不同覆盖方式对土壤水热分布的影响

[目的]覆盖会影响土壤水、热分布,研究不同覆盖方式对土壤水热分布的影响,可为不同作物选择合适的覆盖方式控制土壤水热状态提供参考.[方法]用田间试验测定不同覆盖方式下玉米农田土壤的温度、含水率与蒸发量,比较测定数据探究不同覆盖方式对土壤水、热分布影响的特征.共设5个试验处理,无覆盖、地膜覆盖、1.5 cm落叶覆盖、3.0...     

南方温室内空气循环式蓄热除湿系统的保温效果

为探索南方温室内空气循环式蓄热除湿系统的保温效果,设置了空气循环式冷凝除湿（冷凝处理）、土壤地面地膜覆盖降湿（覆盖处理）和普通换气除湿（对照）三种处理,观测了不同条件下温室内的气温和地温变化数据。结果表明：在晴天除湿系统运行期间,冷凝处理温室内下层气温明显比对照和覆盖处理的高,分别高0．9—2．7℃和0．2～1．7℃;在阴雨天（不启动除湿系统）,冷凝处理温室内各层的气温均高于或等于对照和覆盖。典型晴天,冷凝处理的5cm、10cm、15cm、20cm地温比对照分别高1．0～2．1℃、1．0～1．5℃、1．2～1．5℃、1．4～1．6℃。全年气温最低的1月份,冷凝处理温室下层的日平均气温均高于对照和覆盖,分别高0．1～2．3℃和0．1～1．5℃,其中高于0．5℃以上的天数分别为17d和18d。说明在南方地区冬季,空气循环式冷凝除湿系统具有明显的保温效果。     

东北大豆农田保护性耕作水热效应的Meta分析

摘要：基于公开发表文章中有关东北地区保护性耕作下大豆农田土壤温度和湿度数据，以传统耕作（CT）为对照，免耕（NT）、少耕（RT）、秸秆覆盖（SM）、免耕秸秆覆盖（NTSM）为处理，应用Meta分析方法定量评估保护性耕作措施对东北大豆农田土壤水热状况的影响程度。结果表明：与CT相比，保护性耕作总体上使东北大豆农田0-170cm土层的土壤体积含水量增加了9.2%，使浅层土壤（0-30cm）温度降低了8.2%；不同气候条件下4种保护性耕作措施均能提高土壤湿度；秸秆覆盖可以提高大豆整个生育时期土壤含水量，且在营养生长期对土壤水热的影响最大，土壤温度随秸秆覆盖量的增加而增加；保护性耕作措施降低土壤温度的幅度随着土壤黏粒减少而降低，提高土壤湿度的幅度随土壤深度增加而降低；免耕秸秆覆盖在不同土壤深度的蓄水保墒效果最明显，在0-20cm土层提高了32.9%的土壤湿度。综上，保护性耕作措施较传统耕作具有增湿降温效应，气温、降水、生育时期、秸秆覆盖量、土壤类型及土壤深度均对保护性耕作下大豆农田的土壤水热状况产生影响。     

不同可降解地膜对土壤水热变化和玉米产量的影响

为解决长期地膜覆盖造成的"白色污染"问题,进行了生物降解地膜、液体地膜和普通地膜膜下滴灌种植试验,探讨不同地膜覆盖降解情况及对土壤水热变化及玉米产量的影响。结果表明,不同降解地膜间以EBP(氧化-生物双降解生态塑料)为主要成分的生物降解地膜增温保墒效果较好,虽低于普通地膜处理,但明显高于裸地处理。不同地膜覆盖处理间以EBP为主要成分的生物降解地膜产量最高,其次是液体地膜,以聚已酸丁二酯(PBSA)为主要成分的生物降解地膜产量最低。膜下滴灌玉米田使用以EBP为主要成分的生物降解地膜,可有效减少"白色污染",而且产量显著高于普通地膜覆盖处理,可在辽西地区推广应用。     

西藏青稞农田草浆地膜覆盖的保水效果研究

采用对比方法研究了草浆地膜覆盖对青稞（Hordeumvulgare）农田土壤的保水作用,以期明确草浆地膜的农田保水理论依据和保水效果。结果表明：草浆地膜覆盖下的土壤表面相对湿度、土壤紧实度和土壤含水量等指标均低于塑料地膜覆盖处理,其中土壤含水量指标显著低于后者（n=3,P〈0.05）;与对照相比,草浆地膜覆盖下0～5cm土层内土壤紧实度显著降低,但土壤温度与对照相比相差不大,同时土壤表层水分散失明显减少,土壤含水量增加7.59%,达到显著差异水平（n=3,P〈0.05）。草浆地膜覆盖保水效果十分明显。     

蒸发条件下土壤水盐热运移的实验研究

土壤水盐热的耦合运移研究是土壤水盐运移理论研究的重要组成部分.在模拟蒸发条件下,通过室内土柱实验,对土壤水盐热的迁移做了初步研究.结果表明:地下水位的高低直接影响土壤剖面盐分和水分分布;本实验一直处于稳定蒸发状态,今后需进一步研究不同蒸发条件下土壤水盐热的运移规律.     

南方温室内空气循环式蓄热除湿系统的冷凝、蓄热与除湿效应

根据2003年1月、2月的相关观测资料,研究了冷凝温室内空气循环式蓄热除湿系统的冷凝、蓄热与除湿效应。结果表明：冷凝温室在2003年1月的晴天里,集水池平均每天蓄积冷凝水76810m^3,折合温室产生冷凝水量32g／m^2和12．1g／m^3;平均每天冷凝水吸收的汽化热为18858kJ。在典型晴天,冷凝温室下、中、上各层的日平均相对湿度分别比对照温室降低2．7个百分点、3．5个百分点、2．6个百分点,日平均绝对湿度分别比对照温室降低2．7g／m^3、4．1g／m^3、4．5g／m^3;在1月份,2座温室内同日同层次的相对湿度与绝对湿度,均呈现出冷凝〈对照,但以晴天差异尤为明显,阴雨天差异较小。空气循环式温室蓄热除湿系统的冷凝、蓄热、除湿效果明显。     

垄沟集雨对干旱半干旱区土壤水热条件及老芒麦产草量的影响

为探索和解决干旱半干旱区多年生牧草持续性生产问题,在坝上农牧交错区对垄沟集雨栽培措施下老芒麦草地的生长状况进行了研究。测定比较了垄沟集雨处理和平作对照的土壤水热条件,地下生物量分布以及不同阶段的产草量。结果表明:垄沟集雨使种植区土壤表层体积含水率幅度增加9.67%～26.94%,生长季土壤表层0～30cm贮水量提高13.38%～24.92%,土壤表层最低温度提高1.02～2.08℃;土壤水热条件的改善增加了表层0～10cm根系的分布,提高产草量98%～230%。垄宽60cm沟宽30cm的处理的产草量最高为5.34t/hm2,2a年平均产量为5.34和2.79t/hm2分别比对照1.62和1.18t/hm2提高了230%和136%。垄沟集雨措施对降雨量较少,分布不均匀的干旱半干旱区的人工草地种植具有明显的稳产增产作用。     

多年冻土区土壤湿度的动态变化及影响

气候变暖导致高纬度多年冻土退化,引起多年冻土区冻融过程和土壤水热过程发生变化,土壤湿度变化对气候和生态系统产生重要影响。运用ERA-Interim再分析的土壤湿度数据,结合气象数据,采用数理统计方法,分析了1979—2017年东北多年冻土区土壤湿度的年际、季节和空间变化,土壤湿度变化的影响因子及土壤湿度变化所带来的影响。研究表明:年际变化上1979—2017年,东北多年冻土区7 cm和28 cm深度年均土壤湿度呈下降趋势,并且年平均土壤湿度在2008年达到最低;在季节变化上,不同深度土壤湿度在夏秋季节会达到一年中的最大值,7 cm和28 cm深度处土壤湿度呈现两个峰值(4月份、8月份),土壤湿度最大值出现在8月份;在空间变化上,东北多年冻土区中部土壤湿度在1979—2017年变化最大,且为土壤湿度下降明显区。在气候变暖和降水持续减少的背景下,土壤水分可能成为影响东北多年冻土区植被生长的主要因子,使东北多年冻土区植被生态系统发生变化,分析东北多年冻土区土壤湿度的时空变化对进一步理解该区生态系统变化和多年冻土碳反馈效应具有重要意义。     

地膜覆盖土壤能量平衡及其对土壤热状况的影响

本文通过实验对地膜覆盖后土壤的能量平衡变化特点和温度效应进行了定量分析。结果表明:(1)土壤盖膜后昼间净辐射收入明显减少,但由于地膜对土壤潜热交換的消除和显热交换的抑制,膜下土壤热通量反而增大,从而使其温度增高;(2)实际日照长度、土壤湿度和温度等环境因子均可在一定程度上影响膜下土壤的增温效应;(3)地膜对土壤的增温效应具有明显的时空分布。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.