Sorption and leaching of atrazine and MCPA in natural and peat-amended calcareous soils from Spain.

The sorption and leaching of atrazine and MCPA (0.02 M CaCl(2) aqueous solution at 25 degrees C) by a calcareous soil from Southeastern Spain, after organic carbon (OC) amendment with a commercial peat (from 0.18% to 4.61% OC), were studied in batch and soil column experiments. Adsorption capacity (K(f)) values, obtained by fitting the experimental data to the Freundlich equation, ranged from 0.24 mg kg(-)(1) for MCPA sorption on the original soil to 5.47 mg kg(-)(1) for atrazine sorption on the peat-amended soil containing 4.61% OC. The breakthrough curves obtained from the step-function soil column experiments indicated that the amount of herbicide adsorbed ranged from 17.5 mg kg(-)(1) for MCPA in the original soil to 331 mg kg(-)(1) for atrazine in the peat-amended soil containing 1.67% OC. The results obtained from the pulse experiments indicate that the mobility of MCPA is much greater than that corresponding to atrazine.     

Sorption of s-Triazine Herbicides in Organic Matter Amended Soils: Fresh and Incubated Systems

Fresh amendment of soil with sewage sludge and composted sewage sludge resulted in increased sorption of three s-triazine herbicides: atrazine, ametryn and terbuthylazine. The extent of increased sorption (as evaluated by sorption coefficients K_d or K_f) was a function of soil type, such that sorption in amended organic carbon-poor soil (0.4% OC) was more enhanced than in amended organic carbon-rich soil (1.55% OC). Despite significant differences between the organic amendments in terms of humic and fulvic acid content, humin content, soluble organic matter content, total organic matter content, and H/C and O/C atomic ratios, organic matter composition had no discernible effect on either sorption distribution coefficients or on isotherm linearity in amended soils. Soils amended with composted sludge had the same sorption potential as did soils amended with the analogous uncomposted sludge. After incubating soil-sludge mixtures for a year at room temperature, organic matter content decreased to original pre-amendment levels. Sorption coefficients for the three compounds similarly decreased to initial pre-amendment values. Organic carbon normalized sorption coefficients (K_oc) were essentially identical in the soils, amended soils, and incubated amended soils, indicating that sludge and compost derived organic matter does not have a significantly different sorption capacity as compared with the original soils, despite compositional differences.     

耐盐菌联合化学复合改良剂协同改良黄河三角洲盐碱土壤的效果

为探究生物和化学方法联用对黄河三角洲地区盐碱土的改良效果,首先进行粉煤灰的改性和土著耐盐菌的筛选,选取其中2株耐盐菌(BY-4、BY-8)与化学复合改良剂(改性粉煤灰+脱硫石膏+腐殖酸(FSZ))通过联合配施的方法开展室内土柱淋溶试验,研究渗滤液和土壤中盐基阳离子、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、土壤钠吸附比(SAR)以及土壤有机质等的变化规律。结果表明：BY-4和BY-8除具有明显的耐盐和产吲哚乙酸能力,还分别具有较高的溶磷与解钾能力;与对照(CK)处理相比,添加化学复合改良剂(FSZ)能显著促进水溶性Na⁺的淋洗,降低土壤中水溶性Na⁺的总含量和SAR值,提高土壤中DOC和有机质含量,且耐盐菌BY-8联合化学复合改良剂的处理(FSZ8)效果最好;与CK相比,FSZ8处理下土壤水溶性Na⁺总量下降33.30%,耕层土壤SAR下降79.76%,DOC淋溶损失下降34.60%,耕层土壤有机质含量上升79.47%。研究结果有助于理解耐盐菌在改良盐碱土壤中的作用,并可为生物和化学复合改良剂的研发和利用提供理论和数据参考。     

Effect of organic amendments on the retention and mobility of imazaquin in soils

The influence of two organic amendments consisting of an urban waste compost (SUW) and a commercial amendment from olive mill wastes (OW) was assessed on the sorption properties and leaching of the ionizable herbicide imazaquin on four soils with different physicochemical characteristics. A loamy sand soil (CR), a loam soil (P44), a silt loam soil (AL), and a clay soil (TM), with low-medium organic matter contents, were chosen. Sorption-desorption experiments were performed on the original soils and on a mixture of these soils with the organic amendments at a rate of 6.25% (w/w). These mixtures were used just after preparation and after aging for 3 months. Imazaquin adsorption was higher on AL soil because of its high content of amorphous iron oxides, whereas it was related to the soils' organic matter (OM) contents on TM and CR soils and to acid pH on P44 soil. Addition of exogenous OM to soils caused a decrease in the adsorption of the herbicide with the only exception of CR soil, due to blocking of adsorptive surfaces and/or equilibrium pH rise. The extent of this decrease was dependent only on the nature of the added amendment on AL soil. The adsorbed amounts of imazaquin on aged organic fertilized soils were usually fairly close to that on original soils. Results of soil column experiments indicate that addition of exogenous organic matter cannot be considered as a regular practice for retarded movement of imazaquin.     

Comparative sorption and leaching study of the herbicides fluometuron and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in a soil amended with biochars and other sorbents

Biochar, the solid residual remaining after the thermochemical transformation of biomass for carbon sequestration, has been proposed to be used as a soil amendment, because of its agronomic benefits. The effect of amending soil with six biochars made from different feedstocks on the sorption and leaching of fluometuron and 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) was compared to the effect of other sorbents: an activated carbon, a Ca-rich Arizona montmorillonite modified with hexadecyltrimethylammonium organic cation (SA-HDTMA), and an agricultural organic residue from olive oil production (OOW). Soil was amended at 2% (w/w), and studies were performed following a batch equilibration procedure. Sorption of both herbicides increased in all amended soils, but decreased in soil amended with a biochar produced from macadamia nut shells made with fast pyrolysis. Lower leaching of the herbicides was observed in the soils amended with the biochars with higher surface areas BC5 and BC6 and the organoclay (OCl). Despite the increase in herbicide sorption in soils amended with two hardwood biochars (BC1 and BC3) and OOW, leaching of fluometuron and MCPA was enhanced with the addition of these amendments as compared to the unamended soil. The increased leaching is due to some amendments' soluble organic compounds, which compete or associate with herbicide molecules, enhancing their soil mobility. Thus, the results indicate that not all biochar amendments will increase sorption and decrease leaching of fluometuron and MCPA. Furthermore, the amount and composition of the organic carbon (OC) content of the amendment, especially the soluble part (DOC), can play an important role in the sorption and leaching of these herbicides.     

新农药哌虫啶在三种典型土壤中的吸附与淋溶研究

应用振荡平衡法和柱淋洗法研究了哌虫啶在红壤、棕壤和黑土3种典型土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性,并探讨了3种土壤改良剂对其淋溶的影响。结果表明:哌虫啶在黑土、红壤和棕壤中的吸附平衡时间分别为12、12和9 h,分配系数Kd分别为23.16、11.24和4.68,吸附常数Kf分别为22.03、11.69和5.05,KOC值分别为1 619、2 094和495,吸附自由能值分别为-16.96、-17.59和-14.02 k J mol-1,Freundlich和线性等温吸附模型均能较好地描述哌虫啶在土壤中的吸附过程,其吸附能力顺序分别为黑龙江黑土福建红壤山东棕壤。哌虫啶在3种供试土壤中淋溶性存在差异,在棕壤中迁移性最强,随着施药量的增加,其淋出率也略有提高,但3个不同水平施药量差异不显著。在黑土中迁移性最弱,红壤和黑土中的哌虫啶残留量随着土壤深度的增加逐渐降低。土壤中添加0.5%的活性炭、腐殖酸和草炭能显著地降低农药哌虫啶在土壤中的淋溶性,减少对地下水的污染风险。     

Water and Atrazine Movement in a Calcareous Compost Applied Soil During Simulated Multiple Storms Events

The retention and movement of water and atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) was investigated in a calcareous soil (Krome) amended with three types of compost: (1) Clean organic waste (COW)- municipal solid waste cleaned of plastic materials and metal containers, (2) Biosolids (BSD)- sludge from municipal waste and (3) Bedminster (BDM)—a mixture containing 75% COW and 25% BSD. The research was conducted in two phases; a column-leaching study (dynamic) and a batch-equilibrium method (static). The column study demonstrated that while applying simulated rain, atrazine, leached out at a slower rate by 41, 24, and 18% from soil amended with BDM, BSD, and COW composts, respectively, during the first simulated storm event. BDM application resulted in lowest water movement and atrazine-leaching rate compared to the other composts tested. This study suggests that adding 134 t ha^?1 of compost to the calcareous soil increased soil water holding capacity, reduced water movement and increased atrazine detention and reduced leaching potential of atrazine thereby reducing the potential for groundwater pollution. This study further demonstrates that soil amendment (particularly BDM) is effective in reducing the leaching potential of atrazine at the low rainfall amounts (corresponding to 0.5 pore volume). However, such amendment may not be effective in preventing leaching under more intense rain conditions or multiple rainfall events (corresponding to 3 or more pore volumes).     

Persistence of simazine and terbuthylazine in a semiarid soil after organic amendment with urban sewage sludge

The persistence of two herbicides, simazine and terbuthylazine, and appearance of their principal dealkylated chloro-s-triazine metabolites have been studied in agricultural soil after the addition of urban sewage sludge as organic amendment. Both herbicides and metabolites were monitored during long-term laboratory incubation (140 days) and analyzed by gas chromatography with a nitrogen-phosphorus detector (GC-NPD). Residues were confirmed by gas chromatography with a mass selective detector (GC-MSD). A sonication microextraction method was used to extract the compounds. The organic amendments used were urban sewage sludge and the humic fraction of this sludge, to increase the organic matter content of the soil from 1% to 2%. For both compounds, simazine and terbuthylazine, the degradation began earlier in the amended soils. Simazine showed a higher dissipation rate than terbuthylazine, the percentage of the former at the end of the experiment being lower than 2% in all cases, while for terbuthylazine the corresponding percentage ranged from 5% to 46%. Organic amendment, mainly its humic fraction, caused a certain stabilization of terbuthylazine in the soil, but did not greatly influence the residual amount of simazine at the end of the experiment. The periodic aeration of the soil caused a greater degradation in the case of terbuthylazine. Only mono-deethylsimazine and deethylterbuthylazine were isolated from the soil during the time the experiment lasted, while the di-deethylated metabolite of simazine was not found.     

果园生态养鸡鸡粪DOM的淋溶特征及其对抗生素迁移的影响

为研究粪源溶解性有机物与抗生素的共迁移行为及机制,以川中丘陵区典型石灰性紫色土为对象,通过吸附平衡试验与填装土柱试验,结合光谱学表征手段,研究鸡粪溶解性有机物(Dissolved Organic Matter,DOM)的淋溶特征及其对磺胺嘧啶(Sulfadizine,SD)、氟苯尼考(Florfenicol,FFC)及泰乐菌素(Tylosin,TYL)吸附和淋溶的影响。结果表明:鸡粪DOM以色氨酸为主要成分,吸附性强于腐殖酸成分,可增加土壤表面对抗生素的吸附位点。3种抗生素的等温吸附过程均符合线性和Freundlich方程,并以物理吸附为主。SD和FFC在紫色土中吸附性较弱,当与鸡粪DOM(200 mg/L)同时进入土壤时,其吸附未发生显著变化;而当鸡粪DOM先与土壤作用后,SD和FFC与土壤表面已吸附的鸡粪DOM成分通过非共价作用结合,吸附显著增加,相应吸附容量参数(K_f值)分别增加77.28%和114.36%。TYL在紫色土中的吸附很强,对鸡粪DOM的影响不敏感。在模拟降雨条件(20 mm/h)下,SD和FFC极易淋溶,与平衡吸附试验结果一致,SD和FFC在鸡粪DOM预先与土壤作用的土柱中穿透分别延迟了0.49和0.25个孔隙体积,淋溶总量减少了12.04%和15.35%,而鸡粪DOM与抗生素同时进入土壤的处理也表现出减少抗生素迁移的趋势。TYL未发生穿透而主要分布在表层土壤中,鸡粪DOM对它的淋溶无显著影响。综上,鸡粪DOM与抗生素发生共迁移的过程中,大量鸡粪DOM中色氨酸物质在土壤中的吸附,对弱吸附性抗生素的淋溶迁移具有显著的阻滞作用。     

The effect of earthworms on carbon storage and soil organic matter composition in tropical soil amended with compost and vermicompost

The use of organic matter (OM) amendments is widespread in tropical countries and may be beneficial for soil carbon storage. Interactions between earthworms and OM amendments in tropical soils are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bioturbation on the quantity and chemical composition of OM in soil amended with compost and vermicompost. Our approach included comparison of soil samples amended with compost, vermicompost or chemical fertilizers in the presence or absence of earthworms during a one-year greenhouse experiment. The soils were submitted to a regular cultivation cycle. After one year, we analysed bulk samples for soil OM elemental composition and characterised its lignin and non-cellulosic carbohydrate components.Our results showed a decrease of the carbon and nitrogen content in soil amended with chemical fertilizers. Vermicompost amendment led to unchanged OC content, whereas the compost amendment increased the soils OC content compared to initial soil. The addition of earthworms reduced OC and N content in soils with organic amendments. This is in contrast to soil amended with mineral fertilizer only, where the presence of earthworms did not have any effect. Bioturbation influenced the lignin signature of the soils, and to a lesser extent the non-cellulosic carbohydrate signature. In conclusion, compost amendment combined with bioturbation influenced the quality and quantity of SOM and as result carbon storage and its biogeochemical cycling in tropical soils. Implications for soil fertility remain to be elucidated.     

微咸水入渗下施加PAM土壤水盐运移特性研究

土壤改良剂与微咸水灌溉相结合,对于合理开发利用微咸水、改善盐碱土结构及促进作物生长有着重要意义。基于一维垂直土柱积水入渗和水平土柱吸渗试验,研究了微咸水入渗条件下,不同聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide,PAM)施量(0、0.02%、0.04%和0.06%)对盐碱土水盐运移特性的影响。结果表明:(1)微咸水入渗条件下,施加PAM能够降低土壤入渗速率,增加土壤保水性能。(2)施加PAM对Philip及Kostiakov入渗模型参数有显著影响,在PAM施量0.04%时,吸渗率S和经验系数K最小,而经验指数β最大。(3)在PAM施量为0.04%时,土壤饱和体积含水量最大,BrooksCorey模型进气吸力hd增加了15.30%,土壤持水性能显著提高;土壤水分扩散率最小,水分分布最均匀。(4)施加PAM能够显著提高土层的持水效率和微咸水的淋洗效果,在PAM施量为0.04%时,土层持水效率最高,盐分淋洗量最大。     

改良剂施用对矿区复垦土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳组分的影响

  目的  探究施用不同种类和数量改良剂对矿区复垦土壤水稳性团聚体和有机碳的影响。  方法  在山西省古交市屯兰煤矿复垦6年的地块上设置随机区组试验,在0 ~ 20 cm土层按土壤重量的1%、3%、5%分别施用腐殖酸和泥炭两种改良剂,于施用后1年和2年时两次取样测定0 ~ 20 cm土壤团聚体组成、有机碳含量及其组分,对不同种类和数量改良剂的改良效果进行评价。  结果  施用腐殖酸、泥炭后1年时各处理土壤 > 2 mm水稳性团聚体质量分数均高于对照,增幅为1.53% ~ 62.27%,且土壤水稳性团聚体均以大团聚体（> 0.25 mm）为主;施用改良剂后2年时各处理土壤水稳性大团聚体含量降低,降幅为1.73% ~ 11.35%,土壤团聚体以 < 0.053 mm粒级的团聚体为主。施用改良剂后腐殖酸处理的土壤有机碳储量、固碳量和固碳速率呈先增加后减少的趋势,泥炭处理随泥炭施用量的增加而增加。施用改良剂后土壤 > 2 mm粒级团聚体质量分数与土壤有机碳储量呈显著正相关。施用改良剂能增加复垦土壤矿物结合态有机碳含量,且施用腐殖酸处理的含量高于泥炭处理。施用改良剂后2年时与1年相比,复垦土壤颗粒态有机碳含量呈增长的趋势,土壤铁铝键结合态有机碳含量则呈降低趋势。施用腐殖酸、泥炭可增加复垦土壤羧酸、醇类等官能团含量,显著增加土壤中多糖物质的含量。  结论  在矿区复垦土壤上施用腐殖酸、泥炭可显著增加土壤大团聚体数量,提高土壤有机碳、矿物结合态有机碳和颗粒态有机碳含量及土壤固碳量;随腐殖酸、泥炭施用量增加,土壤固碳速率增加、固碳效率减小;复垦区土壤改良需逐年施用腐殖酸、泥炭等改良剂,才能获得稳定的改良效果。     

Effects of nonylphenols on soil microbial activity and water retention

The main aim of this study is to analyze the influence of 4-nonylphenol (NP) on soil water retention and biological activity. Two doses of 4-nonylphenol (25 and 50 mg kg⁻¹) were tested in a loam soil with and without peat amendment. In general, one week after the start of the experiment, the soil water content retained at −0.75 MPa of soil suction was 18% higher in the soil amended and its basal respiration (BR) was 15% higher than soil without peat. In contrast, the microbial activity indices (CM: coefficient of mineralization or BR:total organic carbon (TOC) ratio; Cmic:Corg: microbial biomass carbon (MBC):TOC ratio; qCO₂: metabolic quotient or BR:MBC ratio) were higher in the soil without peat, compared to the soil amended with peat. On the other hand, the addition of NP to soil was able to modify soil biological but not physical (water retention, desorption) properties. When soil was amended with peat, MBC was reduced one week after applying NP. In contrast, no effects of NP on MBC were observed in the soil without peat. BR was reduced by 16% one week after applying 50 mg kg⁻¹ of NP to soil with peat, and was increased by 46% one week after applying 25 mg kg⁻¹ of NP to soil without peat. The effects of NP on MBC and BR could be associated more with the adsorption of NP by soil organic matter, while changes in CM or Cmic:Corg ratio were more closely related to changes in soil water retention. The potential toxic effects of NP (high qCO₂ values) were only observed in the absence of peat amendments. Peat addition reduced NP toxic effects on microorganisms.     

A strategy for marginal semiarid degraded soil restoration: A sole addition of compost at a high rate. A five-year field experiment

This work evaluates the mid-term impact of the addition of large amounts of an organic amendment on the recovery of the physical, chemical and, particularly, the microbiological properties of a marginal semiarid degraded soil and on increasing the soil organic C pool. In order to perform this study, a semiarid degraded soil was treated with composted urban waste at doses equivalent to the addition of 1% (S + CCD1) and 3% (S + CCD2) of organic C (C_org). Changes in soil characteristics in the amended soils were evaluated with respect to a control soil without organic amendment for a period of 5 years after the organic amendment was applied. A spontaneous vegetal cover developed on both amended and unamended soils 3–4 months after the organic amendments were added, yet the level of vegetal biodiversity was lower in the amended plots. Compost-amended soils showed higher concentrations of C_org, water-soluble C and water-soluble carbohydrates than the control soil throughout the experimental period. Furthermore, all of these C fractions were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in S + CCD2 than in S + CCD1 and the control soil. However, compost addition also increased soil electrical conductivity and nitrate content, particularly at the higher dose. Likewise, compost addition produced a 4- to 10-fold increase in soil heavy metal concentrations, although the levels of heavy metal were under the limits allowed in soils. Five years after the organic amendment was added, the soil water holding capacity, stable aggregate percentage, porosity and nutrient and humic substance and humic acid content were greater in amended soils than in control soil, and the higher dose produced greater increases than the lower dose. Soils receiving the highest dose of compost also showed the highest values of basal respiration, dehydrogenase activity and β-glucosidase and phosphatase activity, as well as a greater abundance of total PLFAs, bacterial and fungal PLFAs, and saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. A greater level of functional diversity was also observed in amended soils, particularly in the soil receiving the higher dose of compost. It can be concluded that the addition of high doses of compost can be a suitable strategy for restoring semiarid degraded soils and for fixing C in these soils, provided that the organic material is of high quality and has a low concentration of heavy metals.     

The effect of Gypsum amendment on transport of phosphorus in a sandy soil

The effect of gypsum amendment on transport of phosphorus (P) in a Pineda sand (loamy, silicious, hyperthermic Arenic Glossaqualf) was investigated in a leaching column experiment. Phosphorus was either placed on the surface of the soil or mixed with the surface 2 cm depth of soil in the column. Gypsum amendment decreased the transport of P in soil. Compared to the unamended soil, transport of P decreased by 35 and 54% in soils amended with 4.5 and 9.0 M.T./ha gypsum, respectively. The transport of P was further decreased by 74% when P was premixed with the surface 2 cm of soil. The transport of P was not influenced by the SO₄ ion from gypsum amendment. Instead, formation of Ca-P precipitate appeared to be responsible for the decreased transport of P in the gypsum-amended soil.     

施用生物黑炭对新疆灰漠土肥力与玉米生长的影响

通过田间小区对比试验,研究生物黑炭作为改良剂与堆肥等其他生物质改良剂相比对新疆低产土壤——灰漠土的改良和玉米增产的效果。结果表明,施入20t·hm^-2和40t·hm^-2的生物黑炭,能显著提高土壤有机质含量,与基础土壤相比,提高了22．77％和49．80％,明显高于秸秆还田、羊粪和腐植酸有机肥等对土壤有机质的提升效果。施用生物黑炭提高了玉米单穗重、千粒重、产量以及生物量,降低了玉米的根冠比,促进玉米根系生长,而追施氮肥对玉米产量的影响差异不显著。因此,施用生物黑炭能够大幅度提高土壤有机质含量,对灰漠土土壤质量和作物产量以及农艺性状的提高具有重要作用。     

Enhancing Nitrogen Availability,Ammonium Adsorption-Desorption,and Soil pH Buffering Capacity using Composted Paddy Husk

Form of nitrogen present in soils is one of the factors that affect nitrogen loss. Nitrate is mobile in soils because it does not absorb on soil colloids, thus, causing it to be leached by rainfall to deeper soil layers or into the ground water. On the other hand, temporary retention and timely release of ammonium in soils regulate nitrogen availability for crops. In this study, composted paddy husk was used in studies of soil leaching, buffering capacity, and ammonium adsorption and desorption to determine the: (i) availability of exchangeable ammonium, available nitrate, and total nitrogen in an acid soil after leaching the soil for 30 days, (ii) soil buffering capacity, and (iii) ability of the composted paddy husk to adsorb and desorb ammonium from urea. Leaching of ammonium and nitrate were lower in all treatments with urea and composted paddy husk compared with urea alone. Higher retention of soil exchangeable ammonium, available nitrate, and total nitrogen of the soils with composted paddy husk were due to the high buffering capacity and cation exchange capacity of the amendment to adsorb ammonium thus, improving nitrogen availability through temporary retention on the exchange sites of the humic acids of the composted paddy husk. Nitrogen availability can be enhanced if urea is amended with composted paddy husk.     

Changes in the sorption–desorption of fungicides over time in an amended sandy clay loam soil under laboratory conditions

Purpose

The aim of this work was to study the temporal changes in the sorption?Cdesorption of fungicides in a sandy clay loam soil amended with spent mushroom substrate (SMS) under controlled laboratory conditions and the influence that fungicides properties and soil characteristics have on these processes. Soil amendment with SMS is becoming a widespread management practice since it can effectively solve the problems of uncontrolled SMS accumulation and disposal and improve soil quality. However, when simultaneously applied with pesticides, SMS can significantly modify the environmental behaviour of these compounds.

Materials and methods

Sorption?Cdesorption isotherms of metalaxyl, penconazole, pyrimethanil and iprovalicarb for unamended and amended vineyard soils from La Rioja (Spain) were obtained. Composted SMS (C-SMS) and fresh SMS (F-SMS) from cultivation of different mushrooms were used as amendments at 2?% and 10?% rates. Soil parameters (organic carbon (OC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA)) and sorption (Kf, nf, Kd, Koc) and desorption (Kfd, nfd, H) parameters of fungicides were determined over 0, 6 and 12?months of soil incubation with SMS under controlled conditions.

Results and discussion

Addition of amendments to soil increased soil sorption capacity of fungicides. Kd values increased with the hydrophobic character of fungicides (metalaxyl?<?iprovalicarb?<?pyrimethanil?<?penconazole) at both amendment rates. The lower content of DOC and the higher degree of OC humification enhanced sorption of all fungicides by the soil?+?C-SMS with regard to the soil?+?F-SMS. In general, sorption of fungicides decreased after 6 and 12?months of soil?+?SMS incubation, although the humification degree of the remaining OC expressed by HA/FA increased. This might indicate that the OC content was more important for fungicide sorption than the changes in its nature with the incubation time. SMS addition favoured desorption of metalaxyl and iprovalicarb, in general, whereas irreversible sorption of penconazole and pyrimethanil increased. However, the opposite trends were observed when the soil?+ SMS incubation time increased.

Conclusions

The results show an increase in sorption of all fungicides by amending soil with composted or fresh SMS. However, desorption of fungicides increases or decreases depending on the properties of fungicides and soil?+ SMS. Changes in both processes with the incubation time are more related to the OC content of the amended soil than to the evolution of its nature. These outcomes are of interest for extending SMS application to soil with minimal or no environmental risk when used simultaneously with fungicides.     

红壤主要土壤组分对低分子量有机酸吸附的研究

通过一次平衡法研究了双氧水去除有机质、添加1%腐殖酸和DCB法(连二亚硫酸钠-柠檬酸钠-碳酸氢钠)去除游离氧化铁、铝对红黏土发育的红壤吸附草酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸和苹果酸的影响。结果表明,去除有机质后,由于受溶液pH、表面吸附点位变化、土壤结构变化、表面基团活性变化、草酸根生成等多种因素的影响,红壤对低分子量有机酸的吸附量虽略有增加,但增加并不明显。添加腐殖酸培养一个月后,由于受土壤表面电荷变化、吸附点位覆盖、氧化铁活性改变、基团质子化等因素的影响,红壤对低分子量有机酸的吸附量虽有轻微的减少,但减少也不明显。去除占土壤总量3.79%的游离氧化铁、铝后,土壤表面正电荷将会显著减少,而导致红壤对低分子量有机酸的吸附量显著减少,其减少程度因有机酸种类而异,与原土对有机酸的最大吸附量(Sm)大小顺序相反。     

Sorption-desorption behaviors of heavy metals by biochar-compost amendment with different ratios in contaminated wetland soil

Purpose

Heavy metal pollution in soils has become a global environmental concern. The combination of biochar and compost has already been proved to be an attractive method in contaminated soil. The objective was to study the sorption-desorption characteristics of Cd, Cu, and Zn onto soil amended with combined biochar-compost.

Materials and methods

In this study, the soil was amended with combinations of biochar and compost with different ratios at 10% (w/w). To determine the sorption-desorption behaviors of heavy metals by biochar-compost amendment with different ratios, we determine the effects of different ratios on soil properties and use batch experiments to investigate sorption-desorption behaviors of Cd, Cu, and Zn.

Results and discussion

The results show that the Langmuir and Freundlich model can well describe the adsorption isotherm of Cd, Cu, and Zn in the soils with or without biochar-compost combinations. The incorporation of amendment combinations into soil significantly promotes the sorption affinity of soil on metals. The sorption capacity of Cd and Zn was improved as the compost percentage rose in biochar-compost more likely due to the increase of organic matter and available phosphorus, while that of Cu was stronger with 10 and 20% biochar addition in biochar-compost combinations likely as the result of the formation of new specific adsorption sites and the mobile Cu adsorption in compost after adding a certain amount of biochar in amendment mixtures. Additionally, a certain proportion of biochar applied into amendment mixtures could suppress desorption of Cd and Cu by pH change, and the Zn desorption rate gradually decreased as the compost ratio increased in amendment mixtures.

Conclusions

The results indicated that the various ratios between biochar and compost have a significant effect on sorption-desorption of metals in soil, which helps us consider the effective combination of biochar and compost in soil.