4.46 to 4.82 for these sites. Maximum likelihood factor analysis was then performed on the logarithmically transformed daily wet deposition of major ions. Two factors successfully explained a total of about 80% of the variance in the data for each site. Interpreting varimax rotated factor loadings, we could identify two source types: (1) acid source with large loadings on ln(H⁺), ln(nss-SO₄ ^2?), ln(NO₃ ^?) and ln(NH₄ ⁺), (2) sea-salt source with large loadings on ln(Na⁺), ln(Cl^?), ln(Mg²⁺) and ln(K⁺). The rural wet deposition over Japan appears to have a similar structure in terms of the kinds of sources and their relative location.