肉牛去势技术研究进展

肉牛生产中采用去势技术可以方便管理并提高牛肉品质。近年来随着对高档牛肉的旺盛需求和对动物福利的日趋重视,去势技术得到了广泛深入的研究和应用。本文就肉牛去势相关的行为、生理、内分泌、生产性能、基因和蛋白表达等方面的研究展开综述,以期为提高我国肉牛福利和生产水平提供参考。     

哺乳动物受精前性别控制研究进展

动物性别控制技术是对动物的正常生殖过程进行人为干预，使成年雌性动物生产出人们所期望性别的后代。应用性控技术不仅可以提高家畜的生产性能，还可避免人工去势提升动物福利，同时单一性别家畜饲料的使用可以节约成本。本文介绍了哺乳动物受精前以分离X/Y精子为主的性控技术及其在畜禽上的应用，为揭示性别产生的调控机理、性控技术在生产中更高效地应用提供参考。     

福利养殖的必要性及其在养猪生产中的应用

随着畜牧业的发展,人们对动物福利的认识不断加深,逐渐意识到福利养殖在畜禽养殖中的必要性。研究发现动物福利养殖是国际贸易的需要、改善动物源性产品的需要、提高畜禽生产性能的需要、畜禽健康的需要以及科学研究的需要。文章就福利养殖的必要性及其在养猪生产中的应用加以综述,旨在阐明福利养殖对养猪生产的促进作用。     

家畜生态与动物福利在生产中的应用

近些年,畜禽养殖业以牺牲动物福利换来了生产效率的极大提高[1],福利恶化对生产的负面作用越来越引起研究者的关注。随着人类文明的发展,人们逐渐意识到家畜生态与动物福利的重要性。研究发现改善动物福利对降低应激水平,增强动物机体免疫机能,满足动物行为需求,提高生产性能和繁殖性能,及提高动物产品品质等方面起着重要作用。本文分别介绍了家畜生态与动物福利在猪、鸡、牛、羊等生产养殖中的应用。     

实施畜禽福利养殖的必要性及措施

动物福利养殖不仅关系到人们的健康,也严重影响着我国畜禽养殖业的发展。近年来,随着我国畜产品在对外贸易中屡次遭受动物福利壁垒,福利养殖开始受到人们的广泛关注。文章围绕动物福利,集中阐述了畜禽在生产过程中的福利措施,并在此基础上对未来畜牧业的发展提出了展望。     

现代养猪生产中的福利问题

世界畜牧业水平不断提高,人们生活水平不断改善,生产高品质畜禽产品成为世界的共同目标。经过多年的研究和生产实践发现,满足动物所需的各种条件,改善动物的福利状况有利于提高畜禽产品品质。随着人道主义向畜牧业渗透,人们开始逐渐重视动物的福利,关于动物福利的研究也逐步展开。本文主要探讨现代化养猪生产中的福利问题及相应的对策。1动物福利的定义、评价及描述动物福利是一个复杂的概念,受多种因素影响。一般定义为动物的生活质量要与动物康乐相对应,使动物的身体及心理与环境相协调。动物福利科学涉及动物行为学、解剖学、神经生理学…     

动物福利的基本要求和重要意义

动物福利的理念是追求动物与自然的和谐,主张一切生命的互动平衡.对动物福利的重视,不仅是为了让动物生活舒适 ,确保家畜享有动物福利,同时也能提高畜禽的生产性能和经济效益.在规模化、集约化的生产方式中,重视动物福利对提高家畜的健康和生产性能有着重要作用,是降低规模化、集约化风险和影响的重要途径.目前,越来越多的发达国家已将动物福利与国际贸易紧密挂钩,动物福利潜在的贸易壁垒不可小视.因此,我们应当更新观念,重视动物福利问题.     

动物福利与生产力之间的关系

近些年,畜禽养殖业以牺牲动物福利换来了生产效率的极大提高[1].福利恶化对生产的负面作用也越来越引起研究者的关注.研究发现改善动物福利对降低应激水平,增强动物机体免疫机能,满足动物行为需求,提高生产性能和繁殖性能,及提高动物产品品质等方面起着重要作用.本文从以上几个方面探讨了动物福利与生产力之间的关系.     

动物福利与生产力之间的关系

近些年，畜禽养殖业以牺牲动物福利换来了生产效率的极大提高。福利恶化对生产的负面作用也越来越引起研究者的关注。研究发现改善动物福利对降低应激水平，增强动物机体免疫机能，满足动物行为需求，提高生产性能和繁殖性能，及提高动物产品品质等方面起着重要作用。本文从以上几个方面探讨了动物福利与生产力之间的关系。     

生物活性肽在畜禽生产中应用进展

生物活性肽是由20个氨基酸以不同方式形成的肽类总称，对生物体有促进营养吸收与代谢、抗菌、抗氧化、抗病毒、提高机体免疫力等作用，在畜禽生产中能够优化动物福利、改善饲料利用率、提高畜禽生产力，具有广阔的研究及应用前景。本文旨在总结畜禽生产中常见的生物活性肽，对其结构功能进行概述，系统阐释各类活性肽的功能型调节机制，探究不同活性肽对畜禽生产的作用，以期为畜禽生产中活性肽的应用提供理论依据。     

Animal welfare provision for land-based livestock industries in Australia

The land-based livestock industries in Australia face particular challenges in assuring high animal welfare standards due to large land areas and stock numbers, climatic extremes and relatively low inputs in terms of manpower and infrastructure. These factors make a major contribution to welfare issues associated with nutrition, health, mustering and handling, and transportation. In addition, welfare is seriously compromised by the invasive procedures that are conducted on livestock, such as castration, dehorning, mulesing and tail-docking. At least partial solutions to welfare issues associated with nutrition, health, mustering and handling are available now and should be universally adopted. There are potential solutions available for castration and dehorning, which require some further research and development. Genetic technologies can also provide a solution for dehorning, mulesing and tail-docking. Inevitably, all livestock experience transportation, and research and development is required to determine optimal practices for Australian conditions in order to minimise the negative impacts on animal welfare.     

家畜免疫去势研究进展

传统的手术去势技术正受到动物福利和规模化标准化畜牧生产需求的挑战,作为手术去势的优势替代方法,免疫去势能够很好地阻滞睾丸发育,控制性行为,避免手术带来的痛苦。免疫去势是采用免疫学方法破坏下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴的激素平衡,通过降低促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）、黄体生成素（LH）和卵泡刺激素（FSH）的水平,进而使性腺激素水平降低,最终抑制性腺功能,达到去势的目的。免疫去势分为激素免疫去势和基因免疫去势,其靶标经历了下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴自下而上的筛选,依次为睾酮、LH、FSH、GnRH、吻素-1（KISS-1）,其中位于下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴上游的GnRH激素、GnRH和KISS-1基因3种靶标去势效果较好。免疫去势效果及机制的相关研究表明,免疫去势具有改善生产性能、安全和可逆的特点,但其可逆性机制还不清楚。去势导致肾上腺发挥代偿作用,但目前免疫去势的肾上腺代偿研究鲜见报道。文章首先介绍了几种靶标的免疫去势机制,其次对免疫去势的特点和应用进行了讨论,旨在为推动免疫去势技术在动物生产繁殖领域的应用提供理论依据。     

白藜芦醇的生物学功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用

白藜芦醇是一种天然多酚类化合物,存在于多种植物中。近年来,白藜芦醇因具有多种有益生物学功能,得到了人们的广泛关注,将其作为一种新型的饲料添加剂应用于畜禽生产已见报道。本文综述了白藜芦醇的抗氧化、抗炎症、抗肥胖功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用现状,旨在为白藜芦醇在畜禽生产中的合理应用提供依据。     

蒙古族草原游牧文化（Ⅳ）——蒙古族的游牧管理技术

通过查阅资料和调查,总结了蒙古族草原畜牧业生产技术。蒙古族在畜牧业生产时对牲畜的种畜选育、选种选配、抓膘保膘、接羔育羔、剪毛收绒,种畜去势,大畜调驯、烙印标记、防灾保畜等诸方面都有一套完整有序的饲养管理办法。     

畜产品兽药残留及改进措施

畜禽养殖产业的快速发展也导致养殖中的疾病问题开始逐渐凸显,防治畜禽养殖中疾病兽药的使用量也不断提高,兽药的不规范使用易导致残留的情况,对于畜产品中兽药的残留问题受到广泛的关注。畜产品中兽药的残留会影响畜产品的质量,对消费者的机体健康带来负面影响,同时部分兽药的残留会导致生态环境的污染,进而影响人类健康。该文对畜禽养殖中畜产品兽药残留出现的原因,造成的危害及改进和防控措施进行论述。     

Factors affecting the livestock herd size among smallholder households in Zambia

Structural changes in the economic and demographic landscapes in the developing countries create a host of opportunities for smallholder livestock producers to tap into the economic growth from which they have largely been excluded. However, small livestock herd sizes limit the opportunities available to farmers to commercialize and benefit from the growing demand for livestock and livestock products. Therefore, understanding what it takes to build and maintain the herd size is a critical step in addressing the problem of low market participation. The study used five cross-sectional nationally representative data sets to arrive at the following conclusions. While purchases are a primary source for the initial stock, births are the principal way of increasing the herd size. Livestock deaths as reflected by high mortality rates are the major outflow channel through which livestock leaves the herd, and reducing the mortality rates has a positive effect on the livestock population as evidenced within the cattle sub-sector. Thus, provision of adequate animal health services is key to addressing the high mortality rates which subsequently can lead to increased herd size. As births are the primary means of increasing the herd size, it is necessary to implement interventions that address the reproduction rates. The interventions include adequate feeding of livestock on high-quality feed and strategic feeding to address the dry season challenges. These interventions can facilitate the growth of the young livestock into mature breeding stock and thus increase the herd size.     

Plasma concentrations of substance P and cortisol in beef calves after castration or simulated castration

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate plasma concentrations of substance P (SP) and cortisol in calves after castration or simulated castration. ANIMALS: 10 Angus-crossbred calves. PROCEDURES: Calves were acclimated for 5 days, assigned to a block on the basis of scrotal circumference, and randomly assigned to a castrated or simulated-castrated (control) group. Blood samples were collected twice before, at the time of (0 hours), and at several times points after castration or simulated castration. Vocalization and attitude scores were determined at time of castration or simulated castration. Plasma concentrations of SP and cortisol were determined by use of competitive and chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassays, respectively. Data were analyzed by use of repeated-measures analysis with a mixed model. RESULTS: Mean +/- SEM cortisol concentration in castrated calves (78.88+/-10.07 nmol/L) was similar to that in uncastrated control calves (73.01+/-10.07 nmol/L). However, mean SP concentration in castrated calves (506.43+/-38.11 pg/mL) was significantly higher than the concentration in control calves (386.42+/-40.09 pg/mL). Mean cortisol concentration in calves with vocalization scores of 0 was not significantly different from the concentration in calves with vocalization scores of 3. However, calves with vocalization scores of 3 had significantly higher SP concentrations, compared with SP concentrations for calves with vocalization scores of 0. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Similar cortisol concentrations were measured in castrated and control calves. A significant increase in plasma concentrations of SP after castration suggested a likely association with nociception. These results may affect assessment of animal well-being in livestock production systems.     

Challenges and opportunities to livestock breeding programmes in India

Animal breeding in India has a long and chequered history. High pressure on agricultural land and increasing human population opened a new opportunity for the livestock and poultry sector as a promising food industry. Productivity of livestock in India is low due to less coverage of livestock under structured breeding programmes, inadequate nutrition and its entanglement with several socio‐economic issues. A bottom‐up approach to breeding policy formulation addressing local needs is required with assured flow of investments. Cattle slaughter is banned in India; hence, a legal policy to curb widespread indiscriminate mating is required which may incur substantial financial and infrastructural burdens for castration of stray males and strengthening of cow rehabilitation centres. Genetic evaluation of indigenous cattle with progeny testing (PT) requires substantial financial support, without affecting the already existing PT for exotic cattle breeds used in the local cross‐breeding programmes and PT of new genotypes obtained from crosses of exotic and local breeds of cattle and for purebred buffaloes. Small ruminants need special attention due to their socio‐economic importance in rural and often highly disadvantaged communities and because they are the second most important meat‐producing species after poultry. Genetic improvement of small ruminants should be accompanied by attention to shrinking grazing resources which would require strong political will together with financial support. The outreach of breeding programmes for small ruminants is currently limited; there is also a lack of linkage between the market and producers that discourages farmers from adopting clear breeding objectives like improvement in growth rate, as animals are seldom sold on weight basis. Apart from government agencies, involvement of private sector, non‐government organizations, local co‐operatives, self‐help groups and self‐sustainable community‐based breeding programmes can strengthen market linkages. Strengthening of the existing infrastructure along with technical input and skilled manpower is essential for achieving the breeding objectives.     

草原生态载畜量测算核定方法研究

合理确定草地载畜量对有效保护草地资源并高效利用有重要的指导意义,传统方法计算的载畜量只表明了核定时段内的平均载畜量,没有明确载畜量核定的具体时间,开展载畜量核定容易引起混淆和争执,核查工作量大,耗时长,实际操作难度大。为此,本文综合近年来草地载畜量的相关研究结果、结合草原生态气候变化和草牧业的发展趋势,提出了以秋末入冬为载畜量核定时间,以能繁母畜数量作为核定主要指标的新草地生态载畜量计算方法,并提出了加强畜牧业基础设施和人工草地建设,加大牲畜出栏,开展划区轮牧和春季草地禁牧试点示范,合理利用牲畜补偿代谢特点,利用牧草再生特点提高牧草产量和贮备等技术措施,以期为提高草地载畜能力,增加牧民经济收入,实现草原畜牧业的可持续发展提供参考。     

白藜芦醇对畜禽骨骼肌纤维类型转化的影响及其机理

白藜芦醇是自然界中广泛存在于葡萄、花生等植物中的一类多酚类化合物,具有广泛的生物学活性,如抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗衰老、保护心血管等。近年来,白藜芦醇在骨骼肌纤维类型转化上的功能研究也得到越来越多的关注。研究表明,白藜芦醇能诱导酵解型肌纤维向氧化型肌纤维的转化,从而达到改善禽畜肉质的目的。本文将综合最新研究报道,总结白藜芦醇对骨骼肌纤维类型转化的影响及其可能的作用机理,为其在畜牧生产上的应用提供理论基础。