Comment on "Absence of cooling in New Zealand and the adjacent ocean during the Younger Dryas chronozone"

Barrows et al. (Reports, 5 October 2007, p. 86) presented cosmogenic exposure dates and data from an ocean sediment core that challenge evidence for glacier advance in New Zealand during the Younger Dryas event. We use modeling of geomorphic processes to argue that their cosmogenic exposure dates are inconclusive.     

A Large Drop in Atmospheric 14C/12C and Reduced Melting in the Younger Dryas, Documented with 230Th Ages of Corals

Paired carbon-14 ((14)C) and thorium-230((230)Th) ages were determined on fossil corals from the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea. The ages were used to calibrate part of the (14)C time scale and to estimate rates of sea-level rise during the last deglaciation. An abrupt offset between the (14)C and (230)Th ages suggests that the atmospheric (14)C/(12)C ratio dropped by 15 percent during the latter part of and after the Younger Dryas (YD). This prominent drop coincides with greatly reduced rates of sea-level rise. Reduction of melting because of cooler conditions during the YD may have caused an increase in the rate of ocean ventilation, which caused the atmospheric (14)C/(12)C ratio to fall. The record of sea-level rise also shows that globally averaged rates of melting were relatively high at the beginning of the YD. Thus, these measurements satisfy one of the conditions required by the hypothesis that the diversion of meltwater from the Mississippi to the St. Lawrence River triggered the YD event.     

新西兰的猕猴桃业

新西兰猕猴桃栽培面积为10376hm2,总产量为23.6万t,位居全世界第二位（意大利居首位,年产量为32万t）。世界猕猴桃总产量为120万t,新西兰所占份额达20％。新西兰猕猴桃外销一直居世界第一位,年出口达19.25万t,总销售值为7.46亿新元,占园艺类产品出口值的31％。新西兰的猕猴桃出口     

新西兰的羊毛生产与贸易

新西兰在世界羊毛生产与贸易中占有重要的地位,是世界第三大羊毛生产国,羊毛产量占世界的14%左右,又是世界第二大羊毛出口国,羊毛出口贸易量约占世界的12%。中国是新西兰最大的羊毛出口国,新西兰是中国第二大羊毛进口国,中新两国在羊毛贸易上互为重要的依存国。新西兰养羊业的发展和羊毛出口量的变化对世界和中国的养羊业的发展及羊毛贸易具有重要的影响。一、新西兰养羊业的发展历程新西兰的养羊业始于18世纪末期,最初是由英国殖民者带入的,其后从发展养羊业已取得成功的邻国澳大利亚引进了美利奴羊,19世纪50年代,在南北两岛沿海岸的天然草…     

花岗岩风化程度的化学指标及微观特征对比——以香港九龙地区为例

\t\t\t\t\t目的\t\t\t\t\t在地质灾害高发的温湿、湿热地区,大部分的山体滑坡常与岩石的风化作用存在一定的关系,为研究在不同湿度条件对岩石风化作用产生的影响,本研究以水汽分子在玄武岩内部的扩散为研究对象。\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t方法\t\t\t\t\t在常温条件下,假定岩石内部水汽分子贮存浓度达到岩石风化所需的水汽分子贮存浓度值的条件下岩石开始风化,对不同湿度环境下岩石风化进程中水汽分子在岩石内部的扩散进行数值模拟。\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t结果\t\t\t\t\t模拟结果表明：相对湿度越高,岩石的风化速率越快;理想的岩石风化过程中,风化速率遵循先减小后增大的规律;低湿度条件下,风化速率的变化主要受空气中实际水汽压的控制,高湿度条件下主要受浓度梯度控制。\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t结论\t\t\t\t\t研究成果对于岩石崩塌、山体滑坡等地质灾害和工程问题具有一定的实际意义。\t\t\t\t     

新西兰无脊椎动物多样性及面临的威胁

对当前新西兰无脊椎动物生物多样性状况,以及新西兰无脊椎动物生物多样性所面临的威胁等进行了综述．在新西兰共有31种无脊椎动物被列入最受威胁的物种名录,其中昆虫18种、螨类1种、环节动物1种、软体动物11种．人类活动、栖息地破坏和外来物种的入侵是新西兰无脊椎动物多样性面临的主要威胁．     

新西兰乳业的生产与贸易

新西兰国土面积26．6万km^2,人口380万。新西兰的气候是温带海洋性气候,地理环境很适于乳业的发展。乳业是新西兰的重要产业。新西兰生产的乳品主要依赖国际市场。虽然新西兰牛奶产量只占世界的3％左右,但新西兰乳制品的出口却占到世界的30％以上．是世界第二大乳制品出口国,仅次于欧盟。     

Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum

The Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) has been attributed to the rapid release of approximately 2000 x 10(9) metric tons of carbon in the form of methane. In theory, oxidation and ocean absorption of this carbon should have lowered deep-sea pH, thereby triggering a rapid (<10,000-year) shoaling of the calcite compensation depth (CCD), followed by gradual recovery. Here we present geochemical data from five new South Atlantic deep-sea sections that constrain the timing and extent of massive sea-floor carbonate dissolution coincident with the PETM. The sections, from between 2.7 and 4.8 kilometers water depth, are marked by a prominent clay layer, the character of which indicates that the CCD shoaled rapidly (<10,000 years) by more than 2 kilometers and recovered gradually (>100,000 years). These findings indicate that a large mass of carbon (>2000 x 10(9) metric tons of carbon) dissolved in the ocean at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary and that permanent sequestration of this carbon occurred through silicate weathering feedback.     

新西兰大力发展现代畜牧业

清晨,牛羊在草场和山坡上悠然地吃草,运奶车往来奔忙在乡间的路上,这是在新西兰各大小牧场及其附近地区持续了近百年的景象。畜牧业在新西兰的经济发展中一直占有     

新西兰植物新品种保护及其对中国的启示

一．新西兰植物品种保护总体情况 1．新西兰植物品种保护制度的发展 新西兰植物新品种保护制度。即植物品种权制度,来源于植物选择者权利制度。《新西兰植物选择者权利法》于1973年立法,1975年实施。直到1978年修订替代了原始的法律并且做出了一系列的修改,其中一个重要的修改就是将“植物品种权”代替了“植物选择者权利”,从而产生了《新西兰植物品种权法》。1981年新西兰加入国际植物新品种保护联盟（UPOV）。此后又于1990年、     

HHRI delegation visited New Zealand and Australia

From April 1 to April 21,a delegation of 3 members organized by Hunan Horticultural Research Institute(HHRI) visited The Horticulture and Food Research Institute of New Zealand Ltd (HortResearch) and the CSIRO Plant Industry Division,Australia at the invitation of Mr Paul Glucina,General Manager of HortResearch,and Dr Robert Walker,Program Leader,CSIRO. The members of the delegation were Mr Shan Yang,Director of HHRI,Dr Wang Zhongyan,Deputy Director of HHRI,and Mr Liu Jian,Chief Administration Officer of HAAS. The purpose of the visit was to study the technological and commercial development of fruit industries in the two countries,and to discuss possible areas for scientific collaboration.     

新西兰水果产业的技术体系

新西兰的水果产业十分发达，其鲜果的生产及出口以优质、高产、高效闻名于世。种苗是水果产业的基础，种苗工程备受新西兰园艺界的重视，苗木繁育实行严格的许可证制度，育种单位授权苗木生产经营商进行种苗开发，并根据苗木销售的数量和价格，向苗木生产经营商按一定比例提成作为研究开发的收入，或研发机构将品种转让给某一水果公司，由公司组织该品种的推广应用，研发机构则按该品种果实的生产与销售量提成。苗木繁育普遍采用容器育苗和温室培育，便于管理和加快苗木繁育速度，并保证苗木纯度和质量。 。－５－ｕ：；ｗｉｓ显…狈－ 柑橘…     

新西兰乳业发展的组织基础

新西兰是一个面积27万km2、人口不足400万的小国,却有着世界一流乳业。新西兰乳品生产成本全球最低,乳业高新技术向牧场转移全球最快,奶牛优良品种的遗传进展比率全球最高,全国性的牧场管理和繁育战略全球领先;新西兰乳制品出口占全球乳制品贸易的33%,如果不计欧盟成员国间乳制     

Synthesis of lipid during photosynthesis by phytoplankton of the southern ocean

Assimilation of carbon-14 labeled bicarbonate into photosynthetic products was measured at four stations in the Southern Ocean. Phytoplankton populations incorporated as much as 80 percent of the fixed carbon into lipid under conditions of low temperatures (-0.2 degrees to -1.8 degrees C) and low light intensities. At higher temperatures (+0.3 degrees to +0.8 degrees C) and higher light intensities, incorporation into lipid accounted for less than 20 percent of the fixed carbon, synthesis of polysaccharide and protein being more prominent.     

Biodiversity and distribution of Hypocrea/Trichoderma species in New Zealand

With increased imports of foreign microbes either as commercial biocontrol produ cts or for the purposes of research, there is potentially an increased threat to indigenous beneficial microflora. In the present study, indigenous species of t he fungal genus Hypocrea/Trichoderma are being used as a model system to d etermine the impact of foreign microbes on the native microflora of New Zealand. In order to protect such microflora, one has to first be aware of what is curre ntly present an…     

Meltwater input to the southern ocean during the last glacial maximum

Three records of oxygen isotopes in biogenic silica from deep-sea sediment cores from the Atlantic and Indian sectors of the Southern Ocean reveal the presence of isotopically depleted diatomaceous opal in sediment from the last glacial maximum. This depletion is attributed to the presence of lids of meltwater that mixed with surface water along certain trajectories in the Southern Ocean. An increase in the drainage from Antarctica or extensive northward transport of icebergs are among the main mechanisms that could have produced the increase in meltwater input to the glacial Southern Ocean. Similar isotopic trends were observed in older climatic cycles at the same cores.     

新西兰的养鹿生产与国际贸易现状

对新西兰养鹿生产及其鹿肉、鹿茸等鹿产品国际贸易现状进行了概述。     

新西兰辐射松及在中国的推广前景

辐射松不是新西兰的乡土树种,它原产于美国加州的一些海岛上。19世纪由移民携带种子传到南太平洋的岛国新西兰。新西兰辐射松的拉丁名为PinusradiataD.Don,普遍使用的英文名是Radiatapine.英文Radiata有辐射、放射的意思,因此它中文名称作“辐射松”。另一个英文名是Montereypine,因它原生长在美国加州Monterey岛上而得名。辐射松在原产地生长并不出色,干形差,生长速度慢,未受到人们的重视,但是,因新西兰岛国独特的立地条件,使辐射松顺利安家落户,并异乎寻常地生长,日益受到人们的重视。20世纪三四十年代,新西兰举国上下兴起了营造辐射松…