棉花枯萎病菌生理小种的分子指纹分析

以我国棉花枯萎菌３个生理小种的２６个代表菌株及国外３ 个不同生理小种菌株进行随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）分析，共产生了１４０个ＲＡＰＤ分子标记，其中８７８％ 具有多态性。通过聚类分析将供试菌株划分为６个ＲＡＰＤ组，确定了不同小种间的亲缘关系，为确立我国棉花枯萎菌生理小种在国际上的分类地位提供了可靠的分子证据。     

Race identification in powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginea) on melon (Cucumis melo) in Japan

Powdery mildew fungi isolated from single lesions on leaves of susceptible melon genotypes during semi-forcing and late-raising cultivation in Japan were tested. All 80 of the isolated strains were identified as Sphaerotheca fuliginea. The dominant fungus races found during semiforcing cultivation were race 5 in March (100%) and race 1 in May (100%), and race 1 (80%) during late-raising cultivation. Although the frequencies were quite low (13% in late August, but no isolation earlier in the season), two new races of S. fuliginea, which could not be identified by the differential genotypes, appeared during late-raising cultivation. These results suggest that the resistance gene to races 1 and 5 of S. fuliginea should be introduced into the breeding materials in Japan.     

Identification and inheritance of a new gene for powdery mildew resistance in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek)

Powdery mildew (PM) is one of the important foliar diseases of mungbean. Resistance sources have been identified in India and the inheritance studies showed that complete resistance (RO) was controlled by two dominant genes, Pm1 , Pm2 . The breakdown of complete resistance (RO) into moderate resistance (R2) by race-2 (Akola) has been reported. It is assumed that the change in resistance reaction is due to a mutation in the pathogen. The present investigation was carried out with a view to screen germplasm, cultivars and mutants for identification of complete resistance (RO) sources against race-2 and to study their inheritance. 'Mulmarada', a local mungbean cultivar from Maharashtra state of India was identified as a complete resistance (RO) source for race-2. The inheritance of Mulmarada's resistance (RO) was studied. The F₁ and the segregation in F₂ and F₃ showed that the complete resistance (RO) in 'Mulmarada' is controlled by a single dominant gene, which is different from the earlier identified Pm1 and Pm2 resistance genes. Mulmarada's resistance gene is designated as Pm3 for PM resistance.     

陆地棉半野生种系的遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析

2000-2010年以陆地棉标准系TM-1和海岛棉标准系3-79作为对照,将陆地棉的7个半野生种系64份种质资源进行了简单重复序列(SSR)分子标记的遗传多样性和亲缘关系研究.112对SSR引物共检测出502个等位位点,其中多态性位点392个,约占总位点数的78%.每对引物扩增出2～10个等位位点,平均约为4.5个,其...     

我国棉枯萎镰刀菌小种间的营养体亲和性

采用不能还原利用硝酸盐作唯一氮源生长的突变体(nit突变体),对我国棉枯萎镰刀菌的3、7、8号小种的61个菌株作了营养亲和性研究。结果表明,第3号小种7个菌株和第7号小种42个菌株各属一个不同的营养体亲和群,第8号小种的8个菌株则属6个不同亲和群,不同小种的菌株间没有亲和性。营养体亲和性试验结果与致病性测定结果吻合,能从遗传学角度区分棉枯萎菌不同小种,用它作为鉴定手段,结果更能反映出不同菌系间的本质联系,并可克服致病力测定工作中费时、费力及结果不稳定等缺点。     

尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型SIX7基因分析

SIX蛋白编码基因最早由尖孢镰刀菌番茄专化型入侵的番茄木质部蛋白质组中发现,且成功用于区分尖孢镰刀菌番茄专化型的3个生理小种。一些SIX编码基因亦在引起香蕉枯萎病的Fusarium.oxysporum f. sp. cubense（简称Foc）中有报道,为区分Foc不同生理小种或亚型,比较分析了Foc中的SIX7基因序列及其特异性。以现有的SIX7基因序列设计合成引物,通过PCR扩增并测序,比较分析国内不同地理区域及来源于澳大利亚与南非的Foc1、Foc2、Foc3、Foc4共56株菌株中的SIX7基因,并以8个以上其他专化型或其他种或属病原菌共39株菌株分析了SIX7基因序列的特异性。研究发现所设计合成的SIX7基因引物序列仅能从供试的亚热带4号生理小种(ST4)中扩增出663 bp的目的条带。亚热带4号生理小种(ST4)中仅有的SIX7基因序列结合Foc4特异性引物Foc-1/Foc-2可快速区分Foc4亚型,提供了快速区分香蕉枯萎病病样内的Foc4亚型的分子鉴定手段,可指导蕉农及时采取有效防控香蕉枯萎病的措施。     

Dynamics of changes in the races and virulence of wheat powdery mildew in Hungary between 1971 and 1999

Important microevolutional processes have taken place in the wheatpowdery mildew population over the last thirty years. There has been aconsiderable change in the race composition of the pathogen populationand in the prevalent races. Of the 78 races identified, only eleven have`lived' for more than 15 years. Many races were only isolated in one ortwo years. The number of virulence genes rose from 2.03 in 1973 to 5.63in 1993. On the basis of race composition and virulence the wheatpowdery mildew population between 1971 and 1999 can be divided intofour distinct groups. A large proportion of the powdery mildew isolates arevirulent to most resistance genes. Complete resistance is provided byresistance genes Pm4a (Khapli) and partial resistance by Pm2 + Mld (Halle st. 13471), Pm4b+ (TP 315/2) and Pm1 + 2 + 9 (Normandie). The majority of cultivated varieties carry theresistance gene Pm8 due to the presence of the 1B/1R translocation.     

菜豆锈病菌生理小种研究初报

1986—1988年秋季,在天津市郊区3个地点采集菜豆锈病菌夏孢子,经在感病品种锦州双季豆上两次单夏孢子分离后,再在4个鉴别品种上分离鉴定,获得锈病菌分离物,最后采用19个国际通用鉴别品种进行锈菌生理小种鉴定.结果表明,天津地区菜豆锈病菌存在两个主要生理小种.这两个小种在鉴别品种Olatne、51051、AXS37、30-7-2上发病等级为3、1、3、2和1、1、3、2.经与Stavely鉴定出来的美国38-57号小种比较,无一相同.因此,暂把3、1、3、2 定为CTJ—1(中国天津一号),把1、1、3、2定为CTJ—2(中国天津二号)小种.     

香蕉枯萎病病原菌海藻糖合成酶基因tps1

为了解tps1基因在尖镰刀菌古巴专化型生理小种1号和生理小种4号之间及与其他镰刀菌之间的差异,分析推测tps1基因与两生理小种之间的寄主选择性差异的关系,通过比对现有镰刀菌属的海藻糖合成酶基因序列,参照尖孢镰刀菌番茄专化型的tps1基因序列设计并合成引物,采用PCR和RT-PCR方法扩增了两个生理小种的tps1基因并测序进行比较分析,同时对香蕉与粉蕉苗诱导两个生理小种后的tps1基因表达量变化进行分析。结果表明,两个生理小种tps1基因全长均为1660 bp,开放阅读框均为1605 bp,编码535个氨基酸,基因序列间仅存在两个碱基位点的差异,编码蛋白间无差异;两生理小种的tps1基因序列与镰刀菌属其他种间存在较大的差异,经寄主诱导后的两个生理小种的tps1基因表达量呈现不同的变化。从tps1基因序列及其编码蛋白的氨基酸序列在两生理小种之间的差异性分析结果推测,两个生理小种寄主选择性差异与tps1基因并无明显对应关系,这为进一步研究tps1基因与病菌在无寄主下的长期生存的关系奠定了基础。     

中国东方蜜蜂亚种学名订正及生物地理学研究

为明确已认可的中国东方蜜蜂亚种和地理种群,确定一个地方良种提供依据。从中国蜂业生产发展的需要出发,利用东方蜜蜂形态测量和分子数据分析研究。结果表明：自1944年以来,中国东方蜜蜂(Apis cerana F.)已确立有13个亚种,按国际动物命名法规,1970年以后东方蜜蜂的三名法（亚种名）不再具有法律效力,亚种的拉丁学名均系异名,不能再用;东方蜜蜂形态测量研究表明,中国东部地理种群是中华亚种,云南南部地理种群是印度亚种,云南南部地理种群和阿坝种群可以区分,但不能区分云南南部、海南和西藏的东方蜜蜂地理种群;分子数据分析研究表明,中国的东方蜜蜂线粒体DNA单倍型（基因型）和印度、日本、朝鲜一样,都同属亚洲大陆组并无分化。并证实甘肃南部和四川北部阿坝的单倍型（基因型）最为丰富,东方蜜蜂的阿坝地理种群应有存在。     

北京地区番茄叶霉病菌生理小种及分化规律的研究

叶霉病（Ｆｕｌｖｉａｆｕｌｖａ（Ｃｏｏｋｅ）Ｃｉｆｅｒｒｉ）是保护地番茄上的主要病害,对叶霉病菌生理小种及分化规律的研究,有助于了解该病菌的分化组成情况,为抗病育种有针对性地合理选择使用抗源提供依据。１９８４－１９９０年以前,北京地区叶霉病菌以生理小种１．２和１．２．３为主,Ｃｆ４为免疫型抗病基因,１９９０年,侵染Ｃｆ４基因的生理小种群１．２．４．２．４和１．２．３．４出现,使含Ｃｆ４基因的双抗２     

Inheritance and linkage of a gene for resistance to race 4 of fusarium wilt and RAPD markers in chickpea

Several races of Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr f. sp. ciceris (Padwick) Matuo and K. Sato cause economic losses from wilting disease of chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.). While the genetics of resistance to race 1 have been reported, little is known of the genetics of resistance to race 4. We undertook a study to determine the inheritance of resistance and identified random amplified polymorphic DNA markers (RAPDs) linked to the gene for resistance. For the investigation, we used 100 F₅ derived F₇ recombinant inbred lines (RILs) that had been developed from the cross of breeding lines C-104 x WR-315. Results indicated that resistance is controlled by a single recessive gene. The RAPD markers previously shown to amplify fragments linked to race 1 resistance also amplified fragments associated with race 4 resistance. The RAPD loci, CS-27₇₀₀, UBC-170₅₅₀ and the gene for resistance to race 4 segregated in 1:1 ratios expected for single genes. Both RAPD markers were located 9 map units from the race 4 resistance locus and were on the same side of the resistance gene. Our results indicated that the genes for resistance to race 1 and 4 are 5 map units apart. The need to determine the genomic locations of race specific resistance genes and the possibility that these genes are clustered to the same genomic region should be investigated. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

北京地区番茄叶霉病菌致病性分化新动态

通过对北京地区番茄叶霉病菌生理小种分化的连续监测，发现了可侵染目前生产上主栽抗叶霉病品种的新小种。采用国际上通用的一套叶霉病生理小种鉴别寄主品种，利用苗期接种鉴定的方法，对新小种进行了多次小种归属鉴定，该小种属于1．2．3．4．9。与目前生产上的优势小种1．2．3和1．2．3．4相比，新小种的分化层次高，致病性更强，虽然现在还不是优势小种，但必须引起高度重视。     

Composition Analysis on the Race of Pyricularia Grisea in Qianjiang Rice Region

Differential breeds were collected in 4 counties(or divisions) in Qianjiang rice region during 1996-2000 and 203 single conidia isolates are obtained.The isolates were assessed on 7 Chinese differential varieties,and 6 groups and 39 races were identified.Among them,grou PZB were the predominant races with 66.50% of isolated frequency,ZA13 is the frequency of 7.88%,ZB1.5.13.15.16.32 are the frequency of 5.91%,4.43%,20.69%,7.88% and 4.43%.They are all important races.38 races are detected that show grou PZB are 86.84% in all races.     

玉米小斑病菌生理小种扫描电镜观察

用扫描电子显微镜观察玉米小斑病致病真菌T、C与O三个生理小种孢子和菌丝的表面结构,发现在生理小种间,孢子、菌丝的大小,表面形态结构,产孢量等存在着某些差异.     

山东省2个大豆孢囊线虫群体生理小种鉴定及其烟草寄生性测定

为探究大豆孢囊线虫(SCN)即墨群体和莒县群体的生理小种类型及其对烟草的寄生性,采用杯栽试验和孢囊定量接种方法,测定2个SCN群体在5个大豆品种(4个生理小种鉴别寄主和1个感病对照品种Lee)和6个烟草品种上的繁殖和侵染情况。结果发现,SCN即墨群体在5个大豆品种上的繁殖系数(Rf=Pf/Pi)为1.88(0.05~9.03),在感病对照品种Lee上Rf高达9.03;在6个烟草品种上的Rf为0.01(0.00~0.04)。SCN莒县群体在5个大豆品种上的Rf为1.23(0.05~5.28),在感病对照品种Lee上Rf高达5.28;在6个烟草品种上的Rf为0.16(0.00~0.65)。研究表明,SCN即墨和莒县群体分别属于3号和6号生理小种,系这2个小种在山东省的首次发现。SCN即墨群体对6个烟草品种几乎均无寄生性,而莒县群体则对部分烟草品种(云烟85和NC95)有一定寄生性。     

福州地区植物青枯病菌生理分化的研究

从福建省福州市的3个郊县（区）采集分离茄科作物青枯病菌青枯雷尔氏菌（Ralstonia solanacearum）菌株17个。对其中具代表性的7株用剪叶法接种鉴别寄主的结果表明,来自番茄、茄子、生姜和辣椒的青枯雷尔氏菌均属于生理小种1。对17个菌株根据其对乳糖、麦芽糖、纤维二糖和甘露醇、山梨醇、卫茅醇的利用能力以及对硝酸盐还原作用的测定结果表明：5个菌株属于生化型I,占29.4%;分别有1个菌株属于生化型II、III和IV;另有9个菌株不完全符合Hayward（1964）和何礼远（1983）的5个生化型标准,其中2株菌株能利用3 种双糖和甘露醇及山梨醇而不能利用甜醇,暂定为生化型Ⅲ-1。在供试的12个番茄青枯雷尔氏菌株中,4个为生化型I,2个为生化型III-1,1个为生化型IV,其余5个不符合生化型标准;供试的1个生姜青枯雷尔氏菌株不符合生化型标准;供试的2个茄子青枯雷尔氏菌株分别属于生化型II和III;供试的2个辣椒青枯雷尔氏菌株中,1个为生化型I,1个不符合生化型标准。     

陆地棉野生种系的种子特性分析

对8个陆地棉野生种系的种子形态,油分含量和粗蛋白含量、及水速率和耐盐性等性状与3个栽培品种进行了比较分析。结果表明,野生种系的种子普遍较小,并且变异大。种子油分和粗蛋白含量变幅大,分别为23.15～39.80%和28.83～39.31%。野生种系间种子的吸水速率和到达吸水高峰的时间存在着显著的差异,这与野生种系存在着一定程度的硬实种子有关。palmeri全是硬实种子,mexicanum,richmondi和yucatanense的硬实率分别为30.0%、26、6%和23.3%。野生种系的耐盐性在12%Nacl浓度时差异较为明显,其中punctatum,morrilli和marie—galante的耐盐性较强;mexicanum,latifolium和yucatanense的耐盐性与3个栽培品种相近。这说明在野生种系中筛选耐盐性强的材料是完全可能的。陆地棉野生种系(Gossypium hirsutum L.race)是棉花育种工作中重要的种质资源。自80年代初从陆地棉原产地墨西哥引入这些野生种系以后,关于它们的生物学特性和抗病性等性状,国内已作了一些研究分析。资料表明它们的变异类型丰富,分别具有抗病、抗虫和优质纤维等可供利用的性状和特性。本试验以8个野生种系的种子为材料,研究种子的形态特征和吸水发芽的能力,并以3个栽培品种的种子为对照进行比较,借以了解陆地棉野生种系的种子生物学特性,为育种提供依据。     

Barley Isolines with Genes for Resistance to Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei in the Recurrent Parent 'Siri'

A group of 17 spring barley isolines with genes for race specific resistance to barley powdery mildew were developed by backcrossing using the cultivar ‘Siri’ as the recurrent parent. A test with 22 isolates of powdery mildew showed that each of the 17 isolines had the same reaction as its donor parent, and that 17 different resistance genes or gene combinations are present among the lines- The isolines are very similar to ‘Siri’ in morphology and agronomic performance.     

陆地棉野生种系籽棉性状和枯萎病抗性的鉴定

对陆地棉8个野生种系的178份材料进行籽棉性状、纤维特性及枯萎病抗性鉴定和分析，试图筛选出抗性强、纤维品质良好的材料。试验结果表明，野生种系的种子普遍较小，种子大小变异较明显。178份野生种系的平均籽指（百粒种子重）为7．37±1．17克，比40个陆地棉栽培品种的平均籽指9．68±0．74克低23．86％。在8个种系中，yucatanese的种子最大（8．64克），mane－galante最小、（6．81克）。野生种系的纤维有白色和棕色2种类型；种子短绒有白包、绿包和棕色3种类型。据8个野生种系中部分材料纤维品质的测定，2．5％跨距长度为20．6－27．0毫米。比强度为20．1－24．9克／特克斯，马克隆值为3．5—5．2，其中纤维强度大多数高于栽培品种。对178份野生种系采用枯萎病菌[Fusariumoxysporumf．sp．vasinfectum]生理型I进行人工接种。结果表明，野生种系对枯萎病抗性有明显的差异，发病率变幅为0%—100％，发病指数为O．00—0．83。其中有4份材料表现免疫（发病率为0），8份表现高抗（发病率为0．1％－10％）。在8个野生种系中都可筛选支高度抗病的材料，但以野生种系mane－galante,punctatum和palmeri的抗性最强。