中耕深松节水技术研究

为了解决辽宁省西北地区春播时期干旱缺水导致墒情不够无法播种和出苗难的问题,在长期田间种植试验和调研的基础上,研制了1HS-2型中耕深松机。对深松机进行了田间性能试验,结果表明,该机结构合理,深松深度等性能指标符合农艺要求。2005和2006年,分别应用研制的中耕深松机在辽宁省阜新地区进行中耕深松试验,深松深度为20～25cm。在玉米收获期对深松后的土壤和未深松土壤的物理性质进行测试分析,测试结果证明:深松与未深松(CK)相比,耕层土壤含水量显著增加,土壤容重显著降低。     

长期保护性耕作对冬小麦氮素积累和转运的影响

基于长期定位耕作试验(2006—2016年),探讨长期传统翻耕、免耕和深松耕作对冬小麦关键生育期0~100 cm土层土壤含水率的影响,分析长期免耕和深松耕作下冬小麦植株氮素积累和转运的特性。试验结果表明:长期免耕和深松耕作较传统翻耕均不同程度提高了0~100 cm土层土壤含水率,但在较干旱年份,不同生育期免耕蓄水保墒效果优于深松耕作。从冬小麦扬花期到成熟期,无论何种耕作方式氮素在茎和叶中的分配比例逐渐减小,在穗中的分配比例逐渐增大。扬花期,与传统翻耕相比,连续2 a免耕分别提高茎、叶和穗的平均氮素积累量44.3%、80.5%和70.9%,而连续2 a深松耕作未呈现显著变化;成熟期,连续2 a免耕和深松耕作较传统翻耕均显著降低了茎的平均氮素积累量,增加了籽粒的平均氮素积累量(P0.05),且免耕优于深松耕作。此外,与传统耕作相比,免耕显著提高冬小麦植株营养器官氮素转运量、转移率和营养器官对籽粒的贡献率(P0.05),而深松耕作仅在较干旱年份未明显提高冬小麦植株营养器官转运量和对籽粒的贡献率。综上,长期深松耕作并不能持续促进冬小麦植株氮素积累与转运,对于干旱少雨年份免耕优于深松耕作。     

耕作方式对砖红壤物理特性和含水率的影响

对横直深松、深松-浅耕和深耕3种不同耕作方式对砖红壤的孔隙度、圆锥指数、干密度和含水率的影响进行了试验研究,试验结果表明,横直深松更有利于提高砖红壤的孔隙度,增加土壤的透气性,降低土壤的圆锥指数,横直深松和深松-浅耕都能使土壤密度显著下降。数理统计分析表明,深松-浅耕、横直深松和深耕对含水率的影响有显著差异。深松能显著改善土壤的物理性质,有利于提高砖红壤的保水能力,是合理的耕作模式。     

保护性耕作条件下深松技术的国内外发展现状

近年来,土地过度开垦致使土地沙漠化、干旱等自然灾害问题越来越严重,因此提出了基于保护性耕作的深松技术。以深松技术代替铧式犁翻耕,是利用深松机具的部件在土壤不被翻转条件下疏松土壤、打破坚硬犁底层、加深耕作土层,以此来调节土壤3相(固、液、气态)比,改善土壤内部结构,降低土壤被侵蚀度,提高土壤蓄水保墒的能力,达到高产、少耕、环保的目的,促进农业的可持续发展。为此,主要介绍了基于保护性耕作深松技术在国内外发展现状,旨在为保护性耕作和深松机械的制造和发展提供一定的依据。     

1HS-1.2中耕深松机对土壤含水量影响的试验研究

土壤中的水分是农作物赖以生存的重要基础条件之一。中耕深松属于机械化旱作农业节水技术,在干旱地区或季节,中耕深松可切断表土毛细管,减少水分蒸发,减轻土壤干旱程度,同时可消灭杂草,防止水分和养料的消耗,是保护性耕作技术的基本要点之一。为此,论述了中耕深松技术在农业生产中蓄水保墒的作用,指出了1HS-1.2中耕深松机械的推广前景。     

机械深松的益处

1.可有效地打破长期以来犁耕或灭茬所形成的坚硬犁底层,有效地提高土壤的透水、透气性能,深松后的土壤体积密度为12~13g/cm3,恰好适宜作物生长发育,有利于作物根系深扎。机械深松深度可达35-50cm,这是用其它耕作方法所根本达不到的深度。2.机械深松作业可极大地提高土壤蓄积雨水和雪水能力,在干旱季节又能自心土层提墒,提高耕作层的蓄水量。一般来讲,深松作业地块较未深松地块可多蓄水11~22m3/亩,且土壤渗水速率提高     

振动深松耕作对不同类型土壤水分特征曲线影响研究

为了探讨振动深松耕作措施对不同类型土壤的水分特征曲线的影响,利用吸力平板仪和压力膜仪对黑龙江省5种典型土壤,即黑土、黑钙土、水稻土、苏打盐碱土、沙土进行了测定。得到振动深松区和对照区的原状土壤在脱湿过程中不同吸力下的土壤含水率,并利用van Genuchten数学模型对5种土壤的水分特征曲线的实测值进行数值拟合,对比研究了5种土壤水分特征曲线及模型拟合参数、土壤当量孔径、土壤水分有效性及比水容量的变化。结果表明,振动深松前后土壤水分特征曲线差异显著。同一吸力下,深松区土壤含水率高于对照区,振动深松显著提高了土壤的有效供水能力,其中效果最佳的是苏打盐碱土和黑土。振动深松通过改善土壤结构,调整了孔隙孔径的比例,进而提高了土体的有效供水能力。     

深松处理对豫北农田土壤水分与作物耗水的影响

为探索豫北潮土区冬小麦-夏玉米周年复种连作合理的深松技术指标,于2017—2018年在河南省获嘉县冬小麦播种前进行深松田间试验。采用2种深松机具(T,传统深松机; A,深松+施肥一体机),在传统深松机(T)上设置3个深松深度(D1,30 cm; D2,35 cm; D3,40 cm)和深松+施肥一体机(A)上设置1个深松深度(D2,35 cm),同时以常规旋耕(CK,平均耕作深度为15 cm)为对照,通过测定土壤容重、作物生育期内不同时间段的土壤含水率以及作物收获后的产量和产量性状,分析各深松处理对作物产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,深松方式能够改变土壤容重,显著降低豫北农田10～30 cm土层的土壤容重。不同深松处理可以显著影响土壤含水率,增加田间蓄水能力,周年0～100 cm土层贮水量两季作物不同处理由大到小依次为TD2、TD1、TD3、AD2、CK,且各处理较旋耕对照依次分别显著增加34. 9%、28. 9%、28. 5%、27. 0%(p 0. 05)。深松处理还可以显著增加作物的穗数和穗粒数,提高作物产量,各处理两季产量较旋耕对照平均增加8. 3%,且冬小麦的增产效应大于夏玉米。同时,深松还能较大幅度地提高冬小麦-夏玉米复种体系作物的水分利用效率,深松处理两季较旋耕对照平均提高12. 4%,并显著降低了作物的耗水量和耗水强度,其中以传统深松机深松40 cm处理的效果最优。因此,在冬小麦播种前深松,有利于土壤耕层合理构建,并提高作物产量和水分利用效率,对以旱作冬小麦-夏玉米复种体系为主的豫北地区有很高的推广价值。     

振动深松铲土壤切削有限元模拟分析——基于ANSYS/LS_DYNA

为了分析振动式深松机在耕作过程中深松铲与土壤之间的相互作用关系,首先研究了国内外采用有限元分析方法研究土壤切削问题的工作进展情况。为揭示振动深松减阻本质,借助ANSYS/LS-DYNA971软件,构建了深松铲和土壤的有限元仿真模型,并选用MAT_FHWA_SOIL和线弹材料分别作为土壤和深松铲的材料模型。将UG中的运动仿真数据作为深松铲载荷数据,通过Excel文件导入,对深松铲切削土壤的工作工程进行模拟,得出了深松铲切削土壤过程功耗的变化和深松铲在工作过程的等效应力(von Mises stress)情况,为深松铲结构参数的优化提供了依据。     

土壤深松部件松土机理的分析

土壤深松技术不同于土壤传统的耕作法—铧式犁耕法,是少耕法的一种。为此,通过分析3种不同的深松部件对土壤的作用过程,提出了它们的松土机理,并进行了比较分析研究。研究结果表明:全方位深松部件与斜柱犁在不同程度上实现了利用拉伸应力松碎土壤。尤其是全方位深松部件松土范围大,深松效果好,耕作比阻小,是深松作业的首选机型。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。