福建淡水鱼类资源的保护和增殖

有关福建鱼类区系的研究，已有百余年的历史，国内外鱼类学者有过不少的报道．但对福建淡水鱼类资源的保护和增殖等的研究，尚未见有专门的论述。目前内陆水产资源已遭受严重破坏，经济鱼类资源遭受的破坏较难恢复，如不采取断然措施，势必造成难以扭转的恶性循环，终将导致资源枯竭。为此，笔者根据1975--1979年参加对全省各江河鱼类的调查和渔业区划期间调查的材料，并参考有关文献资料，试图就福建淡水鱼类资源的保护和增殖措施作一初步的探讨，供有关部门参考．     

广丰县鱼类资源现状及保护对策

广丰县位于赣浙闽三省交界处,全县国土总面积1377.79平方公里,有大小河流十五条.其中主干流丰溪河起源于福建省武夷山脉,最终汇人信江,全长117千米,流域面积24.72平方公里,本流域为亚热带季风气候区.气候温热,四季分明,光照充足,雨量充沛.天然鱼类资源丰富,据记载共有90种鱼类,其中鲤科鱼类最多有57种,占总数的63.33%.现存66种,已采集到的标本有49种.近年来由于拦河建坝,截断鱼类洄游通道,加上酷渔滥捕和化肥、农药的大量施放以及工矿企业排放的污水,造成鱼类生境恶化,部分鱼类已消失,如鲢鱼、鳍鱼等.为尽快保护、增殖本流域鱼类资源,维护渔业生态平衡,近年来对全县天然鱼类资源进行全面详细调查,同时对流域内渔业存在的问题进行研究分析,提出合理的保护对策,这对维护生态平衡,促进渔业生产健康、快速发展具有十分重要的意义.     

浅析中国淡水濒危鱼类濒危原因及保护措施

<正>物种的产生、发展、衰退和消亡的过程是生物进化的自然规律。物种形成和灭绝的历史进程相当长,形成与灭绝的速率在很长的历史时期中几乎相等,因此物种间也长期维持着一种近乎平衡的自然状态。自从产生了人类社会,在人类生活和生产的直接影响下,生物多样性的格局或多或少被改变和破坏。特别是近百余年,随着生产力的发展,生物因受到人类活动的频繁干扰而加速了灭绝的速度,这种状况仍在持续。     

青海省黄河珍稀濒危鱼类及保护对策

青海黄河土著鱼类有22种,有的种类正处在兴盛时期,数量很多,具有很高的经济价值;有的种群极盛期已经过去或本来种群数量就不大,目前已成为稀有种类,在渔业生产上意义不大;有的数量虽然稀少,但有潜在的经济价值或生物学上具有特殊的意义,亟待采取保护或增殖措施,以维持种群的繁衍。当前保护和拯救黄河上游濒危鱼类的任务十分紧迫。在调查、收集和分析致危成因的基础上提出相应措施。     

广东省淡水名优鱼类养殖现状及其发展前景

本文就广东省近年来移植和引进国内外养殖品种,开展名优鱼类养殖的发展现状,着重叙述广东发展名优鱼类养殖的特点,及存在问题,提出今后发展名优鱼类养殖相应的对策,指出广东今后发展名优鱼类具有巨大潜力和光辉前景。     

全区淡水鱼类资源调查基本完成并发现二新种

水产研究所资源捕捞组与中国科学院北京动物研究所脊椎动物研究室鱼类组．共同协作于1974-1976年对广西淡水鱼类资源进行了调查。调查目的：一是为广西淡水渔业引种驯化提供基础资料；二是编写《广西淡水鱼类志》。     

我国濒危淡水鱼类的保护

我国淡水鱼类８００多种，近十年因受自然环境破坏和人为的过度开发等影响，造成部分种类濒危。本文在调查淡水鱼类致危原因的基础上，针对濒危现状提出保护水域自然环境、合理捕捞、开展濒危鱼类保护生物学研究、建立自然保护区、坚持合理引种、开展人工繁殖和放流、完善法律机制、加强渔政管理以及加强国际合作等８项措施。     

淡水渔业环境现状及保护对策

概述了我国淡水渔业水域生态环境现状 :我国七大江河中劣五类水质占 4 4 %,流经城市的河段90 %以上遭受严重污染。在江河上修建大坝切断了多种鱼类的洄游路线。近年来 ,江河鱼类产卵场、索饵场、洄游通道及鱼类自然保护区的生态环境有逐步恶化的趋势。目前我国有 75 %的湖泊富营养化加剧。部分湖泊、水库由于“三网”养鱼的密度大 ,产生了较严重的渔业自身污染。由于投饲、施药量逐年加大 ,池塘养殖环境日益恶化 ,每年发生鱼病的池塘面积占养殖总面积的 2 0 %以上。提出了保护淡水渔业环境的对策 :①减少养殖面积 ,控制渔业自身污染。②大力发展保水渔业。③把渔业环保法规落到实处。     

东昌湖鱼类资源现状及保护对策

2002年至2003年4次调查东昌湖鱼类,共采集标本500余尾,鉴定为53种,分别隶属于6目13科39属。该湖鱼类种类数较10年前有所减少,且种类趋向单一化。通过对鱼类种群衰退因素的分析,提出加强宣传和管理力度、加强水质的检测和管理、制定合理捕捞制度、开展鱼类资源的调查以及合理引入外来种等对策。     

Fishing for conservation of freshwater tropical fishes in the Anthropocene

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Assessing conservation priorities of endemic freshwater fishes in the Tropical Andes region

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Issues for the conservation and management of Falkland Islands freshwater fishes

• 1. The Falkland Islands, in the cool‐temperate south‐western Atlantic Ocean, have an impoverished freshwater fish fauna, with only two indigenous species certainly present there: the Falklands minnow, Galaxias maculatus, and the zebra trout, Aplochiton zebra. Additional species whose presence there is uncertain are the southern pouched lamprey, Geotria australis, and the Patagonian puyen, Galaxias platei. Brown trout, Salmo trutta, were introduced in the mid‐20th century, and sea‐migratory (diadromous) populations are widespread.
• 2. Distributions of zebra trout and brown trout, particularly, are complementary, suggesting that brown trout are having detrimental impacts on zebra trout. Zebra trout have suffered massive decline over the past few decades and remain largely in restricted areas that brown trout have not yet invaded.
• 3. Owing to their sea‐migratory habits, it can be expected that brown trout will eventually invade all significant streams on the Falkland Islands. This raises issues of serious concern since zebra trout are also probably sea‐migratory, and therefore need access to and from the sea to complete their life cycles. Therefore, any streams accessible to zebra trout are potentially accessible also to brown trout, raising the spectre that eventually brown trout will invade all the streams where zebra trout persist.
• 4. The existence of landlocked populations of zebra trout provides some form of protection from brown trout invasion, though a landlocked stock does not represent the full behavioural and genetic diversity of zebra trout in Falkland's waters, and must be regarded as a last resort means for conservation.

Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Enhancing conservation of Australian freshwater ecosystems: identification of freshwater flagship fishes and relevant target audiences

Flagship species, especially mammals and birds, are commonly used to increase awareness of conservation issues in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. However, flagship species oriented programs are often ad hoc with initiatives scarce in the freshwater context. Here, we aim to identify potential flagship candidates that would appeal to a broad cross section of society at a continental scale where freshwater ecosystems are under threat from human impacts. We identified 19 species from a list of 299 Australian freshwater fishes on the basis of body size, trophic guild and threatened species status assuming these characteristics of flagship species are transferable from previous work on terrestrial flagship species. We considered the potential of species to be of international appeal but focused mostly on eight relevant interest groups within Australia. This followed the rationale that public engagement with conservation issues in freshwater systems might be more effective if the link between fish species and the decisions people make were better understood, and we acknowledge the diverging interests of stakeholders. This scoping work contributes towards addressing the challenges of connecting societies to the principles of sharing water resources with ecosystems, and represents the first continental‐scale assessment of its kind.     

十三种淡水养殖鱼类的DNA含量

通过流式细胞仪测定了青鱼等十三种我国主要淡水养殖鱼类外周血红铁ＤＮＡ含量。其中青鱼、草鱼、鲢和鳙的ＤＮＡ含量比较接近，其２Ｃ值 ２．２０、２．１８、２．１８、２．１５ｐｇ，四种鱼相比较，差异不显著。     

基于稳定同位素方法分析东海中北部及黄海南部春季主要鱼类的食性特征

根据2010年春季东海中北部和黄海南部底拖网渔业资源调查样品,利用稳定同位素分析方法对该海域内主要鱼类的营养生态学特征进行研究。结果显示,海域内主要鱼类的δ13C比值具有显著的空间差异;调查鱼类主要摄食类型偏底层生物,浮游生物食性类型较少,海域中鱼类的食性类型存在一定空间差别;食源贡献率分析表明,2010年春季小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)的饵料生物组成中,头足类如神户枪乌贼(Loligo kobiensis)是其优势食源贡献者(56.1%),甲壳类如凹管鞭虾(Solenocera koelbeli)也是其重要的食物来源(28.3%)。本研究结果证实了稳定同位素方法在鱼类食性分析应用中的可行性,也为海洋鱼类的营养生态动力学研究提供了一定的参考依据。     

New coccidians from freshwater fishes of Australia

Abstract. During a survey for coccidian infections of 135 Australian freshwater fish belonging to 14 species, two new Eimeria species, E. philypnodoni sp. nov. from Philypnodon grandiceps and E. ashburneri sp. nov. from Macquaria ambigua , and three new Goussia species, G. langdoni sp. nov, from Macquaria ambigua, G. callinani sp, nov. from Hypseteotris compressa and G. lomi sp. nov. from Maccullochella peeli , were found. Epieimeria anguillae and a Goussia sp. from Anguilla australis and A. reinhardti were recorded. These are the first records of coccidia from Australian fishes.     

Progress and challenges in freshwater conservation planning

• 1. Freshwater ecosystems and their associated biota are among the most endangered in the world. This, combined with escalating human pressure on water resources, demands that urgent measures be taken to conserve freshwater ecosystems and the services they provide. Systematic conservation planning provides a strategic and scientifically defensible framework for doing this.
• 2. Pioneered in the terrestrial realm, there has been some scepticism associated with the applicability of systematic approaches to freshwater conservation planning. Recent studies, however, indicate that it is possible to apply overarching systematic conservation planning goals to the freshwater realm although the specific methods for achieving these will differ, particularly in relation to the strong connectivity inherent to most freshwater systems.
• 3. Progress has been made in establishing surrogates that depict freshwater biodiversity and ecological integrity, developing complementarity‐based algorithms that incorporate directional connectivity, and designing freshwater conservation area networks that take cognizance of both connectivity and implementation practicalities.
• 4. Key research priorities include increased impetus on planning for non‐riverine freshwater systems; evaluating the effectiveness of freshwater biodiversity surrogates; establishing scientifically defensible conservation targets; developing complementarity‐based algorithms that simultaneously consider connectivity issues for both lentic and lotic water bodies; developing integrated conservation plans across freshwater, terrestrial and marine realms; incorporating uncertainty and dynamic threats into freshwater conservation planning; collection and collation of scale‐appropriate primary data; and building an evidence‐base to support improved implementation of freshwater conservation plans.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南美白对虾养殖技术之一南方南美白对虾的淡水养殖试验

为了探索南美白对虾在浙江省温岭市进行淡水养殖的可行性，２００１年５月份～７月份，浙江省温岭市水产技术推广站在试验点放养南美白对虾苗种３５５万尾，经过４个月的试养，测产验收后平均亩产达到１５３．５４kg。现将试验的有关情况报告如下。一、材料和方法１．试验条件试验点分布在新街、牧屿、东浦、岙环四个镇。其中新街点共４口池塘，面积为７０亩，该地区水域环境较好，养殖设施齐全，配有增氧机，池塘水深１．３m～１．５m。牧屿点面积１０亩，建在低洼沉陷地上，池深１．５m左右，靠近大港，水域环境优越，配有增氧机。东浦和…