Bacteriological Quality of Ready-Mixed Mink Feed in Finland

Frozen samples of Finnish ready-mixed mink feed were analyzed for total bacterial count, the number of faecal streptococci, the coliform count, the number of haemolytic bacteria and the number of sulphite-reducing bacteria. The investigation comprised 242 feed samples from 38 central kitchens and larger private farm kitchens, the combined feed production of which is about 85 % of the yearly feed production of Finland.Of all samples 48.3 % had a total bacterial count of 10⁶ … 6} × 106 bacteria per g of feed. The total bacterial count was relatively constant during the first four production periods of the year (December-August) and was elevated during the last period (September-November). The percentage of samples containing less than 2.5 × 10⁴ faecal streptococci per g of feed was 49.8 %; 62 % of the samples contained less than 2.5 × 10⁴ coliform bacteria per g. The content of coliform bacteria was lowest during the third production period (May); 48.5 % of the samples contained 5 × 10³ … 10⁵ haemolytic bacteria per g, and 4.6 % were negative. The content of haemolytic bacteria was relatively constant during the whole production year; 52.6 % of the feed samples contained 5 × 10³ … 10⁵ sulphite-reducing bacteria per g, and 17.2 % were negative. The mean content of sulphite-reducing bacteria was lowest during the second production period (March-April).The results are discussed and compared with corresponding results from Norway and Denmark.     

Pathogenic,Enterotoxin-Producing Staphylococci in Mink Feed and Mink Feed Raw Materials

Samples of 51 mink feeds and 101 raw material batches were analysed for pathogenic staphylococci. Of the feed samples 37 % were contaminated with pathogenic staphylococci, the mean count being 3.02 log CFU (colony forming units)/g and the highest count being 4.48 log CFU/g of feed. Of the raw materials investigated, slaughter-house offals were most frequently contaminated and contained highest counts of S. aureus, 60 % of the samples being positive with a mean log count of 3.86/g and a maximum of 5.70/g. Forty-eight staphylococcal isolates were tested for eniterotoxin production. Toxin A, B or G were produced by eight isolates, A being the most common. None of the isolates produced B or E toxins.     

Bacteriological quality of raw materials used in Finnish mink feed.

Mink feed raw materials were analyzed for total bacterial count, the number of faecal streptococci, the coliform count, the number of haemolytic bacteria and the number of sulphite reducing bacteria. The investigation comprised samples from the following raw materials: four slaughter-house offal products, preserved and unpreserved slaughter blood, Baltic herring, cod filletting offal, fish silage, blood meal, fish meal, meat-bone meal, protein concentrate, brewer’s yeast and cereal feed.The slaughter-house offals and unpreserved slaughter blood had the poorest quality, in terms of all the bacterial types for which the samples were analyzed. There were statistically significant differences in bacterial contents between slaughter-house offals from different sources. The preserved slaughter blood had significantly lower bacterial contents as compared to the unpreserved slaughter blood. Single samples of the cod filletting offal, Baltic herring and the blood meal had relatively high total bacterial counts, but the specified mean bacterial counts were relatively low. The bacterial counts for the rest of the investigated raw materials were relatively low.     

水貂饲料资源的探索

针对养殖业蛋白质资源面临世界范围的紧缺危机,又因水貂的消化生理结构、消化酶分泌的种类与量的限制,而导致的水貂蛋白质饲料资源面临枯竭,可替代资源很少等原因,进而对水貂蛋白质饲料资源的探索加以综述。     

Feed Consumption and Efficiency in Paternal Progeny Groups in Mink

Abstract

A total of 730 dark mink, half of each sex, representing 94 paternal progeny groups originating from 16 farms were housed on a test station from about 10 weeks of age until pelting. Average daily feed consumption in paternal progeny groups was registered daily. Individual body weights were recorded five times. Feed consumption, feed efficiency and weight gain in paternal progeny groups were calculated in four subperiods corresponding to the times of weighing. These traits, body weights and length of pelts were analysed for differences between paternal progeny groups and farms of origin. A considerable difference between farms of origin and paternal progeny groups was found for most traits, indicating genetic variation. Correlations between averages of paternal progeny groups were calculated, and interpreted as approximations to genetic correlations. Feed consumption was highly correlated across periods. Feed efficiency showed low to medium correlations between periods. A favourable correlation was found between efficiency of weight gain and efficiency of longitudinal growth.     

水貂营养研究进展

水貂饲料营养是影响水貂养殖经济效益的一个重要因素,科研工作者对此作了大量的研究工作。作者回顾了国内外水貂营养研究进展,结合对水貂消化系统特点的分析分别从能量水平、脂肪与脂肪酸、蛋白质与氨基酸、碳水化合物、维生素和矿物需要量等方面进行了综述,为水貂营养的进一步研究提供了依据,同时提出了水貂营养研究存在的问题及进一步研究方向。     

水貂多态蛋白位点与经济性状相关的研究

通过建立一般线性模型对美国短毛黑、大连金州黑和左家型水貂遗传标记的筛选,方差分析表明,Pi-3对左家型水貂皮张长度有显著影响,Pi-3位点与美国短毛黑针绒毛长度比之间存在显著相关,Est是对金州黑水貂体重影响较大的位点,Po是对金州黑水貂针绒毛长度比影响较大的位点,Po和Est对金州黑水貂绒毛长度有显著影响。最小二乘均数结果表明,左家型水貂Pi-3的AA型与AB型间皮长差异显著,美国短毛黑中Pi-3的AA型与AB型间针绒毛长度比差异显著,金州黑水貂Est的AB和BB型体重之间也有显著差异,金州黑水貂Po的AA型与AB型的针绒毛长度比有显著差异,金州黑水貂Po的AA型与BB型和Est的AB和BC基因型之间的绒毛长度也有显著差异。     

不同葡萄糖水平对水貂日粮消化的影响

为了探讨水貂日粮中添加葡萄糖是否会增加可消化碳水化合物的摄入量以及消化情况,研究了不同葡萄糖水平对水貂生长期和冬毛期的采食量和各种营养物质消化率的影响。结果表明,随着葡萄糖水平的升高,水貂生长期和冬毛期对营养物质采食量逐渐下降(P<0.05),消化率逐渐升高(P<0.05),可消化营养物质的采食量下降,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

金州黑色标准水貂对中国养貂行业的影响

介绍了金州黑色标准水貂这一品种的培育过程和优良特性 ,阐述了该水貂新品种对推动中国水貂养殖行业的发展将起到很大的作用     

The Effect of Cage Environment and Ad Libitum Feeding on the Circadian Rhythm,Behaviour and Feed Intake of Farm Mink

Abstract

The effect of cage size and nest box environment on circadian rhythm and on stereotyped and non-stereotyped activities was measured for 66 farmed female mink fed ad libitum. The behaviour of the animals was recorded over 24 h on video in the months of September and October. Weight and feed consumption were measured for the 66 females and the 66 male mink placed with the females. The experiment included three cage sizes (0.10, 0.27 and 1.10 m²) and cages with and without nest boxes. In the cages with nest boxes the use of wire netting cylinders and shelves was evaluated.

Farm mink, fed ad libitum, had their primary activity period from 04:00 to 10:00 h. There was no food anticipatory activity, but the actual feeding at noon caused an interruption of the animals' resting period. Mink in cages without nest boxes performed more stereotyped behaviour than mink with nest boxes. There was no effect of cage size on the measured behavioural elements. Mink were passive for more than 70% of the day and night and preferred to rest together. Apart from resting in the nest box, mink preferred to rest on shelves above floor level. Lacking the possibility of using a nest box and performance of stereotyped behaviour increase the feed intake of farm mink. A large variation between animals, having a significant effect on all the measured behavioural elements, indicates different coping patterns and/or stress sensitivity.     

水貂阿留申病灭活疫苗免疫效果观察

为评价水貂阿留申病灭活疫苗的免疫效果 ,对接种疫苗水貂及阿留申病阴性、阳性水貂的死亡、空怀、流产、产仔、产仔成活数进行了比较 ,结果证实 ,水貂阿留申病灭活疫苗对水貂具有较好的免疫保护作用。     

孕马血清促性腺激素对水貂雌性生殖系统发育的影响

将30只处于乏情期的雌性水貂,随机分成6组.除一对照组外,5个实验组每只动物肌注PMSG 200 IU,在注射后2、3、4、5、6 d(5个阶段)分别取卵巢和子宫作组织切片,光镜下观察其结构变化.结果显示,注射PMSG后,乏情期母貂的卵巢迅速增长,卵泡发育加快,子宫也迅速增大,表明PMSG能促进之情期水貂雌性生殖系统迅速发育.     

育成期不同饲养方式对水貂配种行为和配种进度的影响

观察并研究了水貂育成期不同饲养方式,即断奶后一直双层单笼单养和单层单笼多养(3~4只)对水貂配种行为变化和配种进度的影响。结果表明:育成期单笼多养的水貂的初配率和复配率均显著高于单笼单养的水貂(P<0.05)。说明水貂饲养环境的改变直接影响水貂的繁殖情况,单笼多养饲养方式代替传统的单笼单养饲养方式,显著提高水貂的配种进度及水貂的配种率,水貂育成期单笼多养饲养方式具有较大的推广应用前景。     

饲料原料对蛋鸡生产性能和鸡蛋品质的影响

用三种来源不同的饲料饲喂商品蛋鸡,分别是全玉米豆粕饲料(A组)、河北购进的典型商品饲料(B组)和用杂粕配制的饲料(C组)。结果显示,A组产蛋率最高(76.8%),和C组(74.7%)差异显著(P<0.05)。平均蛋重三个组之间差异不显著。平均日耗料量A组(120.3g)低于B组(127.6g),高于C组(116g)。A组料蛋比和C组接近(2.43:1和2.42:1),均优于B组(2.63:1)。常规蛋品质三个组之间差异不显著,但是鸡蛋内容物中一些成分的含量存在差异。C组鸡蛋的水分含量稍高于A组和B组。三种鸡蛋中有毒有害物质含量均低于国家要求的标准,鸡蛋中没有检测出细菌。     

水貂自咬症病因的分子遗传研究

自咬症是笼养毛皮动物水貂、狐狸的常见病,严重影响着毛皮质量,然而其发病原因一直未得以明确。作者初步从分子遗传学角度探讨了水貂自咬症的发病原因。采用随机扩增多态DNA（RAPD）技术分别对正常水貂组和自咬水貂组进行了遗传基因差异上的比对分析。从100个随机引物中筛选出40个重复性好的多态引物,提取水貂健康与患病群体DNA各40个,随机抽取10个构建基因池,进行RAPD标记研究。挑选出在健康组与患病组差异明显的S103引物（序列为AGACGTCCAC）并对其进行克隆,将克隆结果交上海生工生物有限公司测序。引物S103扩增出健康与患病水貂的特异条带,仅在患病水貂组中发现750 bp左右的DNA片段,而在健康组中发现600 bp左右的特异片段。此两条特异片段可初步作为区分健康和患病水貂群体的分子遗传标记,为进一步对水貂自咬症的深入研究奠定了基础。     

不同水平蛋氨酸对埋植褪黑激素母貂营养物质消化率和血清生化指标的影响

采用单因素随机试验设计,选择离乳恢复期及冬毛生长期经产美国短毛黑母貂40只,随机分成A、B、C、D 4组,分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加0%、0.2%、0.4%和0.6%蛋氨酸的4种试验饲粮,以探讨不同水平蛋氨酸对埋植褪黑激素水貂生产性能的影响。结果表明:添加不同水平蛋氨酸后4组水貂干物质、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、能量的消化率表现为差异不显著(P0.05)。试验C组干物质采食量显著高于A、D组(P0.05);试验组与对照组增重、体长差异不显著(P0.05)。试验C组饲料转化率显著高于B、D组(P0.05),A、B、D组饲料转化率差异不显著(P0.05)。试验C、D组总胆固醇含量显著高于对照组A组(P0.05);B、C、D组总胆固醇含量差异不显著(P0.05)。试验各组甘油三酯含量差异不显著(P0.05);B组总蛋白含量明显高于A、D两组(P0.05);C、D组总蛋白含量明显高于A组(P0.05);C组与B、D组总蛋白差异均不显著(P0.05)。在此日粮基础上,综合各项指标可得出,埋植褪黑激素后恢复期和冬毛生长期经产母水貂日粮中蛋氨酸的适宜添加水平为0.4%。     

不同乳酸菌组合对发酵液体饲料品质的影响

本试验用液态发酵法研究不同菌种来源对乳酸菌发酵液体饲料(fermentation liquid feed,FLF) 感官、pH和菌落计数的影响,分别以乳酵素(Lactobacillus enzymes,LE)、乳酵素+基础料(enzymes mixture,EM)、5 mg/kg 乳酸菌种+基础料(spawn mixture,SM) 和空白对照组(control,CON)作为研究对象,所有发酵罐保持发酵底物:水=1:3,(36±1)℃恒温发酵192 h,每隔24 h做1次感官评定和pH测定;取发酵72 h的样品进行培养,分别计数培养48和72 h的菌落。结果表明,EM和SM均具有良好的感官性能,保质期长,其活菌落计数均极显著高于LE与对照组(P<0.01),但EM与SM相比差异不显著(P>0.05);各组的pH均先降低后升高,LE处理组pH显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)低于其他试验组。提示,LE发酵方式不能改善FLF品质,EM和SM发酵方式的饲料品质优于LE,EM与SM发酵效果类似。     

不同锌水平对水貂生产性能及营养物质消化率的影响

研究不同锌水平对水貂生产性能及营养物质消化率的影响。结果表明：日粮中添加不同水平的锌有降低水貂干物质、有机物质、蛋白质和脂肪采食量的趋势;锌水平为30mg／kg时显著降低微量元素的排出量,减少微量元素对环境的污染。添加不同锌水平的锌显著提高生长期水貂的日增重。在日粮中添加ZnSO4·7H2O水平为30mg／kg时水貂日增重效果最好。     

水貂蛋白质及氨基酸营养研究进展

针对我国水貂饲养的特点 ,回顾了国内外水貂蛋白质及氨基酸营养研究进展 ,分别从水貂消化道和蛋白酶分泌特性 ,不同蛋白质水平对水貂生长发育、繁殖和毛皮质量的影响 ,蛋白质合成、分解、转运 ,氨基酸需要以及葡萄糖动态平衡等方面进行了探讨 ,并提出了进一步的研究方向。     

非常规植物源饲料添加对育肥猪影响的研究

畜牧业发展目前面临着饲料粮、饲草资源日益紧缺等问题,饲料谷物的供需平衡关乎畜产品的有效供给。养猪业对饲料需求必将越来越大,因此要积极开拓新的饲料来源。在人畜争粮的矛盾日益突出的情况下,开发和利用饲用植物已经逐渐成为解决饲料粮短缺问题的有效补充办法。中国植物资源非常丰富,开发植物饲料或添加剂具有一定的市场潜力。文章对日粮中添加单一植物或其制品对生长育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状、猪肉品质、饲养成本和经济效益的影响予以综述,以期为饲料生产和生猪养殖提供参考。