香花槐埋根育苗技术

香花槐是蝶形花科刺槐属落叶乔木，原产西班牙。树高10～15m，树皮褐色至灰褐色，奇数羽状复叶，小叶互生，叶椭圆形至卵状长圆形，长3～6cm，比刺槐叶大，每年开花两次，花序腋生，花瓣红色，总状花序，花大而美丽，花期长，重庆地区开花时间为4月和8月，根系发达，生长速度快，适应性广，耐寒、耐旱、耐瘠薄、耐盐碱，可广泛应用于城乡美化，荒山绿化等，     

铁观音茶叶无性繁殖育苗技术

铁观音别名红心观音、红养观音、斜尾挑观音。属山茶科，茶属，茶种，是多年常绿灌木。其树姿开展，分枝稀疏，叶色深绿，有光泽，叶型椭圆，叶面隆起，叶片厚，质地脆，叶脉7对，叶缘波壮，叶齿纯稀。制成乌龙茶(工夫茶)，其茶叶外型条索卷曲圆结，沉重，色泽绿润，滋味醇厚甘鲜，香气清芳高强，具有特殊香味“观音韵味”，品质极优，含有氨基酸、     

花圣紫薇

人间六月芳菲尽，山上紫薇始盛开。紫薇花开的时候，远看，只见枝梢花穗累累，满树花团锦簇，彰显出热烈的气氛，宛如绚丽的云霞，灿烂无比。近看，串串花穗结满了许多圆如青豆的花蕾，有的青绿，有的绿里泛红，含苞待放。正在绽开的花蕾，花瓣攒聚着，皱缩着，活像一朵朵小小的康乃馨，已经盛开的花蕾，浅红色的花瓣向外飞扬，     

建设生态嘉兴

以新塍塘，苏州塘，长纤塘，平湖塘，海盐塘，嘉善塘，长水塘，杭州塘八条水系为绿廊，形成水绿交融，城乡交汇 ，植物多样，景观优美的“一心，三环，三园，三楔，八带”绿化大格局的建设思路，并把该规划纳入城市总体规划。     

火力楠的栽培技术

火力楠（Michelia macclurei Dandy）]名醉香含笑，产于广西南部，广东东南部、南部，海南及越南北部，是世界珍稀优良树种。其树干通直，木材结构细，纹理直，切面装饰光滑美观，易干燥，有香气，少开裂，不反翘，为优良建筑用材，常用作楼梯扶手、车船厢板，也可作家具。树形美观，枝叶茂密，花白色，花期长，花多而密，有芳香，为优良的木本花卉、园林风景树、行道树。     

缙云山植物多样性概述

缙云山由于气候温湿，土壤肥沃，植物繁茂，物种十分丰富。根据最新调查、整理和统计数据，缙云山植物249科，966属，1915种（包括亚种、变种、变型）。其中，藻类植物2科，19属，105种，苔藓植物45科，77属，109种，蕨类植物38科，74属，153种，裸子植物7科，10属，46种，被子植物157科，791属，1502种。国家重点保护植物50余种（包括引种），中国特有属24属。植被类型多，有6个植被型，群系33个，群丛64个。这些数据充分说明了缙云山植物的丰富性和多样性。     

玉玲花实生苗繁育技术研究

<正>玉铃花(Styrax obassia sieb．etZucc)，安息香科野茉莉属，落叶乔木或灌木，树皮灰褐色，浅纵裂，小枝栗褐色。叶椭圆形或近圆形，先端尖，基部圓形或宽楔形，叶柄基部膨大，在小枝上部互生，而在小枝下部的叶几近对生，多成卵形或椭圆形，叶形略小，叶柄不膨大，叶缘有粗齿，侧脉每边5～8，上面绿色，仅脉上有星状柔毛，下面淡绿色，密被白色星状柔毛。总状花序生于新枝顶，小花10朵以上，花冠白色或粉红色，裂片椭圆形，在花蕾时呈覆瓦状排列，有小花梗，花萼杯状，核果卵形或近卵形，花期5～6月，果期8     

金焰绣线菊的繁殖栽培技术

金焰绣线菊（Spiraea bumalda cv．Gold Flame）属蔷薇科、绣线菊属，为落叶小灌木，冬芽小，有鳞片，单叶互生，边缘具尖锐重锯齿，羽状脉。具短叶柄，无托叶，花两性，伞房花序，萼简钟状，萼片5，花瓣5，圆形较萼片长，雄蕊长于花瓣，着生在花盘和萼片之间，心皮5，离生。瞢荚果5，沿腹缝线开裂，内具数粒细小种子，种子出圆形，种皮膜质。     

优良乡土树种--白皮青杨

白皮青杨也叫白皮杨或武川白皮杨，属杨柳科，青杨派，乔木，高可达20米以上，树皮呈灰白色，光滑有白粉，小枝呈绿褐色，渐至绿褐灰色，无毛，圆柱形，有光泽。短枝叶呈宽卯形或卵形，长5—10厘米，宽2．5—6厘米，先端长渐尖或尾尖，基部为心形或圆形，叶部上下面均有短柔毛。心皮以4数为多，雄蕊数较多，常见35—55枚。     

紫枝玫瑰

紫枝玫瑰为杂交培育的新品种，因其枝条颜色为紫色而得名。紫枝玫瑰灌丛直立扩张，植株健壮，枝条下部直立，上部松散，多分枝；枝条紫红色，老枝颜色较深，当年生枝条为绿色。小叶椭圆形，叶轴及叶背面具白色绒毛，叶脉下陷明显，叶缘具大钝锯齿，新叶微曲，老叶平展。花大，重瓣，紫红色，有香气。结实能力强，不易感锈病。     

Teak (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Tectona grandis</Emphasis> L.) tree growth,stem quality and health in coppiced plantations in Java,Indonesia

Coppicing is an alternative reforestation tool for teak in the tropics, substantially reducing regeneration time/costs and associated demands for labor and seed when available. Growth rates of coppiced material are rapid in most situations, but stem/wood quality is a frequent concern. We compared coppiced teak plantations to paired seed-origin plantations, at ages 3, 8, and 13 years, on Forest State Corporation managed land located in Java, Indonesia. Teak trees were evaluated for height, diameter, lower-bole straightness, and presence of disease in both plantation types and at three ages. Mean height and diameter of trees in coppiced plantations were both significantly greater than that in their paired seed-origin plantations at all three ages. Furthermore, heights and diameters in coppiced plantations were higher than expected based on established growth tables for Java. Coppiced plantations were less symptomatic of disease than seed-origin plantations, which promises better wood production and quality. Lower-bole stems in coppiced plantations developed less straight than those in seed-origin plantations, but these deviations faded with time and will likely become insignificant within a 60-year rotation. Based on these results from existing coppiced plantations in Java, coppiced plantations can make a major contribution to teak production in Indonesia.     

广东三岭山森林公园主要人工林碳汇功能及其经济价值评价

本文以广东三岭山森林公园的马尾松、尾叶桉、大叶相思人工林为研究对象，研究对比它们的碳储量和碳汇经济价值，为评价广东的3个优势造林树种的碳汇能力及为广东的造林选择提供依据。结果表明：3种人工林树种单位碳储量由大到小排列次序为：尾叶桉(166.89 t·hm-2)＞大叶相思(128.72 t·hm-2)＞马尾松(70.12 t·hm-2)。3种人工林平均碳汇经济价值按大小排列次序为：尾叶桉(45611.04元·hm-2)＞大叶相思(35179.18元·hm-2)＞马尾松(19163.80元·hm-2)。尾叶桉是这3种人工林中碳储量的主要部分，对广东三岭森林公园发挥着巨大的碳汇功能并具有强大的碳汇经济价值。因此，可以考虑在广东省碳汇造林时选择尾叶桉种植。     

Conservation value of forest plantations for bird communities in western Kenya

Tree plantations of native and exotic species are frequently used to compensate for forest loss in the tropics. However, these plantations may support lower species diversity and different communities than natural forest. We therefore investigated bird communities in stands of natural forest, different types of tree plantations and secondary forest in Kakamega Forest, western Kenya. We compared birds differing in habitat specialisation, i.e. forest specialists, generalists, and visitors. We recorded significant differences in mean species richness and number of individuals among the different forest types. Stands of natural forest and plantations of indigenous tree species comprised more species and individuals than plantations of exotic tree species and secondary forest. This was caused by a significant decline of forest specialists and generalists from natural forest and indigenous plantations to exotic plantations and secondary forest. Species composition of the bird communities did not differ between natural forest stands and plantations of a mixture of indigenous tree species, but clearly changed between natural forest and plantations of single tree species. These findings demonstrate that natural forest areas are needed for the conservation of forest bird diversity, but that plantations with a mixture of indigenous tree species can have similarly high conservation value.     

桉树人工混交林营造技术研究综述

如今生态问题已上升到生态安全的高度,为建设"美丽中国",恢复由连年多代栽种桉树纯林所形成的生态环境,营建桉树人工混交林日益受到人们的重视.混交林对改善立地条件、增强森林防护作用、抗性能力和提高效益等具有重要的意义.本文通过分析我国大片栽植桉树人工纯林所带来的生态问题和国内外桉树人工混交林的试验研究特点,指出我国过去对桉树人工混交林的研究主要侧重于提高经济效益,而对提高生态效益的研究处于一个较低水平,并提出了桉树人工混交林营造技术的要点,以期消除桉树纯林种植所带来的弊端,为营造混交林提供技术指导.     

What can tree plantations do for forest birds in fragmented forest landscapes? A case study in southern Brazil

Despite the fact that tree plantations are not able to completely replace the ecological function of natural forests, the present study proposes to evaluate for which bird species or avian groups tree plantations act as habitat in fragmented landscape in southern Brazil. We compared the richness and abundance of bird species in a natural forest to adjacent plantations of Araucaria, a native tree species and of pine, an exotic plant in South America. Moreover, we evaluated the impact of tree plantations on richness of avian groups with different levels of dependence on forest habitat, feeding habits and foraging strata as well as on threatened species. The fixed 100 m radius point-counts method was used. A total of 114 bird species were recorded in all areas. Of those, 93 occurred in natural forest, 87 in Araucaria plantations and 81 in pine plantations. These results indicate that richness and abundance were lower in the pine plantations than in the natural forest and in the Araucaria plantations. Araucaria plantations can be used by a high number of bird species and their richness was not significantly lower than that observed in the adjacent natural forest. Our results suggest that Araucaria plantations could act as habitat for a large number of bird species, especially for forest-dependents species, insectivores, frugivores and species at different threat categories.     

Hybrid poplar plantations in a floodplain have balanced impacts on farmland and woodland birds

Hybrid poplar plantations are increasing worldwide and are often accused of impoverishing bird communities. We conducted 124 bird point counts in a landscape where plantations, semi-natural forests and farmland occupied similar surface areas. As expected, birds occurred at higher densities in areas dominated by forests than dominated by plantations, mostly due to the scarcity of late-successional forest birds in plantations. Contrary to expectations, bird communities were the poorest in farmland dominated areas and the most specialised in areas dominated by young plantations. Indeed, many grassland species, including some of conservation concern in Europe, frequently used young plantations. However, plantations have probably depleted grassland bird communities by fragmenting open areas, while playing a limited positive role on forest species. Total length of unpaved roads had a positive effect on community specialisation index, while total length of paved roads and mean forest/plantation patch size played no role. Bird density increased with the development of the understory vegetation in mature poplar plantations. We conclude that poplar should not be planted at the expense of areas of high conservation value; in other cases, they may increase the overall diversity of bird communities. At the plantation scale, we advocate stopping understory removal as soon as possible and maintaining old trees and hedgerows alongside or within plantations to provide suitable breeding habitats for bird species that may be foraging in the plantations.     

不同林龄桉树人工林森林空间结构差异研究

采用空间代替时间的方法,对不同林龄桉树人工林的空间结构进行了比较研究。结果表明：不同生长阶段桉树人工林空间结构之间存在着差异。,桉树人工林1-年生增长迅速,呈对数增长;随林龄增加．郁闭度、枯枝落叶（厚度和覆盖率）表现为先增加后减少趋势。桉树人工林层次结构分明,各层优势植物种类基本相同,但不同林龄阶段,各层数量和分布广度（植株大小高矮、植物种类数量和覆盖率）有随林龄增加基本表现为“大-小-大”的趋势。聚类分析表明,林龄之间空间结构差异明显。     

幼林抚育对核桃树生长的影响

通过核桃幼林中耕除草与未中耕除草、间作与未间作对比试验,探索了核桃幼林抚育对核桃生长的影响。结果表明:中耕除草桐林的成活率以及树高、地径生长都比未中耕除草桐林有所增加,1次中耕除草效果差,中耕除草2～3次效果最好。间作薯类、豆类及谷类的核桃生长量比未间作的都有所增加,以间作薯类和豆类效果最明显。     

Industrial forest plantations in Uganda: Local adjacent community perspectives

Industrial forest plantations are both hailed and vilified for their socio-economic effects on local communities. As such, we posed the following questions: (1) what opportunities do industrial forest plantations bring to local communities? and (2) what benefits are lost with the establishment of industrial forest plantations?

Households neighboring industrial forest plantations in five villages of mid-western Uganda were surveyed. A large majority of the respondents (92.6%) stated that they had benefited from forest plantations, while a minority (7.4%) stated they did not. Fuelwood and employment were the most mentioned benefits. Approximately 47.9% of respondents stated that they had lost certain benefits due to the establishment of industrial forest plantations, while 52.1% stated they lost no benefits. Occupation, the number of people in a household and the length of residence in the area influenced responses on whether participants had lost certain benefits.

Access to land was the most mentioned (82.2%) benefit lost due to industrial forest plantations. The study supports the notion that industrial forest plantations can provide certain benefits in the initial years of establishment but may also deny local communities historically established customary access and user land rights. Local livelihoods should be integrated into forest plantations management plans.     

人工混交林不同混交方式的生长动态

对辽东山区人工混交林的生长动态进行了调查分析，结果表明，红松块状混交林型的材积生长量是红松纯林的109％-124％，落叶松块状混交林型的材积生长量是落叶松纯林的108％-151％，各混交林型中的红松、落叶松乔木层生物量比红松、落叶松纯林高3．1％-28．6％和2．8％-16％。在块状、带状混交林中的红松、落叶松，其干、枝、叶、根的生物量绝大部分都高于各自的纯林，混交林的根系分布面积比纯林提高23％。