肠炎沙门菌icdA基因缺失株的构建及重要特性分析

为研究肠炎沙门菌异柠檬酸脱氢酶(IDH)的功能,本研究利用λ-Red重组技术构建了肠炎沙门菌IDH编码基因icdA缺失突变株c50336ΔicdA,对其进行生长和生化特性检测,并通过体外模拟应激试验、药敏试验、生物被膜检测、抗蛋清杀伤、胞内存活和动物感染实验,分析icdA基因在肠炎沙门菌致病机制中的重要作用。研究结果显示,icdA基因缺失不影响肠炎沙门菌的生长特性和生化特性,在热应激(42℃)、酸应激(pH3.5)和高渗应激(NaCl2.4mol/L)条件下其存活率也未出现显著变化,但icdA基因缺失能够显著降低肠炎沙门菌对碱、低渗透压和过氧化氢应激的抵御能力,降低肠炎沙门菌对多粘菌素B的耐药性和生物被膜的形成能力;同时,该基因缺失能够降低肠炎沙门菌对蛋清杀伤的防御能力、在巨噬细胞内的存活能力和其对小鼠的毒力。研究结果表明icdA基因参与肠炎沙门菌的抗应激能力、耐药性、生物被膜形成和抗蛋清杀伤能力,从而影响细菌的毒力。本研究为肠炎沙门菌疫苗的研究奠定了重要基础。     

貉肠炎沙门菌htra基因缺失株的构建及生物学特性

为研究HtrA蛋白对貉源肠炎沙门菌毒力和生物学特性的影响,本试验利用Red同源重组方法对HtrA蛋白编码基因htra进行敲除,并从生长特性、生化特性、耐pH应激与氧化应激、抗血清杀伤和菌株毒力等方面对突变菌株进行评价,结果显示:与野生型菌株相比,htra基因缺失株生长特性和生化特性无明显差异,但其对酸性和碱性环境的敏感性增加,对血清的耐受力下降,动物实验结果显示htra基因缺失后肠炎沙门菌对小鼠半数致死量有显著提高。本试验成功构建貉肠炎沙门菌htra基因缺失株,为研究HtrA蛋白的作用机制奠定了基础。     

肠炎沙门菌ArgG基因缺失株的构建及生物学特性分析

为研究ArgG基因对肠炎沙门菌的致病作用和生物学特性的影响,本试验利用λ-Red重组法构建肠炎沙门菌ArgG基因缺失株,并从生化特性、生长特性、生物被膜形成能力、运动能力、体外应激、巨噬细胞存活能力等方面进行研究。结果显示,与野生型菌株相比,ArgG基因缺失株生化特性、运动能力无明显变化,在LB培养基中生长速度变化不明显,但在M9培养基中缺失株不生长;ArgG基因缺失株生物被膜形成能力下降约60%,抗酸、碱应激能力分别下降约12%和10%左右,巨噬细胞内的存活能力和其对小鼠的毒力降低。本研究成功构建了肠炎沙门菌ArgG基因缺失株,并证明ArgG基因与营养代谢、抗应激能力和毒力密切相关,为肠炎沙门菌的基因缺失苗的研究提供理论依据。     

肠炎沙门菌C50336ZinT基因缺失株构建及其相关生物学特性

为研究锌调控蛋白ZinT在肠炎沙门菌致病中的作用,本试验利用λ-Red同源重组系统构建了肠炎沙门菌(C50336)ZinT基因缺失突变株(C50336ΔZinT),并对其生物学特性进行分析。结果显示,与野生型菌株和回复菌株相比,缺失株C50336ΔZinT在LB培养基中生长速度无明显差异,生化特性亦无明显变化,但其在Minimal培养基中生长明显变慢。此外缺失株C50336ΔZinT对H_2O_2处理和高渗环境的适应能力显著下降,但在巨噬细胞内的存活率无明显降低。动物试验表明,ZinT基因缺失突变株的毒力和野生型菌株相比仅有轻微下降。本试验探讨了ZinT与肠炎沙门菌锌摄取和毒力间的联系,为进一步阐释肠炎沙门菌感染致病机制奠定基础。     

肠炎沙门菌双细份系统qseC基因缺失株的构建及其生物学特性分析

为研究肠炎沙门菌qseC基因功能,构建qseC缺失株C50041ΔqseC以及回复株C50041ΔqseC∶∶qseC,分析qseC基因缺失对肠炎沙门菌生化特性、生长曲线、运动性、黏附侵袭等方面的影响,探究该基因在肠炎沙门菌感染致病中的作用.结果 显示:利用框内缺失突变技术成功获得肠炎沙门菌C50041ΔqseC缺失株...     

禽源肠炎沙门菌aroA基因缺失株的构建及其生物学特性研究

试验旨在研究aroA基因对肠炎沙门菌生物学特性及毒力的影响。利用λ-Red同源重组技术,将从田间分离的禽源肠炎沙门菌的aroA基因进行敲除,经连续传代检测缺失株遗传稳定性,并通过细菌生长曲线、对不同生化反应管的利用情况、生物膜形成能力、对环境应激的抵抗能力及对1日龄雏鸡的毒力比较野生株和基因缺失株之间的差异。结果显示,试验成功构建缺失株,连续传30代未发现目的基因回复突变;在相同培养条件下,缺失株与野生株在相同时间进入对数生长期和稳定期,但缺失株生长速率低于亲本株;缺失株较野生株生化特性未发生改变;缺失株的生物膜形成能力及对酸、碱、高渗和热应激的抵抗能力均显著低于野生株（P<0.05）;1日龄雏鸡分别滴口接种缺失株和野生株,观察14 d,野生株组鸡全部死亡,而缺失株组无死亡。综上所述,本试验成功构建并获得了具有良好遗传稳定性的肠炎沙门菌aroA基因缺失株,缺失株生化特性和体外生长趋势未发生明显改变,但生物膜形成能力、对环境应激抵抗能力及毒力均明显下降。本研究为进一步研究肠炎沙门菌aroA基因缺失株的免疫原性奠定了基础。     

肠炎沙门菌sef14基因缺失株生物学功能

构建了肠炎沙门菌参考株SE50336的SefA主要亚单位编码基因sefA的缺失株SE50336ΔsefA,进一步探究野生株及SEF14菌毛缺失株的生物学功能。以SE50336为模板,利用λ-red同源重组技术构建sefA缺失株,通过绘制生长曲线、生物被膜测定试验、刚果红-考马斯亮蓝无盐培养基菌落表型试验、RT-qPCR(real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction)、人结肠腺癌上皮细胞(Caco-2)的体外黏附测定来检测和比较2种菌株的生物学特性,并利用野生株和缺失株分别攻毒小鼠,探究SEF14菌毛对肠炎沙门菌致病力的影响。结果显示,野生株及缺失株生长情况无明显差异。与野生株相比,ΔsefA缺失株的生物被膜形成能力有所下降;菌落表型试验中野生株表现出典型的rdar(red, dry and rough)表型,而ΔsefA缺失株表现出saw(smooth and white)表型;RT-qPCR试验中,野生株的生物被膜形成主要关联基因csgA、bcsA、pgaC、fimA的转录量均显著高于ΔsefA缺失株。但缺失株与野生株对于Caco-...     

肠炎沙门菌SPI-19编码的Hcp基因缺失株的毒力相关功能研究

为研究肠炎沙门菌SPI-19编码的Hcp基因在肠炎沙门菌感染中的毒力作用,利用Red同源重组系统对2株肠炎沙门菌(国内标准株50336和国际参考株SD-2)SPI-19的Hcp基因进行敲除,成功构建了50336ΔHcp和SD-2ΔHcp基因缺失株,并构建了回补株50336ΔHcp/pHcp和SD-2ΔHcp/pHcp。分析比较缺失株与野生株对人肠上皮细胞系Caco-2黏附和侵袭能力,以及在鸡巨噬细胞HD11的存活能力。结果显示:缺失Hcp基因后,肠炎沙门菌50336对Caco-2细胞黏附和侵袭数量分别下降39.1%和47.9%;SD-2对Caco-2细胞黏附和侵袭数量分别下降46.5%和58.9%。吞噬作用2h后,50336ΔHcp和SD-2ΔHcp与野生株相比在HD11的存活量下降了35.7%和37.2%,差异显著。通过Real Time-PCR试验分析,与野生株相比,Hcp基因缺失后fliC、sefA、ompA,ompC这4个重要粘附因子编码基因的表达量显著下降。试验表明,肠炎沙门菌SPI-19编码的Hcp基因对肠炎沙门菌的毒力具有增强作用。     

狐源沙门菌cpxR基因缺失菌株的构建及部分表型研究

为研究狐源沙门菌双组份系统CpxR/A在细菌耐药和抗血清杀伤中的作用,本研究利用λ-Red重组技术构建了cpxR基因缺失株S-ΔcpxR,评价其在生物被膜形成、耐药、抗血清杀伤和细菌毒力中的重要作用。结果显示,与野生型相比,cpxR基因缺失株的生长速度、生化特性没有改变,但是生物被膜形成能力显著降低,对阿莫西林、阿米卡星和恩诺沙星的敏感性增加,血清中存活率和对小鼠的毒力显著降低。结果表明,沙门菌CpxR与毒力相关,为狐源沙门菌基因缺失苗的研究奠定基础。     

肠炎沙门菌非编码小RNA isrC基因缺失株的致病性

细菌非编码小RNA(sRNA)是一类可在转录后水平调控基因表达的调节子。IsrC是存在于鼠伤寒沙门菌毒力岛上的一种与毒力相关的sRNA,可调节巨噬细胞存活蛋白MsgA的表达。本研究克隆了肠炎沙门菌50336菌株isrC基因,通过λ-Red同源重组系统构建了isrC缺失突变株50336△isrC,并利用表达载体pBR322构建了回补株50336△isrC/pisrC。将野生株,isrC突变株和回补株分别接种1日龄清远麻鸡,比较三者之间的致病性差异。结果显示,肠炎沙门菌isrC基因与鼠伤寒沙门菌同源性为100%;成功构建了isrC缺失突变株和回补株;野生株,突变株和回补株对雏鸡的半数致死量(LD50)分别为2.81×108 CFU,2.02×108 CFU和3.10×108 CFU,相比野生株50336,突变株50336△isrC的LD50明显下降,表明isrC基因的缺失增强了肠炎沙门菌的毒力。     

四环素耐药基因在鸡源沙门氏菌中的分布和传播

试验分析了84株鸡源沙门氏菌分离株的四环素耐药性,用PCR方法检测四环素耐药基因在分离株中的分布情况。结果显示,四环素耐药率为49%(41/84),鸡白痢和鸡伤寒沙门氏菌仅携带tet(A)基因(23/23),肠炎沙门氏菌和德尔卑沙门氏菌携带tet(A)(8/18)、tet(B)(17/18)或tet(G)(10/18)三种基因,tetC基因在这些沙门氏菌中都没有检测到。该类基因多数位于结合性质粒上,但是不在整合子范围内。     

The effects of the supplementation of multi‐strain probiotics on intestinal microbiota,metabolites and inflammation of young SPF chickens challenged with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica

This study assessed the effect of probiotics on cecal microbiota, cecal short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and the gene expression of cytokines in young specific‐pathogen‐free (SPF) chickens infected with S. enterica subsp. enterica. One‐day‐old SPF chickens (n = 105) were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups: control (Cont) group, Salmonella‐infected (Sal) group, and a Salmonella‐infected group treated with multi‐strain probiotics (ProSal group). All chickens except those in the Cont group were challenged orally with 1 × 10⁸ cfu/ml of Salmonella 4 days after hatching. Chickens in the Sal group exhibited more abundance of Proteobacteria than those in the Cont and ProSal groups. At the genus level, chickens in ProSal group exhibited increased numbers of Lactobacillus and Oscillospira compared with those in the other groups. Chickens in the ProSal group exhibited a significant increase of cecal SCFAs compared with chickens in the Sal group. Chickens in the ProSal group exhibited increased gene expression of anti‐inflammatory cytokines, IL‐10 and TGF‐β4, and decreased expression of the proinflammatory cytokine, IFN‐γ, in the cecal tonsil compared with those in the Sal group. The results of this study indicated that the administration of probiotics can modulate microbiota, SCFAs, and immunomodulatory activity in SPF chickens.     

Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica isolates from apparently healthy and clinically ill finishing pigs in Spain

This study was the first conducted in Spain to evaluate the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance and multi-resistance in Salmonella isolates recovered from finishing pigs from Spanish swine farms distributed over the whole country. For this purpose, 290 Salmonella isolates recovered from apparently healthy finishing pigs in a farm-based cross-sectional study and 192 Salmonella isolates recovered from faecal samples of finishing pigs suffering from diarrhoea were investigated. Resistance to a panel of 17 antimicrobials was determined using a broth microdilution technique. Resistance was a common finding and was detected in 90.3% of the Salmonella isolates from apparently healthy finishing pigs and 95.3% of the Salmonella isolates from clinically diseased finishing pigs. Resistance was particularly high among isolates of serogroup B and serovars Typhimurium and its monophasic variant S. 4,5,12:i:-. Higher frequencies of resistance were found to tetracycline, sulphamethoxazole, streptomycin, spectinomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. Less than 10% of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, neomycin, cephalotin, apramycin and gentamicin. Resistance to ciprofloxacin, colistin and ceftiofur was rare (under 1%). Multi-resistance, defined as resistance to four or more drugs, was detected in more than 50% of the isolates. Although multi-resistance was particularly frequent among isolates of S. Typhimurium, it was also high among other serovars as Bredeney and the S. Typhimurium monophasic variant. 4,5,12:i:-.     

Salmonella enterica infections in Spanish swine fattening units

The present study is the first conducted in Spain to estimate the bacteriological herd prevalence of Salmonella enterica in fattening units and to describe the Salmonella serovar diversity on these farms using a sample representative of the entire swine population. For this purpose, 10 faecal samples were collected from 10 different pens containing pigs close to market weight in a total of 232 fattening units. Total sample size was proportionally distributed according to the fattener census in each of the regions of the country and all the samples were examined by culture of 25 g of faecal material. One hundred (43.1%) farms had at least one Salmonella-positive sample (95% CI: 37-49.1%). Salmonella enterica was detected in 290 (12.5%) pooled faecal floor samples (95% CI: 11.2-13.8%). The apparent herd prevalence of salmonellosis was similar among multi-site, finishing and farrow to finish farms. Overall, 24 different serovars were identified, with S. Typhimurium, S. Rissen and S. Derby being the most common both at herd and sample level. Results of phage typing were available for the 91 isolates of S. Typhimurium. A total number of 10 different phage types were identified, with DT 193 being the most frequent. Phage types DT 104, DT 104b and DT U302, which have been associated with several multi-resistant patterns, accounted for 23% and 29% of the Typhimurium total isolates or Typhimurium infected farms respectively.     

Age at primary infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the chicken influences persistence of infection and subsequent immunity to re-challenge

Salmonella enterica remains one of the most important food-borne pathogens of humans and is often acquired through consumption of infected poultry meat or eggs. Control of Salmonella infections in chicken is therefore an important public health issue. Infection with S. enterica serovar Typhimurium results in a persistent enteric infection without clinical disease in chickens of more than 3 days of age, and represents a source for contamination of carcass at slaughter and entry into the human food chain. Data presented indicate a profound effect of age at initial exposure on the persistence of infection and a lesser effect on the development of effective immunity to re-challenge. The percentage of birds positive for Salmonella was high until 8–9 weeks of age, regardless of the age at which the birds were infected (1, 3 or 6 weeks). The birds infected at 3 and 6 weeks of age produced a more rapid and higher antibody response (IgY and IgA) than those infected at 1 week of age, but in all cases infection persisted for a considerable period despite the presence of high antibody levels. Following a re-challenge infection with S. Typhimurium, all three previously-infected groups had fewer bacteria in the gut, spleen and liver compared with age-matched birds receiving a parallel primary infection. However, the birds primary infected at 3 and 6 weeks of age cleared infection more rapidly than those infected at a younger age. Interestingly older-primed birds had higher specific T lymphocyte proliferative responses and specific circulating levels of IgY antibody at time of re-challenge. Although birds initially infected at 1 week of age and those that were previously uninfected produced a stronger antibody response following re-challenge, they were slower to clear Salmonella from the gut than the older-primed groups which expressed a stronger T lymphocyte response. The data presented indicate that clearance of Salmonella from the gut is age-dependent and we propose that this relates to the increased competence of the enteric T cell response. The findings that Salmonella persists beyond 8–9 weeks, irrespective of age at exposure, has implications for the broiler sector and indicates the need to remain Salmonella free throughout the rearing period. Moreover, the re-challenge data demonstrates that infection at a young age is less effective in producing protective immunity than in older chickens. This feature of the development of protective immunity needs to be considered when developing vaccines for the broiler sector of the poultry industry.     

A Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Choleraesuis outbreak in weaned piglets in Serbia: clinical signs,pathologic changes,and microbiologic features

Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Choleraesuis is rarely detected in Europe, but the clinical disease has been reported in wild boars. We describe here the clinical findings, pathologic changes, and microbiologic features of swine salmonellosis caused by S. enterica serovar Choleraesuis in weaned piglets in Serbia. In April 2019, on a large farrow-to-finish pig farm, increased mortality was reported in weaned piglets, marked by lethargy, anorexia, pyrexia, and respiratory distress. Gross pathology revealed dermal cyanosis, mesenteric lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, interstitial pneumonia, and colitis. By direct culturing of lung, liver, spleen, and lymph nodes, S. enterica ser. Choleraesuis variant Kunzendorf was isolated after years of absence of the disease in pig farms in Europe. The source of this salmonellosis outbreak caused by S. enterica ser. Choleraesuis remains unknown.     

肠炎沙门菌mreB基因缺失株的构建及其体外生物学特性研究

MreB蛋白广泛存在于原核生物中,主要生物功能是聚合形成类似于肌动蛋白微丝的纤维,参与细胞形状的维持。为研究肠炎沙门菌的mreB基因缺失对环境压力的应激变化,本研究利用Red重组方法构建肠炎沙门菌SM6株的mreB基因缺失株,同时构建其回补菌株,观察缺失株SM6ΔmreB的形态学变化,分析其对温度缺氧应力、渗透应力以及耐酸性的变化。结果显示,缺失株SM6ΔmreB的菌体变为球状,生长受到抑制;SM6ΔmreB对升温缺氧压力的耐受能力显著低于亲本株和回补株(p<0.05);在渗透压条件为100mmol/L和200mmol/LNaCl时缺失株的生存能力明显弱于亲本株和回补株(p<0.05);缺失株在强酸环境中的生存能力显著低于亲本株和回补株(p<0.05),而对中性和弱酸性环境的适应能力与亲本株相似。本研究为进一步探究MreB蛋白在沙门菌的致病机制以及菌蜕形成过程中的作用奠定了基础。