SarA调控金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成的研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的形成是一个多基因和多因子共同调控的过程。葡萄球菌属辅助调节子SarA是金黄色葡萄球菌主要的毒力基因表达调控系统,能直接或间接调控多种生物被膜形成相关基因的表达。本文将对SarA的结构及其调控生物被膜形成的机制作一综述,为深入研究金黄色葡萄球菌的致病机理和开发新的抗生物膜感染策略提供参考。     

金黄色葡萄球菌天然抗生物被膜物质研究进展

奶牛乳房炎是造成奶牛养殖业巨大经济损失的疾病,金黄色葡萄球菌是导致奶牛乳房炎感染的主要致病菌之一。以生物被膜的群落形式存在的金黄色葡萄球菌,更易逃避宿主免疫系统、降低药物敏感性,从而导致奶牛乳房炎反复发作,最终形成顽固性乳房炎。研究显示,天然抗生物被膜物质对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的抑制作用明显,可作为新的抗菌药物应用于奶牛乳房炎的防治。对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜耐药机制和天然抗金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜物质的最新研究进展进行了概述,以期对防治金黄色葡萄球菌导致的奶牛乳房炎提供参考。     

6种中药水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌体外生物被膜形成的影响

试验旨在探究苦参、连翘、白头翁、蒲公英、黄柏和五倍子等6种中药水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成的影响。通过银染法和结晶紫染色法检测6种中药水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的黏附和抑制作用。结果显示,中药水提物减少了金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的黏附;与对照组相比,在6种中药水提物作用下,金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜洗脱液的OD590 nm值均极显著降低（P<0.01）,其中五倍子水提物的抑制效果最优,抑制率为74.9%。研究表明,6种中药水提物均能够抑制金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的形成,其中五倍子水提物效果最好。     

小檗碱对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的抑制作用

本实验以中药提取物小檗碱为研究对象,探究其对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成的抑制作用。实验采用常量肉汤稀释法测定小檗碱对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC);随后分别选取2 MIC、1 MIC、0.5 MIC浓度小檗碱,采用结晶紫染色法测定其对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜生长的抑制率,同时采用实时荧光定量PCR测定2 MIC、1 MIC、0.5 MIC小檗碱对金黄色葡萄球菌Nuc基因的表达情况。结果显示,小檗碱对金黄色葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为62.5μg/mL,2 MIC、1 MIC、0.5 MIC浓度小檗碱对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的抑制率分别为77.14%、66.91%和55.55%,荧光定量PCR测得各组金葡菌Nuc基因的Ct值大小为Ct值(0.5 MIC)> Ct值(1.0 MIC)>Ct值(2 MIC),说明随着小檗碱浓度的增大,对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的抑制作用增强,呈现明显的浓度依赖性。本研究为小檗碱对金黄色葡萄球菌感染的防治提供数据支持。     

乳源金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成能力及多位点序列分型分析

试验以55株乳源金黄色葡萄球菌为研究对象,通过结晶紫染色法分析其生物被膜形成能力,应用PCR技术检测乳源金黄色葡萄球菌的所携带的耐药基因和生物被膜形成相关基因。结果表明,55株金黄色葡萄球菌中34株生物被膜形成能力较强,17株生物被膜形成能力较弱,4株无生物被膜形成能力;55株细菌中17株(31%)携带mec A耐药基因,17株金黄色葡萄球菌分为9个ST型,均属于已发现的ST型,其中ST97和ST398为优势株。上述来源相近的金黄色葡萄球菌分型后,基本位于ST97和ST98两个大簇,说明该地区引起奶牛乳房炎的细菌型别相对较集中。生物被膜相关基因Ica A、Ica D、Ica R、Eno、Atl、aap、Bap和sig B基因的检出率分别为44%、36%、27%、89%、60%、42%、18%和25%。研究表明,乳源金黄色葡萄球菌的生物被膜形成能力较强,生物被膜形成能力较强的菌株均携带多个生物被膜形成相关基因,说明生物被膜的形成过程可能是受多个基因共同调节。     

亚抑制浓度牛至精油对牦牛源金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成的影响

研究拟确定亚抑制浓度牛至精油对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成的影响,为牛至精油在细菌生物被膜群落中的作用及在牦牛乳房炎治疗方面的替抗应用提供理论依据。采用微量结晶紫染色法筛选出具有强成膜能力的金黄色葡萄球菌株,并通过PCR测定生物被膜形成关键基因携带情况;利用微量二倍稀释法测定牛至精油最小抑菌浓度;分别以最小抑菌浓度的1/2、1/4、1/8、1/16、1/32作用于筛选出的菌株8 h、24 h、48 h、72 h后,通过微量结晶紫染色法测定其生物被膜形成总量。结果表明：(1)42株牦牛源金黄色葡萄球菌均能够形成生物被膜,其中5株（No.35、No.30、No.26、No.2和No.42）成膜能力强(+++);(2)5株均携带sar和sigB,3株携带cidA,1株同时携带icaA和cidA,1株携带icaA和icaD;(3)牛至精油对5株金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为0.5%;(4)No.35菌株成膜能力最强,其生物被膜形成始终受到亚抑制浓度牛至精油的抑制,该作用随浓度下降和时间延长而减弱。No.30、No.26、No.2菌株成膜能力次之,1/2和1/4 MIC牛至精油对其生物被膜在形成阶段（8...     

鱼腥草对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜干预作用研究

研究鱼腥草水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的干预作用。采用微量肉汤稀释法测定鱼腥草水提物对金黄色葡萄球菌CMCC(B)26003的最低抑菌浓度;采用结晶紫染色法、扫描电镜及激光共聚焦显微镜评估鱼腥草水提物对CMCC(B)26003生物被膜形成的影响;最后采用实时荧光定量PCR方法测定鱼腥草水提物对O-乙酰丝氨酸硫化氢裂解酶B(O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase-B)cysM基因转录的影响。结果显示,鱼腥草水提物在12.500 mg/mL、6.250 mg/mL、3.125 mg/mL质量浓度下均可以有效抑制金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的形成,在12.500 mg/mL质量浓度下可下调cysM基因的表达。鱼腥草可能通过下调cysM基因的表达而抑制金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的形成。     

牛源金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜与毒素基因检测及agr分型

旨在对牛源金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus,S.aureus）的生物被膜、耐药性、毒素基因和agr基因型进行研究,并分析agr基因型与毒素基因之间的相关性。分别用微量滴定板法、药敏纸片法和PCR对S.aureus的生物被膜、耐药性和毒素基因进行检测,用多重PCR对S.aureus进行agr分型。结果表明,336株牛源S.aureus均能形成生物被膜,其中,形成中等（++）和强（+++）生物被膜的S.aureus分别占52.1%和47.9%。药敏试验结果显示,S.aureus对青霉素耐药最为严重,耐药率达91.7%,其次是红霉素、卡那霉素、克林霉素和庆大霉素,耐药率分别为89.6%、72.9%、66.7%和60.4%,而所有S.aureus对呋喃妥因和利奈唑胺均表现为敏感。PCR检测结果显示,黏附素基因fnbA检出率最高,达99.7%,其次是icaD、icaA、clfA和cna,检出率分别为98.2%、89.6%、86.0%和56.0%,bap基因检出率最低,为14.6%。肠毒素基因sea的检出率为26.5%,其次是seb（8.3%）和sec（6.8%）,毒素基因tst的检出率占8.3%。分型结果显示,agr Ⅰ型S.aureus是主要的流行菌株,占77.1%,agr Ⅱ、agr Ⅲ和agr Ⅳ型S.aureus流行率分别为14.0%、4.8%和2.1%。统计分析结果表明,agr Ⅰ型S.aureus更具有携带多种毒素基因的潜力,而agr Ⅳ型S.aureus无毒素基因携带潜力。综上表明,牛乳腺炎性S.aureus对常见的抗菌药物耐药严重,毒素基因分布多样,agr Ⅰ型是奶牛乳腺炎性S.aureus主要的基因型,且具有携带多种毒素基因的能力,其潜在威胁应引起重视。     

生物被膜的形成过程及耐药机制

细菌生物被膜（Bacterial Biofilm,BBF）是临床常见感染的主要致病原,可导致感染迁延不愈和反复急性发作。由于细菌生物被膜可以保护细菌抵御抗菌药物的杀伤和逃逸宿主的免疫,导致临床相关感染的难治性。所以,BBF耐药屏障的研究已成为国外医学、药学、微生物学专家关注的重要课题。     

Time course of biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis mastitis isolates

Biofilm formation is considered a selective advantage for staphylococci mastitis isolates, facilitating bacterial persistence in the udder. It requires attachment to mammary epithelium, proliferation and accumulation of cells in multilayers and enclosing in a polymeric matrix, being regulated by several loci. As biofilm formation can proceed through different pathways and time ranges, its detection may differ according to the time of observation. This study aimed at evaluating the time course evolution of biofilm production in Staphylococcus aureus (n = 26) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 29) mastitis isolates by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridisation. Biofilm-forming ability increased with incubation time for both species: for S. aureus, 34.6%, 69.2% and 80.8% of the isolates were able to produce biofilm at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. For S. epidermidis, 44.8%, 62.1% and 75.9% of the isolates were biofilm-positive at 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. No significant difference was found between species at each time point (Friedman's test, p > 0.05). For S. aureus, although a significant difference was found between 24 and 48 h (Wilcoxon matched paired test, p < 0.05), no significant difference was found between 24 and 48 h (p > 0.05). For S. epidermidis, significant differences were found between each time point (p < 0.05). Bacterial biofilms may impair eradication of chronic mastitis, rendering antibiotherapy less effective. Detection of biofilm-forming ability in mastitis isolates may provide useful information for the establishment of a more adequate therapeutic regimen, in view of the antimicrobial concentrations required for bacterial control. However, it is essential that biofilm formation time course is taken into consideration.     

桃柁酚对金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜形成及cidA表达的影响

为研究桃柁酚对金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)生物膜形成的影响及其机制,本研究通过结晶紫半定量法和激光共聚焦显微镜检测桃柁酚对S.aureus生物膜形成的影响,利用实时定量RT-PCR分析桃柁酚对cidA及其调控基因的作用,并测定了桃柁酚对胞外DNA (eDNA)释放的作用及对HaCaT细胞的细胞毒性.结果表明,桃柁酚可以有效减少eDNA的释放并抑制S.aureus生物膜的形成,并且抑制趋势呈剂量依赖关系.此外,在1/8×MIC药物浓度时,桃柁酚可以诱导eDNA的释放并诱导生物膜形成.桃柁酚可以通过影响agr和sar调控系统,作用于cidA基因进而影响eDNA释放及生物被膜的形成.而且,4×MIC浓度的桃柁酚对人体无毒害作用.本研究为治疗S.aureus感染提供新的方法,并为进一步研究桃柁酚的作用机制奠定了基础.     

裂解酶LysGH15对金黄色葡萄球菌体外生物被膜的影响

从临床分离得到17株金黄色葡萄球菌,经鉴定后发现其中8株为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌。前期研究发现的裂解酶LysGH15经表达并纯化后,对17株菌株都表现出高效的杀菌作用,而与耐药性无关。进一步试验发现150mg/L的LysGH15不仅能有效抑制所有菌株形成生物被膜,而且对已经形成的生物被膜也有极强的破坏作用(P0.01)。结果表明,LysGH15在控制金黄色葡萄球菌持续性感染及解决耐药性方面具有很大的应用潜力。     

Wound care antiseptics - performance differences against Staphylococcus aureus in biofilm

Background

Staphylococcus aureus is commonly isolated from infected wounds both in animals and humans. It is known to be an excellent biofilm former and biofilms are present in as many as 60% of chronic wounds. Despite that the presence of biofilms in infections are common, antiseptics are usually qualified for in vivo testing according to their effect on planktonic cells. As it is well known that bacteria in biofilms are more tolerant to antiseptics than planktonic bacteria, biofilm infections can be difficult to treat. The aim of the study was to compare three different categories of antiseptics, biguanide (chlorhexidine), quaternary ammonium compound (QAC; Pyrisept) and iodine/iodophores (2% iodine liniment), with regards to efficacy in killing S. aureus in biofilm. If there was observed a difference in efficacy between these antiseptics, a second aim was to find the most effective of the three antiseptics.

Results

Large differences in the bactericidal effect of the different antiseptics against S. aureus in biofilm were observed in the present study. Iodine treatment was found to be the most effective followed by Pyrisept and chlorhexidine.

Conclusions

The bactericidal effect of the different antiseptics used in the present study was found to vary significantly against S. aureus in biofilm. The present study gives valuable knowledge with regards to selecting the antiseptics that are most likely to be successful in treating biofilm infected wounds. This study also contributes to focus attention on the importance of qualifying antiseptics based on results using biofilm bacteria rather than planktonic bacteria.     

新疆特色植物对金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜形成的影响

采用微孔板半定量法,探讨新疆特色植物甘草、盐穗木、醉马草、苦豆子的水煎液对金黄色葡萄球菌临床菌株生物膜形成能力的影响。结果表明,盐穗木和甘草水煎液通过2种方式抑制金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜形成:低浓度时不影响细菌生长但抑制生物膜形成;高浓度时通过抑制细菌生长削弱生物膜形成能力。而苦豆子与醉马草水煎液对金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜形成的抑制作用则不依赖于其对细菌生长的抑制。     

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of bovine mastitis isolates of Staphylococcus aureus for biofilm formation

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens responsible for contagious mastitis in ruminants. The ability of S. aureus to form biofilm in vivo is considered to be a major virulence factor influencing its pathogenesis in mastitis. The objectives of the study were to examine in vitro slime production, biofilm formation, and the presence of the ica gene locus and icaA and icaD genes in S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis. Thirty-two of the 35 isolates tested produced slime on Congo red agar, whereas only 24 of the isolates were found to produce biofilm in vitro. However, all the 35 isolates possessed the ica locus, icaA and icaD genes. This study indicates a high prevalence of the ica genes among S. aureus mastitis isolates, and their presence is not always associated with in vitro formation of slime or biofilm. A combination of phenotypic and genotypic tests is recommended for investigating biofilm formation in S. aureus.     

Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Carriage in Three Populations

Background: A higher prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization is reported in healthcare workers compared with nonhealthcare workers.
Hypothesis: The prevalence of MRSA colonization differed in people and pets in households with healthcare workers as compared with households without healthcare workers.
Subjects: A person and 1 dog or cat from 586 households defined as either a nonhealthcare (n = 213), veterinary healthcare (n = 211), or human healthcare (n = 162) worker household.
Methods: Prospective cross-sectional study. Samples from humans and pets were cultured in vitro. Staphylococcus aureus was identified as methicillin sensitive (MSSA) or MRSA with mec A polymerase chain reaction. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and spa -typing were used to characterize relatedness of S. aureus and MRSA and assign USA types.
Results: The prevalence of MSSA and MRSA in humans was 21.5% (126/586) and 5.63% (33/586), respectively, and 7.85% (46/586) and 3.41% (20/586), respectively, in pets. There were no differences in prevalences of either MSSA or MRSA between household types. The proportion of MRSA among all S. aureus isolates in humans and pets was 20.8% (33/159) and 30.3% (20/66), respectively. In <1.0% (4/586) of households, the same strain of MRSA was found in both a person and a pet.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: There were no differences in the prevalences of MSSA or MRSA between healthcare worker and nonhealthcare worker households. Pets and people colonized with S. aureus were as likely to be colonized with MRSA. Colonization of a person and their pet with the same strain of MRSA was rare.     

Investigation of the antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from gangrenous mastitis of ewes

In this study, Staphylococcus aureus strains (n = 110) isolated from seven ewe flocks in Sanliurfa, Turkey were screened for antibiotic resistance and biofilmforming ability as well as for genes associated with antibiotic resistance and biofilm-forming ability. All isolates were found to be susceptible to oxacillin, gentamicin, clindamycin, cefoxitin, tetracycline, vancomycin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin and sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim. The percent proportions of strains resistant to penicillin G, ampicillin and erythromycin were 27.2% (n = 30), 25.4% (n = 28) and 6.3% (n = 7), respectively. Regarding the antibiotic resistance genes, 32 (29%) isolates carried the blaZ and 8 (7.2%) the ermC gene. Other resistance genes were not detected in the isolates. All isolates showed biofilm-forming ability on Congo red agar (CRA), while 108 (98.18%) and 101 (91.81%) of them were identified as biofilm producers by the use of standard tube (ST) and microplate (MP) methods, respectively. All isolates carried the icaA and icaD genes but none of them harboured the bap gene. The results demonstrated that S. aureus isolates from gangrenous mastitis were mainly resistant to penicillins (which are susceptible to the staphylococcal beta-lactamase enzyme), and less frequently to erythromycin. Furthermore, all of the S. aureus isolates produced biofilm which was considered a potential virulence factor in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal mastitis.