分子印迹技术在食品安全检测领域中的研究进展

分子印迹技术近年来有了迅速地发展,出现了新的分子印迹聚合物制备技术,通过介绍分子印迹新技术的产生、发展、基本原理、制备方法及在食品安全领域中的研究进展,对该技术应用前景进行了展望。     

分子印迹传感技术在农药残留检测中的应用研究进展

传统的大型仪器检测及免疫检测等农药残留检测方法存在周期长、成本高、操作复杂等局限性。近年来随着分子印迹技术和微电子技术的发展,分子印迹传感技术作为一种新的农药残留检测方法,因其具有快速、实时、操作简便、灵敏度高及特异性好等优点,目前已被应用于多数种类杀虫剂及部分除草剂和植物生长调节剂的残留检测,显示出了广阔的发展前景。文章从原理和方法方面综述了分子印迹传感技术与电化学、光学以及质量敏感技术联用在农药残留检测领域的研究应用进展,并对该技术的未来发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望。     

分子印迹传感器技术在农药检测中的应用

介绍了非共价型分子印迹聚合物的聚合过程及应用;综述了近年来分子印迹传感器在不同种类农药检测中的研究进展。目前,印迹传感器技术可用于莠去津、敌草净、2,4-滴、草甘膦、对硫磷、氯霉素等农药的检测,对大部分农药检测限可达μmol/L级。随着分子印迹和微电子技术的发展,印迹传感器技术作为一种新的农药检测方法,具有广阔的发展前景。     

生防真菌分子标记技术研究进展

随着分子生物学技术的快速发展,利用分子标记技术研究生防真菌已取得较大成功,为生防真菌在病虫害生物防治中的应用研究提供了科学手段。阐述了分子标记的概念、原理、技术及其在生防真菌中的应用情况。     

有机磷农药残留分子印迹聚合物研究现状与展望

为解决有机磷农药在土壤及水体中的残留污染问题,分子印迹技术在该类农药残留检测中的应用研究已得到迅速发展。文章就有机磷农药分子印迹聚合物 (molecularly imprinted polymers,MIPs) 的研究背景、分子印迹技术基本原理及分类、计算化学在筛选优化虚拟模板及功能单体中的应用,以及有机磷农药残留MIPs的制备与应用研究等内容进行了综述。MIPs因具有结构可预测、特异识别和应用普遍的特性,可广泛用于光学传感、化学传感、电化学传感、光电传感、质量敏感传感、仿生催化及样品前处理等众多领域。可通过Discovery Studio、HyperChem及Gaussian 3种分子模拟软件对 (虚拟) 模板、功能单体以及二者所形成的加合物进行计算模拟以获得最低能量的优势构象,通过计算加合物的结合能来优化筛选 (虚拟) 模板和功能单体。将计算化学与实验研究相结合,相信在未来几年,有机磷农药残留MIPs有可能在原位显色传感、农产品农药残留高通量筛查及计算机自动化检测等领域得到长足发展。     

基于线粒体COⅠ基因的DNA条形码技术在昆虫分子鉴定中的应用

本文对基于线粒体COⅠ基因的DNA条形码技术在昆虫分子鉴定中的应用进行了综述,对DNA条形码的意义、DNA条形码的原理、线粒体COⅠ基因的特点、DNA条形码的操作、DNA条形码技术在昆虫分子鉴定中的应用研究进展、DNA条形码的发展趋势以及有关DNA条形码的争论进行了介绍.     

分子杂交为核心的分子标记技术

以分子杂交为核心的分子标记技术是早期分子技术的一个重要方向,全面分析汇总了分子杂交为核心的分子标记技术的种类、机理、特点等,并着重介绍该技术在水稻中的实际应用。     

分子标记技术在植物检验检疫中的应用及前景

综述目前常用的分子标记技术的原理、特点以及在植物及其产品检验检疫中的应用情况,分析展望了分子标记技术在检验检疫中的应用前景.     

戊唑醇分子印迹传感器制备及其农药残留检测的电学传感机理分析

以甲基丙烯酸为功能单体,戊唑醇(tebuconazole,TEB)为模板分子,乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂,应用电化学聚合法制备了分子印迹电化学传感器(TEB-MIP/F-CNTs/GCE)。利用循环伏安法(cyclic voltammetry,CV)和交流阻抗法(electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,EIS)对新型传感器进行了表征,并用差分脉冲伏安法(differential pulse voltammetry,DPV)考察了新型传感器对戊唑醇的检测性能。结果表明:戊唑醇分子印迹电化学传感器具有一定特异性;传感器表观表面积比裸电极显著提高;新型传感器具有良好的印迹效果,相较于其他结构类似的三唑类化合物(如苯醚甲环唑),TEB-MIP/F-CNTs/GCE对戊唑醇表现出高效的识别能力,具有专一性和强选择性,且在C_(TEB)≤2.0×10~(-6)mol/L范围内传感器峰电流与C_(TEB)存在定量关系;数据模拟分析得到传感器的电学阻抗谱等效电路模型为R_1(CPE_1(R_2(CPE_2(R_3)))),计算各电极/传感器的等效电路中各元件参数,证明该模型能有效地模拟传感器检测戊唑醇的传感机理。该研究结果可为三唑类农药残留仿生免疫检测方法的建立提供技术支撑。     

吡虫啉分子印迹电化学传感器的制备及电学传感机理分析

以壳聚糖为功能基体、吡虫啉(imidacloprid,IMI)为模板分子、戊二醛为交联剂,应用恒电位沉积法制备了分子印迹电极并构建了吡虫啉印迹传感器(IMI-MIP/F-CNTs/GCE)。利用循环伏安法(cyclic voltammetry,CV)、差分脉冲伏安法(differential pulse voltammetry,DPV)及交流阻抗法(electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,EIS)考察了新型传感器对吡虫啉的检测性能并构建等效电路模型。结果表明:成功制备了新型分子印迹电化学传感器;传感器表观表面积比裸电极显著提高;新型传感器具有良好的印迹效果,相较于其他结构类似的烟碱化合物(如啶虫脒等),IMIMIP/F-CNTs/GCE对吡虫啉表现出高效的选择识别能力,且在cI M I≤1.0×10-6mol/L范围内传感器峰电流与cI M I存在定量关系;数据模拟分析获得传感器电学阻抗谱等效电路模型为R1(C1(R2(CPE2(R3)))),计算等效电路各元件参数证明该模型能有效模拟传感器检测吡虫啉的传感机理。所得结果可为烟碱类农药残留检测提供一种新的分析方法,为农药残留检测传感器分析机理研究提供有益参考。     

基于表面引发原子转移自由基聚合技术制备2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸分子印迹聚合物及其识别特性分析

首次以氯甲基化交联聚苯乙烯树脂(CMCPS)为载体和大分子引发剂、2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸(2,4-D)为模板、丙烯酰胺(AM)为单体、乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EDMA)为交联剂、溴化铜/2,2'-联吡啶(CuBr/Bpy)为催化剂,采用表面引发原子转移自由基聚合(SI-ATRP)技术,制备了2,4-二氯苯氧乙酸分子印迹聚合物(2,4-D MIPs),并研究了模板分子与功能单体比例对该印迹聚合物吸附量的影响。通过动态、静态及竞争试验考察了该印迹聚合物对2,4-D的吸附性能。结果表明:2,4-D MIPs对模板分子2,4-D具有良好的特异性识别作用;与2,4-二氯苯酚和2,4-二氯苯甲醛相比,2,4-D MIPs对2,4-D的选择性系数分别为2.84和3.75,相对选择性系数分别为2.31和2.29。采用Scatchard模型分析,可以得到两类结合位点,计算得到最大表观吸附量(Qmax)分别为76.92和142.91 mg/g,离解常数Kd分别为632.91和2 309.47 mg/L。将2,4-D MIPs作为固相萃取剂,对豆芽样品进行添加回收试验,回收率为86%~104%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.9%~10%,方法的检出限为20 ng/g。该印迹聚合物可以富集分离测定2,4-D,稳定性好,并且能重复使用。     

分子印迹-基质固相分散萃取-高效液相色谱法测定土壤中4种硫代磷酸酯类农药残留量

建立了一种高效、选择性强的分子印迹-基质固相分散萃取结合高效液相色谱测定土壤中4种硫代磷酸酯类农药(毒死蜱、甲基立枯磷、甲基毒死蜱、甲基对硫磷)残留量的方法;并以甲基立枯磷为模板分子,以甲基丙烯酸(MAA)为功能单体,且n(模板分子)∶n(功能单体)=1∶4,以乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯(EDMA)为交联剂,以偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,采用沉淀印迹聚合方法,合成了甲基立枯磷高分子印迹聚合微球(MIPs);以MIPs作为土壤样品提取液的基质固相分散吸附剂,采用HPLC检测处理后的样品,流动相为V(乙睛)∶V(0.1%乙酸水溶液)=3∶1,流速0.8 m L/min,进样量20μL,检测波长210 nm,采用Agilent Eclipse XDB-C8色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),柱温25℃。结果显示:MIPs对甲基立枯磷有特异性吸附,对其结构相似物毒死蜱、甲基对硫磷和甲基毒死蜱也具有一定的吸附性能;在0.01~5.0 mg/kg范围内,各药剂的质量浓度与相应的峰面积间呈良好的线性关系,相关系数r为0.997 5~0.999 8;4种硫代磷酸酯类有机磷杀虫剂的检出限(LOD)为0.452~1.226μg/kg;添加回收率为76%~96%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.8%~7.3%。该方法可用于土壤中硫代磷酸酯类有机磷杀虫剂残留量的测定。     

死亡识别化学信号相关术语的标准化

对同类的死亡作出响应并非人类独有,昆虫与其他动物也会面对同类死亡作出相近反应。在过去的几十年,大量与死亡相关的文章相继发表,直至2018年,研究人员整合了所有相关研究并提出了一个新的研究领域——进化死亡学,旨在从进化的角度综合研究人类及其他动物的死亡过程与影响。死亡相关化学物质的研究在该领域的形成和发展过程中发挥了重要作用。在进化死亡学这样的跨学科研究领域,往往会出现由于专业术语不统一而阻碍其发展的现象,因此,专业术语的标准化就显得尤为重要。该文将循证系统评价和荟萃分析中的首选报告项目（Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis,PRISMA）与关键词共现联合分析相结合,对已发表文献中死亡相关化学物质的术语进行了整理和量化分析,总结和探讨了相关术语使用中的主要问题,并对未来相关术语的标准化使用提出了建议。结果表明在已存在可用相关术语的情况下,其他术语仍不断被创造和引入;同一领域内不同术语用于描述相同的概念;相同术语用于描述其他领域的不同概念。由于现有术语已足够描述可能出现的死亡相关化学物质,且目前...     

Target the core: durable plant resistance against filamentous plant pathogens through effector recognition

Plant pathogens colonize their host through the secretion of effector proteins that modulate plant metabolism and immune responses to their benefit. Plants evolve towards effector recognition, leading to host immunity. Typically, pathogen effectors are targets for recognition through plant receptors that are encoded by resistance genes. Resistance gene mediated crop immunity puts a tremendous pressure on pathogens to adapt and alter their effector repertoire to overcome recognition. We argue that the type of effector that is recognized by the host may have considerable implications on the durability of resistance against filamentous plant pathogens. Effector genes that are conserved among pathogens and reside in core genome regions are most likely to hold indispensable virulence functions. Consequently, the cost for the pathogen to overcome recognition by the host is higher than for diversified, host‐specific effectors with a quantitative impact on virulence. Consequently, resistance genes that directly target conserved effector proteins without the interception of other effector proteins are potentially excellent resistance resources. © 2019 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Trace analysis of polar agrochemicals using mass spectrometry techniques

The analysis of polar compounds by mass spectrometry has traditionally required prior conversion to a volatile derivative. The advent of Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) allows the direct analysis of such compounds and offers the prospect of quantitative analysis without sample pretreatment. An application of quantitative FAB is described which demonstrates the techniques involved and their practical limitations. The method is both fast and highly specific. The problem of matrix effects is readily overcome by the use of a suitable internal standard, and in the work described, an amino acid has been used as the internal standard. The problem of background interference is less easily solved, and a number of approaches have been tried. Two additional new mass spectrometry techniques for the trace analysis of polar compounds are discussed.     

Infiltration in a Calcareous Sandy Soil as Affected by Water-Soluble Polymers

Deep percolation loss of irrigation water is one of the main limitations in most agricultural soils of Saudi Arabia. Some synthetic polymers proved to be effective in mitigating this constraint. The present study was undertaken to investigate the changes in cumulative infiltration (D) and advance of the wetting front (Z) under ponded irrigation water using water-soluble polymers. Three different polyacryalmide (PAM) polymers, one nonionic (2J), and two anionic (21J and 40J) were used in this study at concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg L to determine D and Z in a calcareous sandy soil (Typic Torripsamments). The results showed that for the three polymers at a given time, both D and Z decreased with increase in concentration. The decrease in D was slight, whereas that in Z was pronounced. The time required for Z to reach a given value was in the order 40J 21J 2J. This order is mainly attributed to the viscosity of the polymer solutions. The results also showed that the polymers at concentrations from 250 to 1000 mg L displayed non-Newtonian flow. The viscosity of 2J, 21J, and 40J at 250 mg L were 7.78, 10.56, and 9.90 mPa.s at a shear rate of 245 s1. Since these water-soluble polymers affect the wetting front mainly through their effects on viscosity, the potential of using them for soil erosion control is good, but their use for increasing water avail ability in the soil is not good.     

EPPO Council Colloquium on 'Mutual recognition - theory and practice', Clermont-Ferrand (FR) 1999–09-16

The purpose of the 1999 EPPO Council Colloquium was to analyse what, in the context of registration of plant protection products, is 'mutual recognition' as proposed in EU Directive 91/414 and to understand how it is working in practice. Because few active substances are yet included in Annex I of this Directive, and because the criteria for comparability of agricultural practices, plant health and environmental conditions have yet to be worked out in practice, EU Member States do not currently find themselves obliged under the Directive to recognize authorizations given in other countries. However, Member States are working out voluntary systems of recognition for their mutual benefit. Thus, countries such as Germany and Austria, which are perceived as comparable and face no linguistic difficulties in exchanging data, are developing a voluntary system, and a general flow-chart is proposed that could be more generally used. From The Netherlands comes a proposal to use voluntary recognition to solve the problem of minor-use authorizations. EPPO's role in developing guidelines for many aspects of registration is stressed, with new possibilities in the area of assessment of comparability. Non-EU countries have more flexible possibilities for mutual recognition, based on their knowledge of other countries' systems, how they follow EPPO standards and to what extent their systems are modelled on the EU Directive.