梨果实石细胞研究进展

概述了梨果实石细胞的形成、发育过程、形态特征、含量、大小以及与品质之间的关系,并对石细胞形成的因素进行了总结,对梨果实石细胞研究进行了展望。     

梨果实石细胞研究进展

概述了梨果实石细胞的形成、发育过程、形态特征、含量、大小以及与品质之间的关系,并对石细胞形成的因素进行了总结,对梨果实石细胞研究进行了展望。     

梨果实石细胞团的发育,分布及其对果实品质的影响

１９９７年对梨果实石细胞团的发育和分布进行了观察分析,供试品种４３个。通过对苹果梨、南果梨、丰水梨,伏茄梨四个品种的石细胞团形成过程的观察,及４３个梨品种的成熟果实中石细胞团大小和分布的观察测定发现,梨果实石细胞团的形成从花后１５ｄ左右开始,花后２个月内基本结束,梨果实中石细胞团分布一般以近果皮处和近果心处密度高、直径大,中层果肉中石细胞团密度低,直径小,果实中石细胞团直径较大,密度高的品种肉质较     

梨果实发育过程中石细胞团及几种相关酶活性变化的研究

以梨品种西子绿、菊水及砀山酥梨为试材,对不同发育时期梨果实石细胞团的密度、大小及几种相关酶的活性变化进行了研究。结果表明石细胞团的分布密度在幼果期较高,以后随着果实的发育和膨大,密度逐渐减小,接近成熟前1个月左右基本稳定;石细胞团的直径随果实的生长而逐渐变大;苯丙氨酸解氨酶在果实发育初期表现出较高的活性,随着果实的生长逐渐降低,花后75d后保持低水平不变;过氧化物酶活性高峰出现稍迟于苯丙氨酸解氨酶,高峰后呈现出下降的趋势;多酚氧化酶活性波动较大,总的变化趋势逐渐下降。品种间苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶活性与石细胞团的形成之间表现为正相关。     

喷施钙肥对梨果实品质和石细胞代谢的影响

石细胞是影响梨果实品质的关键因素之一,钙与石细胞次生壁形成过程关系密切。以南果梨为试材,于花后不同时期喷施钙肥,研究了不同浓度的氯化钙及糖醇螯合钙对其果实品质及石细胞代谢的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,不同钙肥处理对南果梨果实品质均有所改善,同时显著提高果实钙含量,并对石细胞形成有不同程度的抑制作用。其中,盛花期后20d喷施5.0g/L氯化钙可显著增加南果梨单果重、横纵径和总钙含量,并减少石细胞积累,效果最佳。进一步研究发现,氯化钙处理降低了木质素合成相关基因PuC3H、Pu CAD、PuPOD、PuLAC的表达水平。因此,钙处理可通过抑制木质素途径下游基因的表达来减少石细胞的积累,是提高南果梨果实品质的有效措施。     

砀山酥梨果实石细胞与薄壁细胞发育关系的解剖学研究

 以砀山酥梨为材料, 对梨果实发育过程中石细胞形成、石细胞团增大及薄壁细胞膨大过程进行解剖学研究。结果表明: 梨石细胞先由果肉细胞壁不均匀加厚, 进而形成厚壁细胞。石细胞形成始于花后15 d, 此后一周内形成大量石细胞; 花后23 d, 石细胞聚簇, 石细胞团大量出现, 石细胞团直径增大;花后67 d, 石细胞团直径最大, 此时薄壁细胞以长条状和椭球状两种方式膨大。梨果实发育过程中, 石细胞含量先上升后下降, 花后51 d, 石细胞含量达18.95% , 以后石细胞含量下降。石细胞含量的下降是由于果实生长和薄壁细胞膨大引起的相对下降。     

套袋对砀山酥梨果实石细胞发育及木质素代谢的影响

 以砀山酥梨为材料,于花后15 d 对果实套袋,观察不同发育时期果实石细胞团分布,测定 石细胞、木质素及木质素中间代谢产物含量及木质素代谢相关酶活性,以期探讨套袋对梨石细胞发育和 果实品质的影响。结果表明：套袋后,砀山酥梨果实石细胞含量下降31.6%,石细胞团数量减少28.0%, 石细胞团直径减小45.8%。木质素含量下降13.9%,木质素含量与石细胞含量极显著正相关。梨果实发育 的整个时期,套袋果实中PAL、C4H、4CL 和CAD 活性受到抑制,木质素中间代谢产物肉桂酸、香豆酸、 咖啡酸和阿魏酸含量降低。套袋使木质素合成减少,石细胞发育受到阻碍。砀山酥梨果实木质素合成可 能主要是通过香豆酸途径。     

长把梨果实石细胞含量标准及对果肉品质的影响

长把梨是青海地产果树主栽品种中较为优良的地方梨品种,其果肉肉质细脆味甜,汁液较多,石细胞较少,深受当地百姓的喜爱.近年来,由于栽培管理粗放,果肉中石细胞较多,导致该品种品质逐渐退化.现随机选取不同立地条件下10株长把梨,采用冷冻法测定长把梨石细胞含量,进行不同处理间差异显著性比较,并结合口感粗细制定出长把梨石细胞的定量标准.结果表明:长把梨石细胞含量及相应肉质粗细可分为4个等级:石细胞含量1.62g/100g以上,肉质极粗;1.61～1.10,肉质粗;1.09～0.80,肉质中等;0.79以下,肉质较细.     

冷冻法测定梨的石细胞含量

以南果、安梨、砀山酥、秋白、锦丰、五九香、巴哈胜利、丰水、黄金、黄冠等10个梨品种果实为试材,对梨石细胞含量冷冻处理测定法的果肉切块大小、冷冻处理时间、匀浆时间、漂洗方法、平行性与准确度等进行了优化和系统研究,提出最适测定条件为果肉切块大小1.0cm3、-16～20℃冷冻处理24h、22000r/min匀浆3min。在此条件下,石细胞平均回收率为85.1%～94.1%,方法误差为4.65%～11.56%。研究结果为制定科学、实用的梨石细胞含量测定方法农业行业标准奠定了基础。     

梨品种果肉石细胞含量比较研究

对保存于“国家果树种质兴城梨、苹果圃”的5个梨主要栽培种304个品种的果肉石细胞含量进行了测定分析,包括白梨（Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.）品种117个、砂梨〔P. pyrifolia （Burm.f.） Nakai〕89个、秋子梨（P. ussuriensis Maxim.）35个、新疆梨（P. sinkiangensis Yü）8个、西洋梨（P. communis L.）16个以及种间杂交品种39个。结果表明：梨栽培品种每百克果肉石细胞含量平均值为0.684 g, 范围为0.010 ~ 6.678 g,其中主要栽培种白梨、西洋梨、砂梨和秋子梨品种分别为0.462、0.524、0.552和1.887 g,变化范围分别是0.020 ~ 1.479、0.027 ~ 1.136、0.010 ~ 2.018和0.256 ~ 6.678 g。秋子梨品种果肉石细胞含量总体最高,白梨最低。通过3年鉴定,筛选出早酥、德胜香、赤穗、玛丽娅、泗阳青梨、康佛伦斯、巴梨、青魁等8个石细胞含量极低的品种。     

梨杂种果质量、耐贮性及果心大小的遗传倾向

果实大小、耐贮性及果心大小等是重要的梨果实性状。以龙香×早酥等4个组合的杂种后代为试材,研究梨在果重、耐贮性、果心大小等方面的果实性状遗传倾向。结果表明:梨的果重是受多基因控制的数量性状,杂种后代表现广泛的连续性偏小分布。基因效应为积加效应,并含有较大的非加性效应。梨后代果实的耐贮性呈明显的偏小分布,集中分布于30d以内,但有耐贮株系出现。梨后代果心大小遗传与组合类型有关,小果心出现的比例从高到低的组合类型依次为:小×小、小×中、大×中。     

梨果实中石细胞含量测定及与果实品质相关性的研究

对梨果实中石细胞含量的测定方法进行了改进，克服了他法中石细胞壁上附带的果肉和测定中步骤复杂的弊病；同时对６个梨品种系统地进行了品质分析。结果表明：梨果肉中石细胞含量的多少不是影响口感的主要因素；果肉中石细胞的含量与其ｐＨ值大小成显著正相关。     

梨果实在贮藏过程中细胞壁成分的变化

为了比较耐贮性不同的梨在贮藏过程中细胞壁成分的变化,以苹果梨和新高为试材,利用乙醇不溶性物质(alcoholinsolublesolids,AIS)分析了梨果实细胞壁组成成分的变化。结果表明,2品种在贮藏过程中AIS含量差异和变化不明显;耐贮性强的苹果梨的AIS中总果胶含量和碱溶性果胶含量高,水溶性果胶含量极显著低,而EDTA可溶性果胶含量在贮藏过程中均很少,且在整个过程中无多大变化;纤维素在梨贮藏中变化不大,而半纤维素含量有较大变化,但似乎与梨的耐贮性的关系不大。     

不同产区玉露香梨果实品质特性综合分析北大核心CSCD

【Objective】In order to determine the suitability of geological locations and climatic conditions for production of Yuluxiang pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehder‘Yuluxiang’) with excellent fruit quality, we measured the fruit quality components such as fruit color, contents of anthocyanin and chlorophyll, firmness, soluble solid content (SSC), total soluble sugar content (TSSC) and titratable acid content (TAC) of Yuluxiang fruit from five locations with different geographical and climatic conditions in northern China.【Methods】The five locations for Yuluxiang pear production included Xi County, Fenxi County and Ruicheng County in Shanxi Province, Haidian District in Beijing and the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment in Xinjiang were selected as experimental sites. A representative orchard in each of these sites was then selected for the experiment from 2020 to 2022. Climatic and geographical conditions including average altitude, average annual temperature, average diurnal temperature difference during the fruit color development, average annual sunshine duration and frost-free period were investigated in each of these orchards. The experimental Yuluxiang pear trees in each of these orchards were 8 to 10 years old and the tree canopy was in the free-spindle shape. All the orchards were with loam soil and manual fertilizer applied annually in the fall, and managed under the common production practice. There were 3 trees in the experimental unit in each orchard. Four representative fruit at harvest maturity were collected at a height of 1.0-2.5 m in the outer canopy from each of the trees to measure the fruit quality components. The experiment was replicated 3 times in each orchard. Fruit color was measured using the photoshop CS6 to read the Lab color degree (L*, a*, b*) on the fruit photograph and the h°= arccot (a*/b*)×180/π was used for the hue. Anthocyanin in the fruit peel was extracted using the HCl method and chlorophylls were extracted in 80% acetone. Ratio of the anthocyanin content to chlorophyll content was then determined. Fruit firmness in the flesh was determined using a FT327 pressure tester and the soluble solid content was measured with a PAL-1 reflectormeter. Total soluble sugar content and titratable acid content were determined using the anthrone colorimetry and the acid-base titration methods, respectively. Ratio of the sugar to acid was then calculated. Statistical software DPS7.05 was used for ANOVA, regression, cluster, and principal component analyses of the resulting data.【Results】Compared to those from Ruicheng County and Haidian District orchards, pear fruits from Xi County, Fenxi County and the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment orchards looked more shiny with greater redness and yellowness in the surface, and in addition, the fruit anthocyanin contents were over 2-fold higher and the chlorophyll contents were 12%-21% lower. The fruit firmness from the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment was the highest among those from all the five experimental orchards. The soluble solid content of fruit from the five experimental orchards were in the following order: the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment (14.4%)＞Fenxi County (12.2%)＞Xi County (12.1%)＞Ruicheng County (10.9%)＞Haidian District (10.6%). Total soluble sugar content of fruit from the 5 experimental orchards was in the order of the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment (12.2 g · 100 g-1)＞Xi County (10.4 g·100 g-1)＞Fenxi County (10.3 g·100 g-1)＞Ruicheng County (9.1 g·100 g-1)＞Haidian District (8.6 g·100 g-1). Fruit titratable acid content from the Xi County and Fenxi County orchards were 7%-10% greater than those from the rest of the orchards. The fruit redness was positively correlated with the altitude of the orchard-site, average diurnal temperature difference during the fruit color development, and average annual temperature. Fruit SSC or TSSC were positively correlated with the average diurnal temperature difference during the fruit- color development and average annual sunshine duration. Cluster analysis revealed that fruits from Xi County and Fenxi County orchards were in the same cluster with greater level of SSC, TSSC and TAC, and reduced firmness. Fruits from the 33rd Agricultural Production Regiment orchards were also in the same cluster but with less TAC. Fruits from orchards in Ruicheng County and Haidian District were in the same cluster with lower level of SSC and TSSC.【Conclusion】When the average altitude of the production orchard was in the range of 900-1100 m, and the average diurnal temperature difference was from 13 to 15 ℃, the excellent fruit quality of Yuluxiang pear was fully reached, whereas in the orchards with an average altitude below 400 m above sea-level, it was not suitable for production of this pear cultivar. Therefore, geographical and climatic conditions determined the suitability of the production of high-quality Yuluxiang pear. © 2023 Journal of Fruit Science. All rights reserved.     

溶菌酶对丰水梨果实贮藏保鲜效果的影响

以成熟的丰水梨果实为材料,研究了常温条件下0.01%、0.05%和0.15%溶菌酶涂膜处理对丰水梨果实采后生理及保鲜效果的影响。结果表明,贮藏20d后,溶菌酶处理能显著降低果实的失重率、烂果率和呼吸强度,平均比对照分别降低了35%、19.8%和12.2%;溶菌酶处理能有效维持丰水梨果实的内在品质,经溶菌酶处理的丰水梨果实硬度、抗坏血酸(VC)含量平均比对照分别高出0.47kg/cm2和3.5mg/kg,可滴定酸和还原糖含量平均比对照分别高6.6%和9.8%;溶菌酶处理在一定程度上抑制了果实膜透性和丙二醛(MDA)含量的增加,显著抑制了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的降低,贮藏20d后,SOD、CAT活性平均比对照分别高57.1%、37.1%。在3种溶菌酶浓度中,以0.05%浓度溶菌酶涂膜处理效果最好。     

花粉直感对京白梨品质的影响

为研究京白梨生产中花粉直感与所出现的品质退化现象的关系,试验选用11个梨品种为授粉品种,以生长势健壮、结果盛期的京白梨为母本进行人工授粉,测定了不同授粉组合的坐果率、成熟种子数、果实外在品质及内在品质等几个主要指标。结果表明:京白梨果实在坐果率、成熟种子数、单果重、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物等方面表现明显的花粉直感现象,而在果形指数、可食用部分表现不明显。成熟种子数与可滴定酸显著相关,表明花粉可通过种子对果实品质产生一定影响。京白梨最适宜的授粉品种是白梨系统的鸭梨、金水2号、中梨2号和七月酥。     

梨芽内休眠分子调控机制研究进展

多年生木本植物芽休眠是植物生长发育过程中的一种可见生长暂时停止的现象,是植物经过长期演化而获得的一种对环境及季节性变化的生物学适应性。对梨芽内休眠分子机制研究的最新进展进行了综述,阐述了梨休眠的建立与解除过程的调控因素,介绍了梨内休眠过程重要转录因子DAM的发现及其参与的分子网络调控模式,并对有关休眠机制未来的研究方向提出了展望。     

核果类果树遗传连锁图谱的研究进展

遗传连锁图谱构建是基因组研究中的重要环节,是基因定位与克隆乃至基因组结构与功能研究的基础。近20a来,分子生物学特别是分子标记技术的飞速发展为高饱和核果类遗传连锁图谱的构建和利用奠定了基础。目前国内外已经公布十几张核果类的遗传连锁图谱,但这些图谱均有不同的缺陷。因此,我们就核果类遗传连锁图谱的构建进展、性状的QTL定位及比较图谱应用进行了综述,并探讨了核果类遗传连锁图谱研究的前景和存在的问题。     

我国梨芽变育成品种分析及芽变性状变异机制研究进展

通过对梨已育成芽变品种/品系进行整理分析,将芽变涉及的变异性状分为5大类和16小类,这些变异性状主要集中在大果型、果实皮色、成熟期、耐贮性及自交亲和性等方面。综述了不同芽变品种及相关性状的研究进展,大果型芽变分别由染色体加倍与控制果重基因变异2种因素引起;果实皮色芽变分别由花青苷、叶绿素、木栓合成途径中的基因变异引起;S-基因位点的变异形成了自交亲和性芽变。探讨了芽变选育在梨的不同品质性状改良中的有效性,并对梨芽变选育方法相关研究及技术的发展进行了展望。