利用阻尼最小二乘法求解Van Genuchten方程参数

土壤水分参数对于定量预报非饱和水流运动是非常重要的,该文运用阻尼最小二乘法。拟合了描述土壤水分特征曲线的Van Genuchten方程参数,同时与非线性单纯性法拟合结果进行了比较,结果表明：该方法拟合精度较高,可以作为计算Van Genuchten方程参数的一种方法。此外。用VB语言编写算法程序,便于对输入数据进行修改。     

基于改进粒子群神经网络的麦田土壤水分反演

作物区土壤水分遥感反演往往受到作物冠层、地表粗糙度等因素影响,较难得到满意的土壤水分反演结果。为解决麦田土壤水分反演的问题,提出一种改进粒子群神经网络优化算法。该算法将多源光学和雷达影像数据进行联合,利用改进粒子群算法对神经网络权值进行优化,建立遥感影像与土壤水分之间一种隐式映射,并将影像数据作为该优化模型的输入变量,对麦田土壤水分进行反演。结果表明改进粒子群神经网络优化算法反演精度高于其他的反演方法,同时主被动遥感联合反演地表土壤水分的精度也比仅使用单一数据源作为输入的方法精度高,R~2达到0.807,RMSE为0.043 cm~3cm~(-3)。由此可见,改进粒子群神经网络的优化方法是可行的,可以有效建立后向散射系数与土壤水分之间的隐式关系,获取较高精度的土壤水分值。该方法可为利用雷达影像数据进行大范围土壤水分估测提供支持。     

垄沟集雨系统Laio土壤水分动态随机模型参数敏感性分析及优化

水文模型参数的敏感性分析、优化和验证对提高模型计算精度和效率具有重要意义。为探讨Laio土壤水分动态随机模型(Laio模型)各参数在垄沟集雨系统的敏感性,同时,确定参数优化和模型验证的最佳方案,本文结合多因素敏感性分析法以及改进单纯形法(ISM)、粒子群优化算法(PSO)和混合粒子群优化算法(HPSO),利用中国气象局定西干旱气象与生态环境试验基地2012—2013年垄沟集雨燕麦生长季降雨、径流和土壤水分等实测数据,对垄沟集雨系统Laio模型的13个参数进行敏感性分析、优化和验证。结果表明,平均降水量α和凋萎系数s_w对土壤水分概率密度函数p(s)最敏感,p(s)对参数α的敏感性在低土壤含水率下更明显,对参数s_w的敏感性在高土壤含水率下更明显;3种算法(ISM、PSO和HPSO)的优化参数值均能对垄沟集雨系统土壤水分概率密度函数进行较好模拟,峰值(CPV)、峰值位置(PP)和95%置信区间(CI95%)实测值与模拟值的相对误差均小于10%,CM指数均大于0.5;同时,HPSO算法优化参数的模拟效果和收敛速度均显著优于PSO算法和ISM算法,能较显著克服ISM算法和PSO算法存在的缺陷。HPSO算法可作为垄沟集雨系统土壤水分动态随机模型参数优化的待选方案。     

基于随机粒子群算法的Van Genuchten方程参数优化求解

使用随机粒子群算法拟合土壤水分特征曲线并以此求解出Van Genuchten方程参数。通过算例与其他优化算法比较，结果表明：随机粒子群算法具有运算速度快，编程简单，初值无关性，全局收敛和计算精度高等优点，可以作为计算Van Genuchten方程参数的新方法。     

TAU-OMEGA遥感辐射模型改进与参数化

大尺度地表土壤水分信息的获取对水资源管理、农业生产以及气候变化等相关研究具有重要意义。TAU-OMEGA（$ \tau -\omega $）模型是利用被动微波遥感技术进行大尺度土壤水分信息提取的常用模型。由于$ \tau -\omega $模型忽略了植被层的体散射作用,该模型仅适用于L波段,存在C波段适用性差及模型参数无法定量计算的问题。该研究在分析植被冠层对微波散射机制的基础上,通过增加反映冠层多次散射作用的辐射添加项对$ \tau -\omega $模型进行了改进,成功解决了模型在C波段的适用性问题;通过理论推导,得出了模型$ \omega $参数的理论计算方法,基于模拟数据集,实现了基于冠层叶面积指数的模型$ \omega $和$ \tau $参数的计算,解决了$ \tau -\omega $模型中$ \omega $参数无法根据遥感数据进行定量计算的问题。以玉米冠层为例,在C波段（6.6 GHz）,改进的$ \tau -\omega $模型对地表微波辐射亮温的模拟值与实测数据保持了较好的一致性,模拟误差较改进前有了极大的下降,V极化均方根误差为3.02 K,H极化均方根误差为3.94 K,结果表明了该研究提出的模型改进与参数化方案的合理性,研究结果为联合光学和被动微波遥感数据进行大尺度土壤水分反演奠定了基础。     

基于ANN的复垦土壤水分特征曲线的预测研究

为能较容易且更准确地获取复垦土壤水分特征曲线,将易测定的土壤特性如土壤质地、容重和饱和含水量作为输入变量,采用基于bagging算法的神经网络法建立了用于预测土壤水分特征曲线的土壤转换函数法(PTFs)模型,并对徐州矿区复垦土壤的水分特征曲线进行了预测,同时与普通BP算法预测精度进行了比较.研究结果表明所建立的PTFs参数模型具有较高的估计精度,bagging算法均方根预测误差比普通BP算法减少了7.5%～27.0%,说明该模型的建立与求解为复垦土壤水分特征曲线的预测研究提供了一条新途径.     

基于自适应进化相关向量机的耕地面积预测模型

为解决耕地面积预测模型建立过程中的非线性、稀疏化及结果可靠性评价等问题,该文将相关向量机与差分进化优化算法进行融合及改进,提出基于自适应进化相关向量机的耕地面积预测模型。该文以黄石市为例,建立基于自适应进化相关向量机的短期、中期耕地预测模型,并与多元线性回归、BP神经网络、支持向量机算法在精度、计算效率及可靠性方面进行对比分析。试验验数据表明,自适应进化相关向量机的预测精度大约是其余3种方法的2倍以上;模型的计算效率是多元线性回归方法的2倍,比BP神经网络、支持向量机高出2个数量级;测试数据的实际耕地面积均在自适应进化相关向量机估计的95%置信度的置信区间内,并且由后验差比、小误差概率判定模型等级属于"好"。基于以上数据,证实该模型是一种精度高、计算快、可靠性强的耕地预测新方法。     

科尔沁沙地土壤水分特征曲线传递函数的构建与评估

为了快速准确的获取某一区域的水力性质,该文以科尔沁沙地典型沙丘-草甸相间地区为研究区,在对该区49个不同地貌类型采样点土壤水分特征曲线与土壤基本物理化学特性参数测试分析的基础上,采用函数参数非线性规划法构建了土壤干容重、粒径分布、有机质、pH值、电导率值等基本参数与水分特征曲线之间的传递函数,并进行了精度评估与分析。结果表明:1)研究区土壤水分特征曲线的坡度陡峭,不同地貌类型与土地利用方式下,土壤水分特征曲线有较大差异,相同负压下,土壤持水量按照流动沙丘-半固定沙丘-固定沙丘-农田-草甸的顺序递增;土壤的供水能力按照流动沙丘-半固定沙丘-固定沙丘-草甸-农田的顺序递减;2)利用土壤基本物化特性参数通过函数参数非线性规划法建立了研究区土壤水分特征曲线的传递函数,干容重和砂粒含量是预测土壤水分特征曲线模型参数的主要变量,增加土壤的理化指标可以提高预测精度,然而有机质含量、pH值、电导率值对本区土壤水分常数的影响并不大,对水分特征曲线模型3个参数的影响略微增加;3)通过对传递函数的检验与精度评估分析,各参数的平均误差均在0附近;饱和含水率、残余含水率的均方根误差分别为0.017、0.023;土壤水分常数的相关系数在0.95附近,饱和含水率、残余含水率的误差比的几何标准偏分别为1.04、1.27。表明所建土壤水分特征曲线传递函数的精度较高,可用于该区土壤水分特性研究。该研究可为该区水分、溶质运移、水-热-盐耦合运移模拟提供技术支持和理论保证。     

利用人工神经网络预报不同水分条件下作物根系发育参数

通过对人工神经网络理论的分析,建立了一个能够描述作物根——冠间非线性变化的模拟模型,利用植物地上部参数推求不同水分环境影响的地下根系参数。并通过改进BP算法解决了全局寻优的问题。利用精密的管栽试验为模型提供了足够的学习样本和检验样本。结果表明,该文建立的人工神经网络模型对描述根、冠间复杂的非线性关系方面具有相当高的精度和应用价值     

L波段主被动微波协同反演裸土土壤水分

土壤水分是进行干旱监测、土壤侵蚀、农作物产量预测以及地表温度研究的重要参量,利用主被动微波协同的方法提高土壤水分的反演精度是定量遥感发展所面临的重要任务。本文基于土壤L波段微波散射辐射模拟数据集,通过对比分析主被动微波数据对土壤水分含量和粗糙度2个参数的敏感性,提出了基于L波段主被动协同的裸土土壤水分反演算法,算法充分利用了被动微波地表发射率对土壤水分较为敏感,而主动微波后向散射系数对地表粗糙度较为敏感的特点。首先由地表垂直极化发射率和 VV 极化后向散射系数协同提取地表粗糙度信息,再由被动微波双极化数据结合地表粗糙度信息来估算土壤水分信息。利用SMAPVEX12实验数据集中部分稀疏植被采样点的观测数据对算法进行验证,验证结果显示,土壤水分反演结果与地面实测数据相关性为0.6637,RMSE为0.0607 cm3/cm3。该文反演算法模型系数直接由模拟数据集计算得到,克服了常规经验算法的发展对地表实测数据的依赖性,减小了算法在实际应用中的局限性。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.