Late Quaternary eolian dust in surficial deposits of a Colorado Plateau grassland: Controls on distribution and ecologic effects

In a semi-arid, upland setting on the Colorado Plateau that is underlain by nutrient-poor Paleozoic eolian sandstone, alternating episodes of dune activity and soil formation during the late Pleistocene and Holocene have produced dominantly sandy deposits that support grass and shrub communities. These deposits also contain eolian dust, especially in paleosols. Eolian dust in these deposits is indicated by several mineralogic and chemical disparities with local bedrock, but it is most readily shown by the abundance of titaniferous magnetite in the sandy deposits that is absent in local bedrock. Magnetite and some potential plant nutrients (especially, P, K, Na, Mn, and Zn) covary positively with depth (3–4 m) in dune-crest and dune-swale settings. Magnetite abundance also correlates strongly and positively with abundances of other elements (e.g., Ti, Li, As, Th, La, and Sc) that are geochemically stable in these environments. Soil-property variations with depth can be ascribed to three primary factors: (1) shifts in local geomorphic setting; (2) accumulation of relatively high amounts of atmospheric mineral dust inputs during periods of land-surface stability; and (3) variations in dust flux and composition that are likely related to changes in dust-source regions. Shifts in geomorphic setting are revealed by large variations in soil texture and are also expressed by changes in soil chemical and magnetic properties. Variable dust inputs are indicated by both changes in dust flux and changes in relations among magnetic, chemical, and textural properties. The largest of these changes is found in sediment that spans late Pleistocene to early Holocene time. Increased dust inputs to the central Colorado Plateau during this period may have been related to desiccation and shrinkage of large lakes from about 12 to 8 ka in western North America that exposed vast surfaces capable of emitting dust. Soil properties that result from variable dust accumulation and redistribution in these surficial deposits during the late Quaternary are important to modern ecosystem dynamics because some plants today utilize nutrients deposited as long ago as about 12–15 ky and because variations in fine-grained (silt) sediment, including eolian dust, influence soil-moisture capacity.     

雨型和甘蔗种植对赤红壤坡面土壤侵蚀特征的影响

为探究南方高强度、高频次降雨下甘蔗种植对赤红壤坡面土壤侵蚀的影响,基于径流小区原位观测试验,分析不同种植方式下(顺坡和横坡)蔗地和裸坡坡面径流和侵蚀泥沙特征,探讨甘蔗种植方式对坡面侵蚀产沙的影响,获得影响赤红壤坡面侵蚀的主要雨型。结果表明:(1)坡面径流量和侵蚀量均表现为裸坡>顺坡蔗地>横坡蔗地,裸坡坡面径流量和侵蚀量是顺坡蔗地和横坡蔗地的1.7~5.3倍;顺坡蔗地坡面径流量和侵蚀量是横坡蔗地的1.9,2.3倍。(2)次降雨条件下,裸坡坡面径流量与侵蚀量均整体高于蔗地处理,而顺坡蔗地整体上大于横坡蔗地,但二者差异随甘蔗生长逐渐缩小。(3)A型雨(中历时、小雨强、小雨量)发生频次最高,但B型雨(短历时、大雨强、中雨量)是引起裸坡和顺坡蔗地坡面产流产沙的主要雨型,径流量和侵蚀量分别占总量的49.9%,57.6%和62.3%,64.2%;D型雨(长历时、极大雨强、极大雨量)是造成横坡蔗地坡面水土流失严重的主要雨型,由其产生的坡面径流量和侵蚀量分别占总量的49.5%和72.2%。研究结果可为明晰南方赤红壤区蔗地土壤侵蚀特征及防治提供理论依据。     

扰动土与原状土侵蚀产沙规律研究

采用野外模拟降雨试验,对扰动土与原状土的土壤侵蚀规律进行了研究。结果表明,原状土坡面含沙量呈先下降后波动的过程,扰动土径流含沙量在坡度5°,11°时均呈上升-下降后波动的过程。在坡度相同,雨强相近的情况下,扰动土坡面径流含沙量大于原状土。前期原状土产沙量大于扰动土,后期扰动土产沙量大于原状土。扰动土产沙量大于原状土的时间点随着坡度的增加而提前。产沙速率达到稳定后,扰动土产沙速率大于原状土,差距随着坡度的增大而增大。     

2种扰动土壤工程堆积体坡面泥沙运移特征比对研究

为探究不同土壤类型对工程堆积体坡面侵蚀泥沙搬运的影响,选取构筑堆积体的2种扰动土壤,设定4个放水梯度(8,12,16,20 L/min)在32°条件下进行野外冲刷试验。结果表明:2种坡面产流产沙率均随冲刷延时呈"多峰多谷"变化;较扰动风沙土堆积体,扰动红壤堆积体产流产沙率均随流量增加上升速率较缓;流量20 L/min时,重力在扰动风沙土堆积体坡面侵蚀中发挥主导作用;各放水梯度下2种堆积体坡面累积产沙量与累积径流量均呈极显著线性关系(P0.01,R~20.99);随流量增大,搬运泥沙颗粒组成均接近原状土,扰动风沙土坡面径流搬运泥沙颗粒以砂粒为主( 60%),扰动红壤坡面径流搬运泥沙颗粒各组分比例相对均匀(各组分含量为24%～41%)。该研究结果可为不同土壤类型堆积体坡面水土流失防控措施科学配置提供理论依据。     

基于双土槽试验研究的黄土坡面侵蚀产沙过程

 定量分析梁峁坡面各侵蚀带之间侵蚀过程中的相互作用及其影响机理,将为坡面侵蚀预报模型的建立提供重要的理论基础。利用供沙土槽和试验土槽双土槽径流小区,研究不同上方汇流含沙量、不同降雨强度和不同地表面条件下的黏黄土陡坡面(15°)上方汇流汇沙,对坡下方侵蚀产沙过程的影响。研究结果表明:上方汇流汇沙对坡面侵蚀产沙过程有重要影响,上方来沙不但被径流全部搬运,而且上方来水在试验土槽引起了净侵蚀产沙量,坡面侵蚀现象为侵蚀-搬运过程占主导地位。对于疏松土和紧实土处理,上方汇流引起坡下方的净侵蚀产沙量,分别占试验土槽全部产沙量的31.1％-97.3％和45.1％-89.7％。上方汇流引起坡下方净侵蚀产沙量随降雨强度的增加而增加,同时受土壤容重和下垫面细沟侵蚀发展过程的综合影响。土壤容重影响坡面侵蚀的发生和发展,而坡面侵蚀产沙过程与细沟发育过程相对应。     

草带措施对坡耕地产流产沙和氮磷迁移的控制作用

植被在坡面的位置对坡面保持水土的作用是不同的。动态监测澄江抚仙湖一级支流尖山河小流域坡耕地降雨-径流过程及水土流失量,研究草带措施对云南红壤坡耕地产流产沙和氮磷迁移的削减作用。结果表明:草带调控处理下雨季降雨量、总产流次数、径流深和土壤侵蚀量较原状坡面明显减少,次降雨下,宽草带的径流控制率和土壤侵蚀控制率分别为79.19%和64.55%,窄草带的径流控制率和土壤侵蚀控制率分别为85.15%和73.77%,坡耕地土壤侵蚀量变异系数>径流深变异系数>降雨量变异系数,原状坡面变异系数间增幅差异为31.42%,宽草带调控措施作用下变异系数间增幅差异为20.37%,窄草带调控措施作用下变异系数间增幅差异为19.11%,窄草带对坡耕地径流和泥沙的调控能力更强;宽草带和窄草带2种草带作用下,径流氮磷迁移浓度差异不显著,较原状坡面相比,草带措施明显控制氮磷迁移通量,径流总氮迁移通量控制率分别为81.23%和81.68%,铵态氮迁移通量控制率为78.25%和59.50%,总磷迁移通量控制率为71.36%和82.03%;径流泥沙速效养分含量明显增加,较原状坡面相比,草带措施能明显控制径流泥沙氮磷迁移通量,且径流泥沙氮磷迁移控制率较径流氮磷迁移控制率高,径流泥沙全氮迁移通量控制率为98.43%和94.30%,碱解氮迁移通量控制率为98.43%和93.10%,全磷迁移通量控制率为96.43%和89.77%,速效磷迁移通量控制率为90.34%和57.43%。     

不同坡面草被格局下的侵蚀产沙量及其连通性指数表征

为探寻植被格局的定量表征参数,并建立其与侵蚀产沙的关系,深入揭示植被格局阻蚀减沙作用机制,该研究采用室内人工模拟降雨试验,以40%盖度的高羊茅草被坡面为研究对象,探讨了不同坡度（5°、15°和25°）和植被分布格局（裸地、带状横坡、带状顺坡、块状镶嵌、点状均匀格局）下的坡面侵蚀产沙过程变化,并分析了不同草被格局下平均汇流路径长度指数（Mean Flow Length Index,MFLI）、连通性指数（Index of Connectivity,IC）变化及其同坡度和土壤侵蚀量的关系。结果表明：带状顺坡、点状均匀、块状镶嵌和带状横坡的草被坡面平均侵蚀量分别较裸地减小42.9%、55.7%、62.4%和78.0%,带状横坡的阻蚀减沙作用最优。不同草被格局坡面间的MFLI和IC总体也与平均侵蚀量的差异关系一致,从小到大依次为：带状横坡、块状镶嵌、点状均匀、带状顺坡、裸地。MFLI和IC可分别与坡度结合用于模拟评价不同草被格局坡面的侵蚀产沙,决定系数（R2）达0.84以上。其中,IC与坡度的协同性更佳、依赖性更小,是表征植被格局对坡面侵蚀产沙影响的较佳参数。结果可为快速优选水土保持型植被格局、促进生态脆弱区林草植被格局优化和提质增效提供依据。     

坡沟系统侵蚀产沙特征模拟试验研究

坡沟系统介于坡面尺度和流域尺度之间，揭示其侵蚀产沙特征对于认识流域侵蚀产沙及建立流域土壤侵蚀预报模型有重要意义。采用放水冲刷法，通过2.125、3.205、5.250、7.185 L/min 4个不同的放水流量，在4 m长坡面(坡度为20°)和3 m长沟坡(坡度为50°)组成的坡沟系统上，对坡沟系统的侵蚀产沙特征进行了模拟试验研究。结果表明：对试验条件下的每一个放水流量来说，坡沟系统内的侵蚀产沙垂直分布都呈双峰曲线，侵蚀量的变化均呈现出沿坡沟系统从上到下先减小后增大再减小的趋势。沟坡部分的侵蚀量占全坡侵蚀量的百分比由放水流量2.125 L/min时的38.13％，增加到放水流量7.185 L/min时的56.01％。对于黄土高原水土流失治理，单纯治坡或治沟均不能明显减少土壤流失量，采取坡、沟兼治才是有效减少土壤流失的有效措施。     

Addition of aeolian dusts to soils in southeastern Australia: red silty clay trapped in dunes bordering Murrumbidgee River in the Wagga Wagga region

In southeastern Australia, aeolian dust deposits are very common and have a significant influence on soil properties and soil landscapes. However, the characteristics of the pure dust materials and the rates of dust-fall in the past are unclear because of the low overall rate of dust deposition and mixing with locally derived sediments. In the Wagga Wagga region, some dunes have functioned as dust traps. Thin (<1 cm thick) red clayey bands and thick (up to 2.5 m) red clayey layers within the dune sequences are likely to represent illuviated aeolian dust. These dust materials are characterised by a bi-modal particle size distribution, one mode in the clay and another in the coarse-medium silt. The clay minerals are dominated by kaolinite, illite and smectite. Both ¹⁴C and optical dating indicate the most recent period of dune formation was around 3–4 ka. In an example of these young dunes, there is a total of 2 cm equivalent thickness of dust materials, giving a deposition rate of 0.5–0.7 cm ka⁻¹. All three samples from an elevated dune are saturated with respect to environmental radiation dosage, and give minimum optical ages in excess of 80 ka. In this higher dune, the total thickness of dust is 50–80 cm, similar to that (50–100 cm) of the Yarabee Parna, the youngest aeolian dust deposit in the Wagga Wagga region. This may have been deposited unevenly, being more concentrated during the period 25–16 ka, which has been identified as a major dust deposition period in the Tasman Sea. If this variation occurred, the dust deposition rate indicated by the 50–80 cm dust material in the dune could have been as high as 5 cm ka⁻¹ for the period 25–16 ka.     

Soil chronosequences in Israel

Chronosequences of Israel soils are summarized. Soil development in the coastal plain is related to the time of the dune deposits while those of the inland valley is related to the formation of the sedimentological terraces. Soil development in the mountains is related to the features and stability of the slope.The properties of young soils resemble those of the parent material. With advancing development the soils are affected by various processes, among them also the accretion of aeolian dust. Leaching is significant already at early stages; in some cases like Hamra and Terra-rossa soils the leaching stage is more advanced in earlier stages than in the final stage of soil development.In advanced stages of soil development the effect of the underlying rock on soil properties is reduced. At the final stage soils on moderate relief in the same climatic zone on different bedrocks resemble each other. This is attributed mainly to the effect of the aeolian dust accretion. The final stage of soil development on moderate relief consists of Grumusols in the northern parts of Israel, grumic dark Brown soils in the semi-arid parts of central Israel, loessial light Brown clay loam and loessial Serozems in the arid parts of the northern Negev and Regs in the extremely arid areas of the Southern Negev and Sinai. Petrocalcic horizons are developed on slopes and terraces where the rate of soil erosion equals that of accumulation of aeolian dust. The formation of petrogypsic horizons in the extremely arid zones is restricted to areas where erosion is negligible.The final stages of soil development exhibit a clear climatic zonality. This zonality differs from the soil zonality in the USSR and the USA due to the special features of dust accretion on the soils of Israel.     

In situ weathering of rocks or aeolian silt deposition: key parameters for verifying parent material and pedogenesis in the Opawskie Mountains—a case study from SW Poland

Purpose

The aims: (1) to investigate the role of the in situ weathering of bedrock in providing substrate for soil formation; (2) to evaluate the aeolian contribution to the mountainous soils in the vicinity of thick loess cover; and (3) to determine the influence of aeolian silt on further soil development.

Materials and methods

The sampled sites were arranged along the slope toposequence, where an aeolian/silt admixture possibly occurred. Each soil catena started at the top of a hill and ended at its foot. Such an arrangement of the soil profiles ensured the tracking of loess thickness variations and detection of the depth of the residuum-derived materials. One reference soil profile, consisting of aeolian silt deposits, was made. The following soil properties were determined: pH, organic carbon content, soil texture, exchangeable acidity, exchangeable ions and geochemistry. In addition, thin sections were prepared from rock samples to confirm the type of bedrock present.

Results and discussion

The soils in the studied area were classified as Cambisols, Luvisols and Stagnosols, characterised by silt loam texture and a high content of elements indicating an aeolian silt contribution—Hf (7.4 to 14.8 ppm) and Zr (274.4 to 549.0 ppm). These values differ strongly from the residues typical of weathered quartzite, greywacke or catalasite substrates, which generally have low concentrations of Hf and Zr (0.7 to 7.0 ppm and 26.0 to 263 ppm, respectively). Based on the morphological, textural and geochemical data of the studied soils, three layers were distinguished, which show different inputs of aeolian silt: (1) an aeolian silt mantle; (2) a mixed zone in which loess was incorporated into the local material; and (3) a basal zone, free of the influence of aeolian silt. Based on the obtained results, a hypothetical pathway for soil formation in mountainous areas, influenced by aeolian silt admixing, was proposed.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates that the soils developed in the Opawskie Mountains are characterised by an aeolian silt influence. This differentiates them from weakly developed soils, which comprise materials formed during in situ weathering only. Materials originating from bedrock weathering did not play an independent role as the parent material for the studied pedons. Aeolian silt was admixed with already existing autochthonous substrates, or completely replaced them. This influence on the soil formation resulted in the occurrence of Luvisols, Stagnosols and Cambisols. Such soils cannot be formed from the weathering of quartzites and greywackes, which contribute to a less structure-forming medium.

     

PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SALINE SOILS AND AEOLIAN DUST

Field studies were carried out near Lake Muhazi, Rwanda, to investigate the pollutants present and salinity of soils and the physicochemical content of aeolian dust. The data on aeolian dust and saline sediments showed that soil formation and salinization may be related to aeolian processes. The ecological status of the region a major cause of aeolian material in the Lake. The results revealed that dust originating from the dried bottom of the Lake and riversides contribute to the formation of East African dust storms and adversely affects the climate of the region. Apart from copper and zinc that were identified as heavy metals that polluted the Lake, petroleum products, Fe and Mn were also the main pollutants. Chemical properties of the soils are related to sediment composition of aeolian material, some elements like Zn, Fe, Cd and Cu. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Profile carbon and nutrient levels and management effect on soil quality indicators in the Mardi watershed of Nepal

Abstract

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrient stocks in the soil profile (0–80 cm) in four dominant land uses [forest, upland maize and millet (Bari), irrigated rice (Khet), and grazed systems)] and 0–15 cm depth along elevation gradient 1000 to 3000 m, and aspects in the Mardi watershed were measured. Soil properties at 0–15 cm depth were also measured in undisturbed forest, forest with free grazed system, managed forest, and grassland to compare the soil quality index (SQI) of topsoils. The SOC and nutrient concentration decreased with increasing profile depth. The SOC and N contents in the 0–15 cm depth of forest soils were significantly greater than the corresponding depth in upland maize and millet, irrigated rice, and grazed systems. On the other hand, available P and K concentrations at the same depth were significantly greater in upland maize and millet compared to irrigated rice, grazed system, and forest land uses. The SOC and N stocks (0–15 cm) increased from agricultural land at the valley bottom at about 1000 m above mean sea level (a.s.l.) (24 and 3 Mg ha^?1) compared to undisturbed forest (74 and 5.9 Mg ha^?1) at 2600 m a.s.l, demonstrating the effects of cover and elevation. Both SOC and N stocks decreased sharply in grassland (54 and 4.5 Mg ha^?1) at elevations of 2600 to 2800 m a.s.l. compared with undisturbed forest. Above 2800 m a.s.l. the cover type changed from grass to coniferous forest, and the SOC and N stocks steadily increased at the summit level (3200 m a.s.l.) to 65 and 6.9 Mg ha^?1, respectively. Slope and aspect significantly affected SOC with the northwest aspect having significantly higher concentrations (46 g kg^?1) than other aspects. Similarly, SOC concentration at the lowest slope position (39 g kg^?1) was significantly higher than the middle or upper positions (25 and 13 g kg^?1). Integrated soil quality index (SQI) values varied from 0.17 to 0.69 for different land uses, being highest for undisturbed forest and lowest for irrigated rice. The SQI demonstrated the degradation status of land uses in the following ascending order: irrigated rice?>?grazed system?>?forest with free grazing?>?upland maize and millet?>?managed forest?>?grass land?>?undisturbed forest. The irrigated rice, grazed system, upland maize and millet, and freely grazed forestlands need immediate attention to minimize further deterioration of soil quality in these land uses.     

Experimental determination of sediment transport capacity of rill flow over sandified loess slope

Rill erosion is affected by the sand particle content in soil, especially in the wind and water erosion transition region of the Loess Plateau. The sediment transport capacity (STC) is a key parameter in rill erosion research, assessing the impact of aeolian sand intrusion on the STC of rill flow is of importance for a better understanding of rill erosion. This study aimed to assess the effect of aeolian sand intrusion on the STC on sandified loess slopes, with typical slopes and flow discharges, using a flume system which consisting of a sediment-feeding and a sediment-supply/settlement flume. The sediment feeding flume was jointed by 10° higher than that of the sediment measurement flume section. Three flow discharges (2, 4, and 8 L min⁻¹) and four slope gradients (5°, 10°, 15°, and 25°) were used to represent the natural hydrological conditions under three intrusion rates (SIR) of aeolian sands (10%, 20%, and 50%). The results show that STC increased with slope gradient and flow discharge, and the relationship between the STC and the SIR was significantly affected by the slope gradient; the STCs decreased with the SIR on a slope of 5° but increased with the SIR on steep slopes of 15°–25°, implying a significant impact of slope gradient on the relationship between SIR and STC. The SIR of 50% resulted in the highest sediment concentration nearly 1200 kg m⁻³ on slopes of 25°. On sandified loess slopes of 10%, 20%, and 50% SIR, the STC were about 30%, 46%, and 57% higher than on loess slopes, indicating an increased erosion rate by sand particle intrusion into loess soil. These results highlight the impact of sand intrusion on STC of rill flow and provide deeper insights into the soil loss process on the sandified loess slope.     

南方红壤坡地不同耕作措施的水土保持效应

为解决南方红壤地区坡耕地水土流失问题,采用野外标准径流小区试验方法对南方红壤坡地常见的顺坡间作、横坡间作、果园清耕3种不同耕作方式下5 a时间水土保持蓄水保土效应进行了研究。结果表明,与对照小区相比,各试验小区减流率优劣次序为：横坡间作小区（75.33%）＞顺坡间作小区（59.56%）＞果园清耕小区（21.73%）,减沙效应优劣次序为横坡间作（80.57%）＞顺坡间作（65.11%）＞果园清耕（38.08%）,且4－9月的径流量占到全年径流量的85%以上,流失泥沙量占全年流失泥沙量的90%以上。因此,套种作物增加果园覆盖是防治果园水土流失的有效措施,且横坡间作优于顺坡间作。     

不同雨强和坡度条件下紫色土养分流失规律研究

采用室内模拟降雨装置,研究了三峡库区紫色土在不同雨强和坡度条件下的养分流失规律。结果表明,紫色土坡面流失养分主要由径流和泥沙携带,其中径流养分含量与雨强和坡度无关,但与产流过程一致。泥沙中养分含量与雨强无关,但随坡度增加而降低;泥沙养分含量与产沙量过程无关,但其流失量与产沙量过程一致。泥沙中各养分含量略大于降雨前表土养分含量,远大于径流养分含量,但由于径流中以速效养分为主,故径流携带的养分流失量不容忽视。     

Hillslope characteristics and particle size composition of surficial armoring on a semiarid watershed in the southwestern United States

Distributed process-based hydrologic models have been used to describe and predict the movement of sediment on small watersheds. However, to parameterize these models requires an understanding of the spatial variability of erosion processes and the particle sizes of the sediment being moved. In this study, a high resolution digital elevation model (DEM) and detailed sediment particle sampling allowed a comparison of hillslope characteristics and particle sizes of surficial armoring in a semiarid watershed. Individual particle size classes on hillslopes are correlated with the underlying sediment type, local slope, aspect, and area draining through a grid element. The strongest correlations are between the underlying sediment and overlying sediment. However, the distribution of the particle size classes is consistent with a hydrodynamic explanation for sorting. In particular, increased area draining through a grid node and increased slope are correlated with higher concentrations of the 16–64-mm particle size class. Both the coarsest and finest particle size classes are significantly correlated with the aspect of flow from a grid cell, with increased coarse particles and decreased fines on east-facing slopes. These spatial differences with aspect are attributed to dry season prevailing winds. These observations about process and spatial distribution are useful in predicting the spatial distribution of particles on the watershed for applications such as distributed hydrologic models.     

东北黑土区不同垄作坡面产流产沙过程

起垄种植是东北黑土区普遍的耕作模式,不同垄作坡面产流产沙规律尚不明晰、亟需研究。为此,基于野外放水冲刷试验,设计3个冲刷流量(30 L/min,60 L/min,90 L/min)和4种处理坡面(横坡垄作、斜坡垄作、无垄作、顺坡垄作),探究东北黑土区不同垄作坡面的土壤侵蚀差异。结果表明:(1)3种冲刷流量产流率和含沙量均随垄作措施改变呈持续波动趋势,但受冲刷流量影响二者变化规律不同。(2)4种垄作措施状况下,产流时间与冲刷流量均不相关,含沙量与产流时间均呈负相关; 其他试验条件下,因冲刷流量和垄作措施的差异出现不同相关性。(3)30 L/min,60 L/min两种冲刷流量下,侵蚀强弱表现为:顺坡垄作>无垄作>斜坡垄作>横坡垄作。冲刷流量90 L/min时,侵蚀规律变为:横坡垄作>顺坡垄作>斜坡垄作>无垄作,且横坡垄作与斜坡垄作的累积产沙量较30 L/min冲刷流量比分别增加了12.78倍和10.11倍。综上,小流量冲刷条件下横垄和斜垄可有效控制径流和水土流失,当冲刷强度增大后二者发生断垄恰是径流和泥沙发生变异的最主要因素。     

Comparison of mercury concentrations in modern lake sediments and glacial drift in the Canadian Shield in the region of Ottawa/Kingston to Georgian Bay,Ontario, Canada

An ongoing problem in evaluating the significance of mercury (Hg) in surficial materials is distinguishing sources of natural (spatial) variation of the geological/geochemical environment from sources (airborne, waterborne, etc.) of anthropogenic (temporal) variation. The Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) has carried out a series of sampling programs, including one in the southeastern part of the geologically complex Canadian Shield, in order to link the easily observable lithological variations of bedrock with the chemical composition of overlying glacial deposits and lake sediments. This research aims to provide a base against which observed variations in life systems can be judged as natural or anthropogenic. In the study area, high concentrations of Hg and other trace elements in lake sediment and glacial sediments can be related to glacial dispersal from mineralized bedrock and/or bedrock with high natural background concentrations of these elements.     

水力侵蚀下砒砂岩区植被格局对微地形和侵蚀的影响

[目的]研究植被格局下微地形与侵蚀的关系,可为砒砂岩地区坡面侵蚀规律研究和水土流失防治提供理论参考。[方法]以砒砂岩区鲍家沟流域内的3种植被格局(均匀分布、聚集分布、随机分布)坡面为研究对象,通过自然降雨条件下采用野外径流小区实测结合三维激光扫描技术,分析了植被格局对微地形和侵蚀的影响。[结果]降雨后不同植被格局坡面的产流量、产沙量依次为裸坡坡面>聚集分布坡面>随机分布坡面>均匀分布坡面,与裸坡相比,均匀分布坡面的产流量、产沙量分别减少了64%,75%,其径流泥沙的拟合函数为Y=0.3619x^0.7309,R²=0.9866;不同植被格局坡面侵蚀—沉积的空间分布存在一定差异,与其他坡面相比,均匀分布格局坡面的土壤侵蚀强度最弱,侵蚀区面积最小,为12.38 m²,沉积区面积最大,为3.44 m²。不同植被格局坡面地形因子均随降雨呈现增大的趋势,且与裸坡坡面相比,聚集分布坡面地表粗糙度、地表起伏度、地表切割度、微坡度增幅最小,分别为5%,2%,0.5%,9%。聚集分布坡面地表粗糙度与产...