施氮量对香料烟干物质积累及氮利用率的影响

以香料烟品种云香巴斯马一号为材料,研究了不同氮肥用量对香料烟干物质积累量、积累强度、产量、产值及氮素利用率的影响.结果表明:随施氮量的增加,香料烟各器官中干物质积累量呈增加的趋势;干物质积累强度均表现为先上升后下降的趋势;各器官干物质在生长期间分配规律一致;产量、产值呈逐渐上升的趋势,增产率为80.43％～140.23％,增值率为66.90％～116.20％;氮素收获指数呈上升趋势;氮肥农艺利用率、氮肥表观利用率、氮肥生理利用率呈先上升后下降的趋势;氮肥偏生产力、土壤氮素依存率呈下降的趋势.     

氮肥基追比例对滴灌春小麦氮代谢及氮肥利用率的影响

探讨减氮模式下氮肥不同基追比例对滴灌春小麦氮代谢关键酶活性、氮素积累转运、产量及氮肥利用率的影响,为新疆麦区滴灌春小麦高效生产提供科学依据.以中筋型新春6号(XC 6)和强筋型新春37号(XC 37)小麦品种为材料,设置0∶0,2∶8,3∶7,4∶6,5∶5共5种氮肥基追比处理,研究氮肥基追比例对滴灌春小麦氮代...     

不同灌溉方式和氮肥用量对寒地粳稻干物质积累与转运的影响

采用田间裂区设计的方法,研究了不同灌溉方式和氮肥用量对寒地粳稻干物质累积与运转的影响。结果表明,灌溉方式和氮肥用量对抽穗期、抽穗期后、成熟期的干物质累积量、茎鞘物质输出率和转化率的影响达显著水平,且互作效应显著。轻干湿交替灌溉方式结合适量的氮肥用量可显著提高抽穗期、抽穗期后、成熟期的干物质累积量、茎鞘物质的输出率和转换率;中、重干湿交替方式下,增加氮肥用量虽可提高干物质累积量,但不利于抽穗期至成熟期干物质累积和茎鞘物质的转运。减少氮肥用量可减缓水分胁迫对干物质累积及转运控水效应和互作效应的负效应。本试验表明,轻干湿交替灌溉方式结合150~225 kg·hm-2的氮肥用量的方式为本试验条件下最优的水、氮互作方式;而中、重干湿交替灌溉方式,氮肥用量应减为75~150 kg·hm-2,以缓解控水效应和互作效应的负效应。     

秸秆还田方式与施氮量对春玉米产量及干物质和氮素积累、转运的影响

【目的】 探讨秸秆还田方式与施氮量对东北春玉米产量、干物质和氮素积累、转运的影响,明确适宜的秸秆还田方式及施氮量。 【方法】 连续两年在辽宁铁岭市进行了田间试验。设置秸秆还田方式 (旋耕、翻耕) 与施氮量两因素田间定位试验,研究了春玉米产量及干物质和氮素积累、转运特性。 【结果】 秸秆旋耕和翻耕还田产量和籽粒氮素积累量差异并不显著,但前者显著增加了地上部干物质和氮素积累量,及花后氮素积累量、花后干物质积累对籽粒干物质积累贡献率、花后氮素积累对籽粒氮素积累贡献率,而后者则显著提高了花前营养器官干物质、氮素转运量和转运率,花前营养器官干物质和氮素转运对籽粒干物质和氮素积累贡献率分别达到了12.4%、44.1%。随着施氮量的增加,产量和籽粒氮素积累量,地上部干物质和氮素积累量呈逐渐增大的趋势。但施氮量超过262.5 kg/hm2后,产量和籽粒氮素积累量差异则不显著。施氮量262.5 kg/hm2时,花前营养器官干物质和氮素转运量和转运率最高,花前营养器官干物质和氮素转运对籽粒干物质和氮素积累贡献率分别达到了16.7%、45.2%。 【结论】 短期秸秆旋耕和翻耕还田,春玉米产量和籽粒氮素积累量差异不显著,然而秸秆旋耕还田作业成本较低,且配施262.5 kg/hm2氮产量较高,可作为秸秆还田初期推荐施氮量。      

氮肥深追可提高玉米对15N的吸收、分配及利用

【目的】 利用15N示踪技术,探索不同追氮方式下玉米植株各组织器官氮素吸收、分配及氮素利用率的情况,为指导寒地玉米高产、高效施肥技术提供理论依据。 【方法】 试验以玉米品种德美亚3号为试验材料,设置不施氮肥（N0）、浅追施一次（S1）、深追施一次（D1）和深追施二次（D2）4个处理。分析了玉米氮素吸收、分配和利用特性,以及肥料贡献和残留。 【结果】 氮肥深追施处理玉米不同器官干物质积累量高于浅追,深追二次又显著高于一次（P < 0.05）;除茎外,深追二次玉米各器官氮素含量均显著高于其它处理（P < 0.05）;氮肥深追玉米各器官氮素积累量高于浅追,除茎和轴差异不显著外,根、叶和籽粒氮素积累量差异显著（P < 0.05）;深追处理15N标记氮素含量显著高于浅追（P < 0.05）,除穗轴外,其它器官间差异达到显著水平（P < 0.05）;氮素深追15N在玉米根和籽粒分配率高于浅追,在叶和轴内的分配率相反;深追一次15N在茎中的分配率高于浅追,深追二次则低于浅追。氮肥深追与浅追相比,氮素利用率分别显著提高了26.0%和14.1%（P < 0.05）;氮肥深追二次与一次相比差异也显著（P < 0.05）;土壤15N残留率深追二次和一次处理分别比浅追一次降低2.1%（P < 0.05）和1.2%,氮素损失率分别减少了23.9%和12.9%（P < 0.05）,肥料氮素贡献率深追二次和一次分别提高了3.6%（P < 0.05）和0.6%。 【结论】 氮肥深追可有效提高玉米的干物质积累、氮素吸收、分配及氮素利用率,降低土壤氮素残留率,提高氮肥的贡献率,且氮肥深追二次好于一次深追。     

头季稻氮肥运筹对再生稻干物质积累、产量及氮素利用率的影响

为探讨头季稻不同肥料运筹方式对再生稻产量和氮素利用率的影响,以杂交稻组合"Ⅱ优航2号"为材料,在头季施氮量225.00kg·hm-2的基础上,研究了不同基蘖穗肥氮素配比[3种基蘖肥与穗肥配比分别为8:2(N1)、7:3(N2)、6:4(N3)]头季稻-再生季稻氮素累积量、干物质生产、产量及氮素利用率的特性。结果表明:与N1、N2相比,头季成熟期N3处理氮素累积量分别增加9.26%、3.54%,头季齐穗期～头季成熟期N3处理氮素转移量分别增加21.47%、6.76%,整个生育期N3处理干物质净积累总量分别增加5.10%、4.78%。N3处理头季产量最高,达12431kg·hm-2,极显著高于N1、N2处理;氮肥利用率达46.44%,比N1、N2处理提高14.81%、5.43%;氮肥农学利用率达20.66kg·kg-1,比N1、N2处理提高14.97%、12.34%。研究结果还表明,头季不同基蘖穗肥氮素配比对再生稻再生季的影响不显著。     

不同施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡的影响

通过田间小区试验研究了不同施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率、硝酸盐淋溶及氮平衡的影响。结果表明，施氮对夏玉米子粒有显著的增产作用，但随施氮量的增加产量变化不大。氮肥利用率在9．2％-22．6％之间，随施氮量的增加而降低。施氮可明显提高0-160cm剖面土壤NO3^--N含量，而且随深度的增加NO3^--N含量呈降低趋势，累积峰主要在20—60cm之间。玉米收获后，随着施氮量的增加氮素的损失量增加，各施氮处理的硝态氮残留量在121～221kg／hm^2之间，以N250处理的残留量最高，残留率近65％。     

施氮对不同氮效率类型玉米自交系产量、干物质及氮素积累的影响

以前期筛选出的低氮高效型玉米自交系(PH6WC)和低氮低效型玉米自交系(ZY118)为试验材料,设置N0(0 kg/hm2)、N90(90 kg/hm2)、N180(180 kg/hm2)和N360(360 kg/hm2)4个氮处理,研究不同氮效率类型玉米自交系产量、干物质积累、氮素积累及氮素代谢相关酶活性对氮浓度的响...     

氮肥施用时期对马铃薯干物质积累转运及产量的影响

在相同施氮水平下,通过小区试验研究不同时期追施氮肥对马铃薯中晚熟品种克新13干物质积累、转运及块茎产量的影响.结果表明,在N 150 kg/hm2用量条件下,与全部氮肥作基肥相比,将2/3氮肥作基肥施入,1/3氮肥在块茎形成末期施用,可使块茎产量提高9.5％,商品薯产量提高19.3％(P＜0.05),收获指数提高13.2％(P＜0.05);将2/3氮肥作基肥施人,1/3氮肥在块茎形成初期施用或将全部氮肥分别在苗期和块茎形成末期施用则使块茎产量有不同程度下降,而商品薯率有所提高,但差异未达显著水平(P＞0.05).研究还表明,与全部氮肥作基肥相比,在苗期至块茎形成末期追施氮肥,都不会降低块茎中的淀粉含量和干物质含量.     

不同施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率及氮平衡的影响

通过田间小区试验研究了不同施氮量对夏玉米产量、氮肥利用率、硝酸盐淋溶及氮平衡的影响。结果表明,施氮对夏玉米子粒有显著的增产作用,但随施氮量的增加产量变化不大。氮肥利用率在9.2%~22.6%之间,随施氮量的增加而降低。施氮可明显提高0~160 cm剖面土壤NO3--N含量,而且随深度的增加NO3--N含量呈降低趋势,累积峰主要在20~60 cm之间。玉米收获后,随着施氮量的增加氮素的损失量增加,各施氮处理的硝态氮残留量在121~221 kg/hm2之间,以N250处理的残留量最高,残留率近65%。     

氮肥对粳性和糯性糜子干物质积累和产量性状及氮肥利用效率的影响

为探讨不同粳糯性糜子干物质积累、产量及氮素利用效率对不同供氮水平的响应,本研究通过两年田间试验,以粳性糜子品种陇糜13号和糯性糜子品种陇糜14号为试验材料,设置45(N1)、90(N2)和135 kg·hm^-2(N3)3个供氮水平,以不施氮为对照(CK),研究不同供氮水平下不同粳糯性糜子在开花期和成熟期的干物质积累与转运、农艺性状及产量的变化,分析氮素积累量、氮肥农学利用效率、氮肥偏生产力、氮素利用率及氮肥表观利用效率对施氮的响应。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加,不同粳糯性糜子的地上部各器官干重呈单峰曲线变化,在N₂下,开花期和成熟期糜子的茎秆干重、叶片干重、茎鞘干重和穗干重均显著高于CK(P<0.05);随着施氮量的增加,不同粳糯性糜子的氮肥偏生产力呈降低趋势,而氮素利用效率呈先降低后升高的趋势;N₂可以显著提高不同粳糯性糜子的株高、茎粗、穗长、单穗粒重、千粒重及产量,也可提升氮肥农学利用效率和氮肥表观利用率。两年数据表明,N2(90 kg·hm^-2)下陇糜13号的农艺性状、产量及氮素利用效率均优于陇糜14号。综上,本研究条件下,甘肃省会宁地区糜子的推荐氮肥施用量为90 kg·hm^-2,这对西北地区种植不同粳糯性糜子具有生产指导意义。     

Dry Matter,Nitrogen, Phosphorous,and Potassium Partitioning,Accumulation, and Use Efficiency in Transgenic Cotton-Based Cropping Systems

A better understanding of the fate of nutrients in transgenic cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields will improve nutrient efficiencies, will optimize crop growth and development, and may help to enhance soil quality. A study was made to evaluate and quantify the effect of cropping system [sole cotton and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) intercropping with transgenic cotton] and nitrogen (N) management [control (0N), 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through urea, substitution of 25% RDN through farmyard manure (FYM), and substitution of 50% RDN through FYM] on dry matter (DM) and nutrient partitioning and accumulation by transgenic cotton and groundnut at New Delhi during 2006–2007. Soil and plant samples were collected and analyzed at 60, 90, and 120 days after sowing and at harvest. Results revealed that intercropping of groundnut with cotton did not significantly affect DM and nutrient partitioning in cotton, but residual soil fertility in terms of potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) N showed an improvement in contrast to Olsen's P and ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc)–exchangeable K over sole cotton. At harvest, of total DM assimilated, leaves constituted 10–20%, stem 50%, and reproductive parts of cotton accounted for the rest. For each kilogram of seed cotton produced, the crop assimilated 61 g of N, of which 23 g was partitioned to harvested seed cotton. Substitution of 25% RDN through FYM, being on par with 100% RDN through urea, recorded greater DM, nutrient uptake in different parts of cotton, agronomic N-use efficiency (9.5 kg seed cotton kg N^?1), and apparent N recovery (83.3%) over 50% RDN substitution through FYM and control. The control, being on par with 50% RDN substitution through FYM, recorded significantly greater DM and nutrient uptake by intercropped groundnut over other treatments. Apparent N and potassium (K) balance at the end of study was negative in all treatments; however, the actual change in KMnO₄ N was positive in all the treatments except control. Our study suggests that intercropping of groundnut with transgenic cotton and substitution of 25% dose of N through FYM is sustainable in tropical countries.     

Nitrogen Application in Irrigated Rice Grown in Mediterranean Conditions: Effects on Grain Yield,Dry Matter Production,Nitrogen Uptake,and Nitrogen Use Efficiency

ABSTRACT

Field experiments were conducted in the major rice growing area of Chile to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization and site on grain yield and some yield components, dry matter production, N uptake, and N use efficiency in rice cultivar ‘Diamante’. Two sites (indicated as sites 1 and 2) and six N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 kg N ha^?1) were compared. Nitrogen fertilization increased yield, panicle density, spikelet sterility, dry matter production, and N uptake at maturity. 90% of maximum yield was obtained with 200 kg N ha^?1 in site 1 (12,810 kg ha^?1) and with 100 kg N ha^?1 in site 2 (8,000 kg ha^?1). These differences were explained by lower panicle density, and the resulting lower dry matter production and N uptake in site 2. Nitrogen use efficiency for biomass and grain production, and grain yield per unit of grain N decreased with N fertilization. While, agronomic N use efficiency and N harvest index were not affected. All N use efficiency indices were significantly higher in site 1, except grain yield per unit of grain N. The observed variation in N use efficiency indices between sites would reflect site-specific differences in temperature and solar radiation, which in turn, determined yield potentials of each site. On the basis of these results, cultivar ‘Diamante’ would correspond to a high-N use efficiency genotype for grain yield.     

Liming and Nitrogen Effects on Maize Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency

ABSTRACT

The study was aimed to determine the appropriate nitrogen (N) rate to combine with liming for enhanced maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Two maize varieties [Ikom White (IKW) and Obatanpa-98 (Oba-98)], two lime rates (0 kg ha^?1 and 500 kg ha^?1) and three N rates (0, 90 and 180 kg ha^?1) were used. The treatments were laid as a split-split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The growth attributes, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), harvest index, dry matter, and grain yield increased (P ≤ 0.05) with increases in N rates, especially in plots amended with lime. Oba-98 was better yielding (2.12 versus (vs) 1.88 t ha^?1) and absorbed more (P ≤ 0.05) radiation (442.06 vs 409.54 μmol m^?2s^?1) than IKW. The efficiency indices and partial factor productivity were best optimized at the 90 kg ha^?1 N rate with Oba-98 having higher values than IKW. Therefore, liming (500 kg ha^?1) plus N at 180 kg ha^?1produced the best yield of the hybrid maize, Oba-98.     

秸秆等氮量替代化肥对土壤水分和玉米干物质积累的影响

为了探究秸秆等氮量替代化肥的可行性及其对土壤水分和玉米干物质积累的影响,进行连续6年的大田试验,2020年是施肥第5年,2021年是施肥第6年,保持225 kg/hm²的等氮量,设置5个施肥处理：CK(单施化肥,100%化肥氮)、S25(25%秸秆氮+75%化肥氮)、S50(50%秸秆氮+50%化肥氮)、S75(75%秸秆氮+25%化肥氮)、S100(100%秸秆氮),研究秸秆等氮量替代化肥对土壤贮水量、水分利用效率、土壤耗水量、土壤养分和玉米干物质积累量的影响。结果表明：(1)2020年试验中,在播种前和灌浆期,0—80 cm土层土壤贮水量为S50>S25>CK>S100>S75;在大喇叭口期和抽雄期为S50>S25>CK>S75>S100;在成熟期为S50>CK>S25>S100>S75;在2021年试验中,大喇叭口期,0—80 cm土层土壤贮水量为S25>S50>S100>CK>S75;在抽雄期,0—80 cm土层土壤贮水量为S25>S50>CK>...     

Efficiency of Dry Matter and Nitrogen Accumulation and Redistribution in Wheat as Affected by Tillage and Nitrogen Management

Field experiments were conducted over 2 years with the hypothesis that farmyard manure (FYM), soybean residue (SR) as sole and/or in combination with urea under different tillage practices has similar effects on crop nitrogen (N) status and accumulation of dry matter (DM). Conventional ploughed plots had higher DM than other. Post anthesis accumulation of DM for minimum tillage (MT) was 4% higher than DT. Incorporation of 20 tons FYM ha^?1 combined with 30 or 60 kg ha^?1 had higher DM and N partitioned to leaves, stem, and spike than control. Leaves accumulated more DM at anthesis stage than other, whereas stem and spike at maturity than earlier stages. Fertilized plots had higher DM and N redistribution efficiency than control. However, N remobilization increased linearly with increasing DM accumulation (r² = 22%). It was concluded that FYM coupled with N under MT showed marked variations for DM partition and N status in wheat than other treatments.     

水氮互作对河套灌区膜下滴灌玉米产量与水氮利用的影响

为探讨不同滴灌施氮策略对玉米生长、产量、水肥利用效率的影响,于2015年在河套灌区开展了玉米膜下滴灌田间试验。试验设置3个灌水水平(采用张力计指导灌溉,分别控制滴头正下方20cm深度处土壤基质势下限高于-20,-30,-40kPa),6个施氮水平(0,180,225,262.5,300,345kg/hm2),研究水氮互作对玉米株高、LAI、产量、水氮利用率的影响。结果表明,在玉米生育期前期,高氮对玉米株高与叶面积指数(LAI)具有明显的促进作用,在灌浆期,受水氮互作以及施氮量的影响,随施氮量的增大表现出先升高后降低的趋势,当施氮水平为N3(262.5kg/hm2)时为最大。完熟期玉米干物质积累对灌水的响应表现为:W1(-20kPa)W2(-30kPa)W3(-40kPa),施氮对玉米籽粒吸氮量的变化表现为:N3(262.5kg/hm2)N4(225kg/hm2)N2(300kg/hm2)N5(345kg/hm2)N0(0kg/hm2),N3比N1和N2分别升高15.71%和11.13%,比N4仅提高1.51%。灌水与施氮均可显著增加玉米籽粒产量、百粒重、穗行数以及行粒数,二者有显著的交互作用,且以氮为主效应。在施氮0~262.5kg/hm2范围内,氮肥利用率随施氮量的增加而升高,此后反而降低;在该范围内水分利用效率以及灌溉水利用效率均随施氮量升高而增加,随基质势控制水平的升高而明显下降,以灌水水平W3(-40kPa)为最大。在试验中,以W3N3处理的水氮利用率最高,其水分利用效率与氮肥回收率比产量最高的W2N4要分别高出1.93%和76.60%,但产量比W2N4要下降约8.58%。在河套灌区玉米膜下滴灌施氮条件下,灌水量-30kPa和施氮量225kg/hm2时,可获得最高的籽粒产量。在灌水量-40kPa和施氮量262.5kg/hm2条件下,可以获得低于最高籽粒产量约8%的籽粒产量与最高的水氮利用率。从节水和生态可持续发展角度来看,灌水水平W3(-40kPa)、施氮水平N3(262.5kg/hm2)为当地最佳的滴灌施氮策略。     

氮肥运筹对超级稻库源关系、干物质积累及产量的影响

以"扬两优6号"和"新两优6号"两个超级稻品种为材料,在总施氮(尿素)量600 kg/hm~2条件下,研究了氮肥运筹方式对超级稻库源关系、干物质积累及产量的影响,以期为超级稻高氮肥用量的情况下合理运筹氮肥提供依据。结果表明:与氮肥全部作为基肥施用(对照)相比,氮肥施用后移,使超级稻分蘖数减少、成穗率提高;齐穗期有效叶面积提高,库源关系协调;中后期干物质积累显著增加,产量显著提高。其中,两个品种均是基肥︰分蘖肥︰促花肥︰保花肥︰粒肥为3︰1︰1︰1︰0的处理产量最高,分别较对照增产22.86%、27.15%,增产均达极显著水平;重施分蘖肥处理(基肥、分蘖肥各占50%)的产量最低,分别较对照减产7.69%、6.32%,减产分别达极显著、显著水平。