Herd Types of Group-B Streptococci Their Prevalence Among Herds in Four Danish Mastitis Control Areas and the Relation of type to the Spread Within Herds

Herd types of B-str. were determined for 159 herds on the basis of serological typing of 336 quarter-milk isolates. The herds were selected at random within an area with some 25,000 herds, and assumably the results reflect the type distribution in that area. In contrast with previous findings in Zealand, no significant difference in the distribution of herd types was found between new-infected herds and herds with infections of known duration. However, compared to herds with infections of presumably long standing, newinfected herds had a relative deficit of Herd Type III.Herd Types III and X showed a significantly higher tendency than the other types to spread among cows within a herd.It is concluded that infections caused by Herd Types III, Ia/III and X require special attention in a control program, while in most cases supervision would seem to be adequate for infections caused by other types. Yet, such a program will leave a hygienic problem unsolved.     

Variation of type Antigens of Group-B Streptococci: II. Studies on the in-Vitro Variation of the X-Antigen and Other type Antigens

When occurring together with the polysaccharide III-antigen the X-antigen displayed a phenotypic variation in vitro, and so did 1 R-strain. Genuine X-straims, and other types as well, seemed to remain unaffected by commonly used laboratory procedures. The hypothesis is advanced that previously described in-vivo variations of these antigens are induced by antibodies against the antigen in question.     

Variation of type antigens of group-B streptococci. I. Variation of the X-antigen and of other type antigens in herds where the X-antigen occurs

Serological typing of Group-B streptococci isolated on different occasions during the course of natural intramammary infections revealed no shifts between polysaccharide types, but showed that polysaccharide antigens and the protein Ibc antigen may be lost and regained. Pure X-strains may arise from strains previously typed as IIIX or III, or from non-typeable strains, and possibly from Ibc, Ia and Ib strains as well. Such strains may later revert to their original types.     

Comparative grouping of mastitis Streptococci by means of co-agglutination and precipitation

Two hundred bovine mastitis streptococcal strains belonging to groups B, C, E, G and L were tested comparatively by means of the co-agglutination and precipitation technique. Identical results were obtained with the two tests in 191, or 95.5 %, of the strains. Six strains, which could not be grouped by co-agglutination, proved to belong to group B when grouped by precipitation. On the other hand, one strain which proved to belong to group G and two strains to group L when grouped by co-agglutination, could not be grouped by precipitation. Some cross-reactivity was observed between groups A and C, B and G, B and L. Only a few L strains showed marked cross-reactivity which was not easily distinguished from specific reactions. However, the cross-reactivity ought to be eliminated by dilution or adsorption. Using the precipitation test as a supplementary method, the easy and rapid co-agglutination test was found to be a suitable procedure for routine grouping of mastitis streptococci.     

Staphylococcal Nuclease in Udder Secretions of Cows with Acute Mastitis

High concentrations of nuclease produced by Staphylococcus aureus were demonstrated within a few hours by direct examination of udder secretions from cows with a severe staphylococcal mastitis. A positive correlation between the nuclease concentration and the severity of the mastitis was found. The cows with high nuclease concentrations were generally young individuals and/or in the first 2 weeks of the lactation period. Most had a low titre of antibodies against staphylococcal nuclease. Two-thirds of the cows in which high nuclease concentrations were demonstrated were culled or died because of the mastitis attack.The role which nuclease plays for staphylococcal virulence is discussed, and it is concluded that nuclease contributes to the pathogenicity of S. aureus.     

宁夏吴忠地区规模化奶牛场流产牛病原血清学调查

为了调查宁夏吴忠地区奶牛场因传染性因素造成流产的基本情况,应用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对可能造成感染流产的牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒、新孢子虫、牛病毒性腹泻病毒的抗体及布鲁菌的抗原进行了血清学检测。结果显示,牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒抗体阳性率为48.84%,新孢子虫抗体阳性率为30.23%,牛病毒性腹泻病毒抗体阳性率为19.77%,布鲁菌抗原阳性率为24.42%。牛场阳性率高达100%。根据统计显示,不同妊娠胎次的奶牛流产率差异显著(P0.05),其中第1胎流产率与其他胎次间差异极显著(P0.01)。不同妊娠时间的奶牛流产率差异不显著(P0.05)。调查表明,宁夏部分奶牛场存在不同程度的牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒、新孢子虫、牛病毒性腹泻病毒和布鲁菌感染。     

Clinical Bovine Mycoplasmal Mastitis: An Epidemiologic Study of Factors Associated with Problem Herds

The California Dairy Herd Improvement Association records of 29 California dairies which experienced clinical mycoplasmal mastitis between January 1975 and December 1977 were examined and compared to the records of selected control herds. A 15-fold greater risk of clinical mycoplasmal mastitis was found among large herds as compared to small herds. On average, herds with clinical mycoplasmal mastitis culled 5 % more cows than did control herds (33 % vs 28 %). No difference was found in average milk production. These findings compare closely with the findings of a previous report where infected herds were identified by the presence of pathogenic mycoplasma in bulk tank milk. The similarity of results support the use of frequent bacteriologic culture of bulk tank milk as a routine surveillance strategy for mycoplasmal mastitis in endemic areas. The similarity of results also supports the use of routine clinical diagnostic data in the study of the epidemiology of diseases of veterinary importance.     

隐性乳腺炎患牛乳汁电导率变化与体细胞数相关关系的研究

以随机采集的奶牛乳样为研究对象,对乳样的电导率与体细胞数进行了测定与分析。结果显示,体细胞在20-50万/mL区间时,奶牛乳汁电导率值在0.40-0.55mho/m之间;体细胞在50万/mL以上时,奶牛乳汁电导率0.6mho/m以上。结果表明,牛乳电导率的变化与体细胞的含量呈正相关,可确定利用牛乳体细胞数与电导率变化的相关关系来准确判断奶牛隐性乳房炎。     

乳头封闭剂和不同干奶药品对预防奶牛产后乳房炎的研究

奶牛乳腺健康直接关系到奶牛生产性能,和牧场效益息息相关。如何有效预防奶牛乳房炎的发生,是牧场的重中之重。干奶期是奶牛乳腺机能恢复健康的一个重要阶段,对预防奶牛产后乳房炎的发生有着重要意义。本文利用长达1 年的时间,对635 头奶牛进行分组试验,并追踪观察其产后90 天内乳房炎的发生情况和产奶量情况。通过数据分析发现,奶牛干奶期联合使用抗生素和乳头封闭剂对奶牛进行干奶,比单独使用抗生素干奶,产后7 天的体细胞阳性率降低了28.58%;产后60 天临床乳房炎发病率降低了35.40%,产后90天降低了41.32%;各组之间的产奶量并无显著差异（P>0.05）。     

淮南地区荷斯坦奶牛隐性乳房炎的检测及分析

随机抽取473头荷斯坦奶牛1892个乳区进行奶牛隐性乳房炎的检测及分析。结果表明：淮南地区荷斯坦奶牛隐性乳房炎的乳区阳性率为25．42％。奶牛阳性率为52．64％。在1、2、3、4、5胎以及5胎以上的乳区阳性率分别为23．12％、24．53％、25．88％、22．41％、23．03％和44．08％；奶牛阳性率分别是47．95％、52．34％、52．33％、51．72％、52．63％及73．68％。1～5胎乳区阳性率的变异范围是22．41％～25．08％，差异不显著（P〉0．05），而5胎以上乳区阳性率为44．08％，极显著（P〈0．01）地高于前5个胎次。同样，奶牛阳性率随胎次发生变化的趋势与乳区阳性率是一致的，只是在前5个胎次中第1胎47．95％的奶牛阳性率分别低于2～5胎次各5个百分点左右，但也均未达到显著水平（P〉0．05）。不同胎次不同泌乳月隐性乳房炎的乳区阳性率及奶牛阳性率无明显的变化规律。     

牛源性无乳链球菌血清型分布及抗生素耐药性研究

本研究旨在查明牛源性无乳链球菌血清型分布及对常见抗生素的耐药情况,指导临床合理用药。对从中国部分地区奶牛场采集的临床型乳房炎病牛乳中分离鉴定出78株无乳链球菌地方菌株,制备沉淀反应抗原及6株标准血清型无乳链球菌单因子血清抗体,采用环状沉淀试验,对78株无乳链球菌地方菌株进行了血清学分型鉴定;同时采用K-B纸片法测定了这些菌株对抗生素的耐药情况。结果表明,引起奶牛乳房炎的无乳链球菌血清型主要为X型(60.26%),其次为Ⅲ型(10.26%)、R型(7.69%)、Ⅱ型(7.69%)和Ⅰb型(5.13%),Ⅰa型尚未发现。无乳链球菌对目前临床上使用的大部分抗生素,如头孢唑啉、头孢噻肟、丁胺卡那霉素、卡那霉素、庆大霉素、四环素、强力霉素、氟苯尼考、多黏菌素B、环丙沙星、氟哌酸和头孢他啶/棒酸均较敏感;但对氨苄青霉素、链霉素、恩诺沙星、阿莫西林/棒酸和复方新诺明,有一定的耐药性,其耐药率达50%~100%。本研究对进一步研制有效的药物及疫苗,指导临床合理用药具有重要的意义。     

乌鲁木齐周边地区奶牛乳房炎沙门氏菌的分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了解乌鲁木齐周边地区奶牛场奶牛乳房炎沙门氏菌的流行与耐药情况,本研究采集了5个牧场300份奶牛乳房炎奶样,进行沙门氏菌的分离、培养,利用荧光PCR方法鉴定,同时对分离出的阳性菌株采用纸片扩散法进行耐药性分析。结果表明：从奶牛乳房炎样品中分离出12株沙门氏菌,分离率4%;耐药性分析表明分离的沙门氏菌对氨苄西林、四环素、多西环素、链霉素耐药率超过50%,对氨曲南、诺氟沙星、多粘菌素B、头孢他啶敏感性大于70%。此外4株沙门氏菌分离株具有多重耐药性。本研究为本地区奶牛乳房炎的防治提供了依据。     

奶牛临床型乳房炎的细菌分离鉴定与耐药性分析

2011年山西省多个奶牛场发生了较严重的乳房炎,对76份采集的奶样进行细菌分离鉴定并采用药敏纸片法检测主要分离菌的抗生素耐药情况。所分离细菌以革兰氏阳性菌为主,革兰氏阳性球菌和其他革兰氏阳性菌分别占60.67%和23.59%。分离出多种病原菌和机会致病菌,主要的病原菌有链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌等,检出率为2.24%~11.24%,其中无乳链球菌的检出率最高;机会致病菌有粪链球菌、微球菌、克雷伯菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌等,检出率为1.12%~11.24%,其中粪链球菌和微球菌的检出率较大,分别为11.24%和6.74%。药敏试验检测结果显示,在所选的15种药物中,主要分离菌均对丁胺卡那霉素、氟哌酸和恩诺沙星3种药物敏感;大肠杆菌、克雷伯菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌对青霉素类和β-内酰胺/β-内酰胺酶抑制剂类药物产生了极强的耐药性,耐药率均为100%;乳房链球菌对该类药物也产生不同程度的耐药,耐药率为20%~100%;对链霉素产生100%耐药的细菌有大肠杆菌、克雷伯菌、无乳链球菌、乳房链球菌、停乳链球菌等细菌;部分分离菌对卡那霉素、庆大霉素、链霉素、四环素、红霉素、先锋霉素Ⅴ、复方新诺明等药物产生不同程度耐药。被检奶牛场混合感染较为严重,应进一步加强环境卫生管理,临床治疗应合理有效用药。     

维生素E和硒对奶牛乳房炎的作用

维生素E和微量元素硒是重要的抗氧化物质,在保护机体方面有着不可替代的作用。越来越多的研究表明,奶牛乳房炎的发生与机体维生素E和硒（Se）的缺乏有关。本文综述了维生素E和Se在降低奶牛乳房炎发病率中的作用。     

奶牛乳房炎、瘤胃积食和酮血症的诊断和防治

为了提高奶牛产奶量或延长奶牛泌乳高峰期时间,部分养殖户在科学饲养管理理念和技术不足的条件下,随意增加养殖密度或盲目追求产奶量,引发奶牛感染病原微生物或产生代谢性疾病,造成奶牛泌乳量降低,乳品质下降。乳房炎、瘤胃积食和酮血病是奶牛养殖中的常见疾病,其中乳房炎是细菌感染性疾病,发病率高达33.41%,是奶牛养殖中发病率最高的疾病之一。而瘤胃积食和酮血症主要由饲喂不当引发代谢紊乱所致,对奶牛泌乳性能的影响也较大。本文对奶牛养殖过程中发病率较高的乳房炎、瘤胃积食和酮血症的发病症状、治疗方法和预防措施进行概述,以期为奶牛健康科学养殖提供理论参考。     

奶牛肺炎克雷伯菌乳房炎的危害及其耐药情况

奶牛乳房炎是由多种病原侵染乳房引起的,世界上已发现很多种类,引起乳房炎的病因也有很多,需要针对乳房炎的发病开展持续性检测和调查,以便为乳房炎的防治措施制定提供及时、准确的流行病学数据。肺炎克雷伯菌是一种常见的引起临床型乳房炎的病原菌,肺炎克雷伯菌性乳房炎发病急、死淘率高、治愈率低。作者综合近年来国内外有关肺炎克雷伯菌的文献报道,就肺炎克雷伯菌乳房炎的发生状况,耐药性进行综素,旨在为肺炎克雷伯菌乳房炎的防控和治疗提供依据。     

干奶期奶牛乳房炎防控

乳房炎是影响奶牛健康、牛奶产量及品质、造成牧场经济损失最严重的疾病之一。约2个月的干奶期是防治奶牛乳房炎最关键的时期。本文基于干奶期的乳腺变化,分析干奶期乳房炎高发原因,提出全群及选择性干奶治疗、乳头末端保护方法、营养及卫生方面的饲养管理方法,为防控奶牛乳房炎、提高牛群生产表现及牧场经济效益提供科学参考。     

我国部分地区奶牛乳房炎病例中金黄色葡萄球菌血清型及毒力调查

为了解我国奶牛乳房炎病例中金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)流行血清型和不同血清型菌株的毒力情况,本研究采用玻板凝集和双重PCR方法分别对北京、山西、内蒙古、山东、浙江和新疆奶牛乳房炎乳样中分离的191株S.aureus进行血清分型并从各血清型中随机选取100株菌以小白鼠进行毒力测定.结果表明:这些地区牛源S.aureus中,336PS型为流行血清型,占60.2％(115/191),CP8型占19.4％(37/191),CP5型占11.5％(22/191),未分型菌株占8.9％(17/191).毒力测定显示:336PS、CP8和CP5型菌株中强毒力菌株分别占65.1％、62.9％及61.9％,未分型菌株中强毒力菌株为22.2％.该调查为我国奶牛乳房炎S.aureus疫苗菌株的筛选提供了依据.     

Distribution of Feline Blood Types Detected in the Copenhagen Area of Denmark

Jensen, A. L., A. B. Olesen and J. Arnbjerg: Distribution of feline blood types detected in the Copenhagen area of Denmark. Acta vet. scand., 1994, 35, 121-124.–The purpose of the present study was to make the first survey of the distribution of feline AB blood types in the Copenhagen area of Denmark. A total of 244 cats (139 purebred cats and 105 Domestic Shorthair cats) were tested. 93% of all tested cats had blood type A. Neither an AB nor an O type cat was detected and thus, the frequency of blood type B among all tested cats was 7%. Most type B cats were purebred cats (Birman, British Shorthair and Persian cats). No association between sex and blood type could be demonstrated among British Shorthair and Persian cats. Thus, the present study indicates that cats in Denmark predominantly have blood type A, and that blood type B cats are rare, except for certain breeds such as Birman and British Shorthair cats.     

蛋白质组学及其在奶牛乳房炎研究中的应用

蛋白质组学是功能基因组学的重要组成部分,已被广泛应用于人类疾病等相关研究领域。二维凝胶电泳、质谱和生物信息学是蛋白质组学研究的三大关键技术。文章概述了蛋白质组学研究技术的最新进展和白细胞蛋白质组学、微生物蛋白质组学、差异蛋白质组学的研究进展,以及蛋白质组学在奶牛乳房炎发病机理、诊断和防治等相关研究中的应用与前景。