喹赛多对猪直肠粪便中大肠杆菌数及肠黏膜免疫影响

去势长大仔猪随机分为6组，Ⅰ和Ⅳ组饲喂不含抗菌药的基础日粮，Ⅱ和Ⅴ组基础日粮中添加100mg／kg喹乙醇，Ⅲ和Ⅵ组基础日粮中添加100mg／kg喹赛多。Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ组仔猪灌服10^10CFU大肠杆菌（O139；K86），Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组仅灌服肉汤。喹赛多饲喂猪直肠粪便中大肠杆菌总数和接种血清型大肠杆菌数与喹乙醇饲喂猪均无显著差异（P〉0.05），喹赛多和喹乙醇饲喂猪直肠粪便中接种血清型大肠杆菌数均低于非药物饲喂猪（P〈0．05）。饲料中添加药物可降低空、回肠上皮内淋巴细胞和IgA分泌细胞数（P〈0．05）；喹赛多饲喂猪空肠IgA分泌细胞数低于喹乙醇饲喂猪（P〈0．05）。大肠杆菌接种降低仔猪平均日增重（P〈0．05），药物显著改善平均日增重（P〈0．05）；喹赛多饲喂猪平均日增重在整个试验期高于喹乙醇饲喂猪（P〈0．05）；这些结果显示喹赛多减少肠道大肠杆菌数量，抑制因肠道接种刺激所引起的免疫激活，特别是肠道免疫激活，以促进仔猪生长。     

喹烯酮预混剂对肉鸡的增重试验

本文研究了喹烯酮预混剂对肉鸡生产性能的影响。选用150羽7日龄肉仔鸡,随机分为3组,每组3个重复。对照空白组饲喂基础日粮,喹乙醇对照组饲喂添加75ppm的喹乙醇预混剂基础日粮,试验组饲喂添加75ppm的喹烯酮预混剂基础日粮,试验期35d。结果：实验组肉鸡的末期平均体重、净增重和日增重均高于空白对照组和喹乙醇组,差异显著（P〈0．05）;试验组的平均采食量均高于两对照组（P〉0．05）;试验组的饲料转化率较空白对照组提高了3．69％（P〈0．05）,比喹乙醇组高1．5％（P〉0．05）。结果表明在较高的营养水平条件下喹烯酮对肉鸡有良好的的促生长作用。     

喹烯酮预混剂对肉鸡的增重试验

研究了喹烯酮预混剂对肉鸡生产性能的影响。选用150羽7日龄肉仔鸡,随机分为3组,每组3个重复。对照空白组饲喂基础日粮,喹乙醇对照组饲喂添加75×10^4的喹乙醇预混剂基础日粮,试验组饲喂添加75×10^4的喹烯酮预混剂基础日粮,试验期35d。结果：实验组肉鸡的末期平均体重、净增重和日增重均高于空白对照组和喹乙醇组,差异显著（P〈0.05）,试验组的平均采食量均高于两对照组（P〉0.05）。试验组的饲料转化率较空白对照组提高了3．69％（P〈0．05）,比喹乙醇组高1．5％（P〉0.05）。结果表明在较高的营养水平条件下喹烯酮对肉鸡有良好的的促生长作用。     

膨化大豆饲喂断奶仔猪效果试验

选取9030日龄刚断奶杜长大瘦肉型猪随机分为3组，分别饲喂添加不同水平膨化大豆的饲粮，饲粮2和对照日粮，观察膨化大豆对断奶仔猪生产性能和经济效益影响，结果表明：添加膨化大豆饲粮可显著得泻率（P＜0．05），促进仔猪生长和改善饲料利用率，提高经济效益，与对照组比较，饲粮1，饲粮2日增重分别提高7．2％，10％，腹泻率下降8．36％，9．16％，平均每1千克体增重饲料费比对照组减少0．2－0．3元／kg。     

大麦型日粮添加复合非淀粉多糖酶制剂对生长猪生产性能的影响

选择体重35kg左右的杜长大杂交仔猪144头，随机分成4组，每组3个重复，每个重复12头，用来研究不同大麦用量的日粮中添加试验筛选的复合非淀粉多糖（NSP）酶制剂对生长猪生产性能的影响。结果表明：在使用大麦专用复合NSP酶制剂情况下，40％大麦型饲粮和70％大麦型饲粮（全部大麦、无玉米）与玉米型饲粮对生长猪的生产性能无显著影响，40％大麦型饲粮组每千克增重饲料成本较玉米型饲粮组略低；用40％大麦型饲粮饲喂生长猪时，添加复合NSP酶制剂可使日增重提高5．8％（P〈0．05），饲料利用率提高9.3%每千克增重饲料成本降低0．295元。     

猪日粮中有机铬适宜添加量的研究

试验的180头断奶仔猪和240头生长猪均被分成6组,对照组喂基础日粮,仔猪试验组每千克饲料分别添加25毫克、50毫克、75毫克、100毫克、125毫克的有机铬,饲养39天;生长猪试验组每千克饲料分别添加50毫克、100毫克、150毫克、200毫克、250毫克的有机铬,饲养72天。结果表明：饲喂含有机铬日粮的断奶仔猪,增重率和对照组差异不显著（P＞0．05）;饲喂200毫克／千克有机铬日粮的生长猪,增重最高,日增重比对照组高12．75％,饲料效率改善19．19％。根据这个结果,在生长猪日粮中添加200毫克／千克有机铬比较适宜。     

鲁山牛腿山羊饲喂大豆糖蜜粕试验研究

选用5-6月龄鲁山牛腿山羊18头,随机分成对照组和5个试验组（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ）。在基础日粮和饲养方式完全相同的情况下,试验组日粮分别添加2％、4％、6％、8％和10％的大豆糖蜜粕。试验期45天,测定日增重和饲料转化率。结果表明,试验组日增重均高于对照组,其中含6％大豆糖蜜粕组的鲁山牛腿山羊日增重和饲料转化率比对照组分别提高了7．72％和6．13％,且差异显著（P〈0．05）。其他4个试验组的日增重和饲料转化率也高于对照组,但是差异不显著（P〉0．05）。     

日粮中添加酸制剂对断奶仔猪生长发育的影响

选用长大二元杂交断奶仔猪30头，随机分成3组，每组10头。试验1、2组中，仔猪分别饲喂在基础日粮中每千克添加10g柠檬酸和1 mL盐酸的饲料，对照组仔猪饲喂基础配合日粮，试验期为30d。结果表明，试验1组仔猪的平均日增重显著高于对照组（P〈0.05），试验2组仔猪平均日增重与对照组差异不显著（P〉0.05）；在饲料转化率方面，试验1、2组分别比对照组提高了8.20％和2.06％；在经济效益方面分别提高了12.80％和4.57％。     

日粮中添加甘露寡糖和香精油对仔猪生长性能的影响

本试验目的是研究日粮中添加甘露寡糖和香精油替代抗生素对仔猪生产指标的影响。25窝个体均匀的仔猪被随机分配到5个试验组中．每组50～60只。仔猪在30日龄断奶．在仔猪断奶前2d开始给仔猪饲喂教槽料,并持续饲喂39d。试验组（Ⅰ组）仔猪采食的日粮不含抗生素,试验组（Ⅱ组）仔猪采食含抗生素多黏菌素E（120mg／kg）的日粮,试验组（Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组）仔猪采食含添加剂（甘露寡糖和香精油）的日粮,其中．断奶前每吨日粮中分别添加4、5和6kg的添加剂（甘露寡糖和香精油）,断奶后每吨日粮中分别添加2、3和4kg的添加剂（甘露寡糖和香精油）。在整个试验阶段对试验仔猪的体重、日增重、采食量和饲料转化率等指标进行了测定．并着重观测了仔猪的健康状况和死亡率等指标。本试验结果表明．当日粮中不添加抗生素时．哺乳仔猪的生产指标显著下降。日粮中添加4k趴的甘露寡糖和香精油来替代抗生素时能相对保持仔猪的体重和日增重．并能降低哺乳仔猪的死亡率．     

微贮秸杆饲料对断奶仔猪生产性能影响的研究

本研究探讨经过微生物发酵处理的作物秸杆饲料替代5％、10％的精料配合饲料，对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响。试验选用78头体重相近的4周龄断奶仔猪，按体重、性别、遗传基础进行分组饲养试验。试验采用单因子随机区组设计，分3个处理组，5％秸杆微贮饲料＋95％全价目粮组，10％秸杆微贮饲料＋90％全价日粮组和基础日粮对照组。每个处理2个重复，每个重复13头仔猪。试验结果表明，试验组日增重显著高于对照组（P〈0．05），两试验组间差异不显著（P〉0．05）。各组间饲料转化率差异不显著（P〉0．05），饲料成本明显低于对照组，其中10％微贮秸杆饲料组优为明显。仔猪腹泻率明显低于对照组。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -