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蜜蜂是最重要的传粉昆虫类群之一,具有重要的生态与经济价值。肠道微生物与宿主健康息息相关。综述了蜜蜂肠道微生物的研究进展,从肠道结构、微生物结构组成及分布、影响因素、功能作用等方面,探索蜜蜂肠道微生物本身的特性和与蜜蜂间的相互作用,以及可能的应用领域。 相似文献
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猪的肠道微生物与宿主营养代谢 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
肠道中栖息着数量庞大复杂多样的微生物菌群,肠道微生物在宿主健康中发挥着重要作用,既影响着饲料消化、营养物质吸收和能量供应,又调控着宿主正常生理功能及疾病的发生与发展.动物胃肠道不仅是消化器官,还是感应器官,肠道对营养物质的感应可以通过脑肠轴调节机体生理活动.肠道微生物还能代谢蛋白质产生宿主细胞不能合成的肽类物质,并通过小肠上皮的肽类转运系统影响机体代谢,因此可能存在微生物-肠道-大脑轴.肠道微生物还可以与机体形成宿主-微生物代谢轴,对动物机体营养物质代谢和免疫稳态起重要作用.饲粮对宿主代谢的改变,常伴随有肠道微生物区系的变化,肠道微生物的代谢可能通过微生物-肠道-大脑轴以及宿主-微生物代谢轴调节宿主很多生理过程,进而影响机体整体代谢.本文概述了猪肠道微生物区系与宿主肠道营养物质代谢的关系,以加深关于肠道微生物对机体代谢贡献的认识. 相似文献
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哺乳动物的肠道内栖息着庞大复杂的微生物群体,其微生物群体与宿主的消化吸收、物质的营养代谢和免疫功能密切相关,是影响机体健康的重要因素之一。随着分子生物学技术在肠道微生物领域的应用,特别是新一代测序技术的快速发展,使得人们对复杂的肠道微生物的研究更加深入。基于宏基因组学技术不仅能够研究肠道微生物组的多样性、揭示消化道微生物对宿主生理代谢的影响,还能进一步深入挖掘新的功能基因,并揭示宿主基因与微生物组间的互作关系和共同进化。作者综述了宏基因组学技术在哺乳动物肠道微生物中的主要应用和存在的不足,并展望了其在肠道微生物研究中的广阔应用前景,从而加深人们对肠道微生物影响宿主肠道健康作用的认识。 相似文献
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复杂和多样化的肠道微生物群落对宿主健康发挥着重要作用。产丁酸菌代表了宿主肠道微生态一个重要的功能性群体,多数为革兰阳性厌氧菌。人们发现,该类菌和微生物失调引发的消化道炎症等现象息息相关,因此产丁酸菌成为行业研究热点。产丁酸菌能够利用食物(饲料)中不易消化的碳水化合物合成丁酸,通过调控肠道菌群结构、为肠道上皮细胞供能、增强肠黏膜屏障功能等维护肠道健康,发挥对宿主健康的有益作用。本文从产丁酸菌的生物学分类、消化道产酸机制、肠道炎症调控作用及应用进展等方面做了系统综述,旨在阐明产丁酸菌与宿主健康的互作机制,并提出产丁酸菌的未来发展方向。 相似文献
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在脊椎动物的肠道内,存在着数量庞大、结构多样、动态变化的微生物群,它们对肠道的生理、代谢、免疫等具有重要的作用。在自然条件下,这些微生物和真核生物(如蠕虫、原生动物、真菌等)共同存在于脊椎动物肠道内。寄生虫与微生物群均可显著改变机体肠道生理与免疫环境,为它们之间的相互作用创造了机会。肠道微生物与寄生虫之间的相互作用会极大地影响感染的结果,进而对宿主的健康产生重要影响。如寄生虫感染会影响宿主与微生物的相互作用关系,从而促使或保护宿主免受细菌的侵害。另一方面,菌群又会影响寄生虫的定植、繁殖和毒性,使其沿着与宿主寄生性-互惠共生性的生存模式发展。这些相互作用的机理与结果是微生物学与寄生虫学之间交叉研究的前沿课题。笔者对近年来有关肠道寄生虫与肠道微生物间相互作用的最新研究成果进行了总结,并对其可能未考虑到的因素提出了自己的观点,旨在为肠道寄生虫病防控及肠道菌群研究提供参考。 相似文献
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栖息于动物肠道中的微生物群与宿主形成稳定的共生关系。肠道菌群的定植状态、繁殖能力和营养需求受到宿主生理稳态的影响,同时,肠道菌群的组成和多样性随宿主外部和内部环境的改变而发生波动。此外,肠道菌群通过肠道神经系统和外周循环系统直接或间接参与并调控宿主的信号传递、物质代谢、免疫形成和器官功能。骨骼肌的生长、发育和代谢很大程度上决定了动物的能量稳态和整体生长性能,是决定动物产肉性状和肉品生产的根本因素。当前,大量研究表明动物肠道微生物在促进肌肉生长和维持肌肉机能方面发挥重要作用,一些学者提出了"肠-肌轴"的双向信息交流机制。本文综述了近年来国内外关于消化道微生物参与调控人和动物的肌肉生长和发育、肌肉疾病形成、物质与能量代谢等方面的研究进展,加深和完善关于肠道微生物调控肌肉生长和发育的认识。 相似文献
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本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。 相似文献
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魏静 《四川畜牧兽医学院学报》2009,(4):28-32
在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。 相似文献
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Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF
Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo. 相似文献
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乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制. 相似文献
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以国际标准强毒R株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离MG,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离MG。结果表明,人工感染48小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,96小时气囊已被感染,120小时输卵管已能分离到MG,卵巢始终分离不到MG。人工感染鸡自144小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出MG。药物治疗能在72小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需24天后逐渐降低蛋内MG分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内MG,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。 相似文献
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REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air. 相似文献