不同冲泡条件对柑普茶品质的影响

为明确和规范柑普茶的科学审评条件,本文采用分析化学手段与感官审评方法,研究了不同茶柑质量比、茶水比、冲泡次数等冲泡条件下,柑普茶水浸出物及其主要生化成分（游离氨基酸、可溶性糖、茶多酚、咖啡碱）的动态变化,结合感官审评进行综合判定。结果表明,随着茶柑质量比的增加,游离氨基酸浸出量呈下降趋势,可溶性糖、茶多酚、咖啡碱浸出量呈增加趋势,其中除可溶性糖外,其他成分浸出量差异显著;随着茶水比的增加,水浸出物、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖、茶多酚、咖啡碱浸出量均呈显著增加的趋势;在3次冲泡法中,随着冲泡次数的增加,茶汤中游离氨基酸和咖啡碱含量呈显著下降的趋势,可溶性糖和茶多酚含量呈先增加后下降的趋势。本文研究范围内,柑普茶在茶柑质量比（W∶W）为4∶1、茶水比（W∶V）为1∶50、冲泡采用2次冲泡法（第1泡2 min,第2泡5 min）的条件下,所得茶汤的汤色、香气、滋味协调性最佳,具体表现为滋味醇厚、茶与柑的融合度好,可充分展示出柑普茶的风味品质。     

基于SERS的苹果树腐烂病原菌早期侵染检测

为了早期诊断由黑腐皮壳真菌(Valsa mali Miyabe et Yamada)引起的苹果树腐烂病,该研究基于表面增强拉曼光谱(surface-enhanced Raman scattering,SERS)技术,以腐烂病菌丝、病原菌丝侵染的苹果树和健康的苹果树枝作为研究对象,结合S-G平滑和迭代自适应加权惩罚最小二乘法进行拉曼光谱预处理,经解析发现病原菌丝与染菌样本在1 598、1 595 cm^-1和2 930、2 925 cm^-1附近敏感谱峰明显区别于健康样本。重复试验分析发现,病原菌侵染可致寄主特征谱峰偏移以及谱峰强度改变：健康样本在1 286 cm^-1附近的特征峰随病原菌的侵染偏移至1 365 cm^-1附近;健康样本在1 286与1 587 cm^-1附近的谱峰强度比值小于0.5,染菌样本在1 365与1 595 cm^-1附近的谱峰强度比值大于0.5,而菌丝在1 327与1 598 cm^-1附近的谱峰强度比值大于1.0;1 5...     

茶园施肥模式对茶叶黄酮类及糖苷类代谢物含量的影响

【目的】研究施肥模式对茶叶生化成分含量和黄酮类及糖苷类代谢物累积的影响,为实现茶叶优质高产提供科学依据。【方法】田间试验设在四川茶树种植典型区域—雅安,试验连续进行了3年,设置不施肥(CK)、常量化肥(N 585 kg/hm2,TF)、有机肥替代25%化肥氮(OF)、减施25%氮肥(SF) 4个处理。分析了不同处理茶叶主要品质成分含量,并基于非靶向代谢组学检测结果分析了黄酮类及糖苷类代谢物累积差异。【结果】与C K处理相比,T F、 O F、 S F处理茶氨酸、游离氨基酸含量分别提高了7.2 2%～1 3.4 0%、23.15%～25.50%,可溶性糖和茶多酚含量分别降低了8.17%～13.86%、6.08%～11.49%,表儿茶素、表没食子儿茶素、芸香苷等10种代谢物累积水平显著下降。与TF处理相比,SF处理茶氨酸、咖啡碱和水浸出物含量分别降低了5.45%、5.97%、8.91%,茶多酚、可溶性糖、游离氨基酸含量和酚氨比无显著差异;芍药素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、肉桂萜醇C1-19-葡萄糖苷、查耳酮樱花素等7种代谢物累积水平显著降低,川陈皮素、牡荆素-4’-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷、(S)...     

不同氮肥种类和用量对川西蒙山茶品质的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸铵、碳酸氢铵和硝酸钙5种氮肥和用量对川西蒙山茶品质的影响。结果表明:肥料种类、肥料用量以及肥料种类与用量的交互作用对茶叶主要品质指标(可溶性糖除外)的影响极显著;不论施用何种氮肥,茶叶中的茶多酚、儿茶素和咖啡碱含量都有极显著的增加;各种氮肥用量为4g/盆时,茶多酚、儿茶素和咖啡碱含量较高;与施用其他种类的氮肥相比,尿素能极显著地提高茶叶中儿茶素和氨基酸的含量。施用硝态氮将能显著提高茶叶中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量,但随着硝态氮用量的增加,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的含量没有显著变化,而铵态氮和酰胺态氮对茶叶硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量基本没有影响。综合考虑春夏秋三季茶叶的品质,若单施一种氮肥,尿素最为合适,施用量为8g/盆左右。     

微波、超声波对茶叶主要化学成分浸提效果的研究

浸提工艺是影响茶饮料品质的关键环节之一。如何在低温短时浸提条件下保持茶叶良好的品质和较高的内含成分浸出率，是茶饮料生产工艺急待解决的难题。尝试将微波、超声波应用于茶饮料浸提过程中，研究了两种浸提方法对茶叶主要化学成分浸出的影响，结果显示微波、超声波对茶多酚、氨基酸、咖啡碱的浸出率与常规浸提法相当,对蛋白质、果胶等大分子物质的浸出有抑制作用。分析了不同浸提方式茶汤中主要儿茶素的含量，结果表明超声波浸提茶汤中主要儿茶素的含量高于其它浸提方式。微波、超声波处理适合于茶饮料的浸提。     

不同氮营养水平对茶叶产量和品质的影响

采用田间试验,研究了年施纯N 90 kg/hm2、180 kg/hm2、360 kg/hm2、720 kg/hm2 4种不同氮素营养水平对茶叶干物质产量和品质的影响。结果表明,氮肥对茶叶的干物质产量和品质有明显的影响,合理的施氮量能显著提高茶叶产量并改善其品质。所有处理中,年施纯N 360 kg/hm2获得了最高干物质产量,超过这一施肥量,产量便开始下降。在同一基础肥力土壤条件下,茶叶干物质产量表现为随施氮量的加大先增加后降低,呈抛物线趋势。品质结果分析显示施用适量氮肥能明显提高茶叶中的游离氨基酸、咖啡碱和水浸出物含量,而茶多酚含量降低; 茶树叶片中的叶绿素含量也呈升高趋势。在4种施肥水平条件下,茶叶增产幅度为19.59%、25.19%,平均22.39%; 茶叶品质成分,特别是游离氨基酸含量有明显提高。     

钾肥对幼龄茶树氮磷钾吸收和茶叶产量及品质的效应

选取四川、重庆两地典型、具有代表性的砂岩黄壤、灰岩黄壤和酸性紫色土为供试土壤,连续4年研究了硫酸钾对3类土壤上幼龄茶树矿质营养吸收和茶叶产量、品质的影响。结果表明,在3种土壤上均是 N处理(NK、NPK)茶树对养分的吸收比例合理,茶叶产量高;-N处理(PK、K、CK)则相反。品质分析表明,钾对幼龄茶树游离氨基酸、咖啡碱含量的直接影响不大,但对水浸出物、儿茶素、茶多酚含量的提高有积极的影响,比较酚/氨值得出, N处理酚/氨值一般在5.64~7.17之间,且游离氨基酸含量较高(>3%),处于比较合适的范围内,绿茶品质较佳;相反,-N处理茶叶酚/氨值均在不适宜的范围之内,品质较差。说明在氮肥或氮磷肥的基础上配施钾肥是茶树获得高产、优质的途径。     

氨基酸菌肥施用量对茶树生长及土壤肥力的影响

为探究不同氨基酸菌肥施用量对茶树生长和土壤肥力含量的影响,以鸿雁12号茶树为研究对象,采用田间微区试验的方法,设置了不施用氨基酸菌肥作对照组(CK)和氨基酸菌肥施用量分别为75 kg·hm^-2(T1)、150 kg·hm^-2(T2)、225 kg·hm^-2(T3)和300 kg·hm^-2(T4)的处理,研究不同氨基酸菌肥施用量对茶树生长、茶叶品质及土壤肥力的影响。结果表明：氨基酸菌肥施用后能显著增加茶叶芽头密度及茶叶产量,提高茶叶中氨基酸含量和土壤中碱解氮含量。试验6个月后与CK相比,T4组的芽头密度显著增加了63.4%,茶叶产量显著增加了71.5%;T1～T4处理茶叶中氨基酸含量分别增加了9.73%、6.41%、7.57%和13.2%,土壤中碱解氮含量分别增加了25.0%、36.0%、46.0%和37.6%。综上,氨基酸菌肥的施用能提高茶叶产量及品质,改善茶园土壤环境质量,为茶园生产的合理施肥及优质高效生产提供数据参考。     

利用gs1.1和gs1.2突变体研究外源蔗糖对高铵胁迫拟南芥碳氮代谢的影响

以拟南芥野生型Col-0、谷氨酰胺合成酶敲除突变体gs1.1和gs1.2为实验材料,采取土培试验,比较正常培养液(4 mmol/L NH4⁺)培养(CK)、正常培养液(4 mmol/L NH4⁺)下外源添加5%蔗糖(T1)、高NH4⁺胁迫(20 mmol/L)(T2)以及高NH4⁺胁迫(20 mmol/L)下外源添加5%蔗糖(T3)对拟南芥各株系各生理指标的影响;通过测定地上部分的鲜重、叶绿素、游离NH4⁺、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)、矿质元素含量等指标,研究外源蔗糖对NH4⁺胁迫拟南芥碳氮代谢的影响。结果表明,高NH4⁺胁迫下,拟南芥生长受到严重的抑制,鲜重、GS、GDH酶活性降低,游离NH4⁺含量、叶绿素含量、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量增加,植株的N、P、K、Ca的含量增加,Mg、Fe的含量减少,其中gs1.1和gs1.2在高NH4⁺处理下受到的抑制比Col-0更为显著。外源添加5%蔗糖显著缓解了高NH4⁺毒害,提高了可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,提高了GS和GDH的活性,降低了叶绿素和游离NH4⁺的含量,提高了植株体内的N、P、K、Ca,Mg的含量,降低了植株Fe的含量,其中,外源蔗糖对gs1.1和gs1.2高NH4⁺毒害的缓解更为显著。     

碱洗茶鲜叶对绿茶加工品质的影响

试验比较了3个碱洗浓度洗茶鲜叶后对茶叶内含成分及品质的影响。结果表明,随着碱洗浓度的增加,鲜叶中茶多酚、咖啡碱、可溶性糖均呈增加的趋势,氨基酸、水浸出物分别呈先降后增、先增后降的趋势;成茶中,氨基酸含量呈增加,咖啡碱、水浸出物含量呈减少,茶多酚、可溶性糖含量分别呈先增后降、先降后增的趋势。色泽上,碱洗处理对鲜叶叶绿素a、b含量有所影响,但对鲜叶总叶绿素含量影响不显著,对成茶中叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量均有所影响。感官品质上,碱洗鲜叶后对各审评因子的影响有所趋势,其中,碱洗浓度变化对干茶色泽影响不大,对茶叶滋味中涩味有所减缓,但香气中栗香逐渐减弱,叶底逐渐由绿变黄,综合得分对照最高。     

基于高光谱图像的茶树LAI与氮含量反演

为了对茶树进行实时、快速、无损的叶面积指数LAI和氮含量检测,该文以英红九号茶树为试验对象,利用便携式高光谱成像仪采集光谱数据、人工破坏性采摘叶片进行叶面积指数的计算以及传统化学方法测量叶片氮含量,比较不同高光谱特征变换形式与LAI和氮含量之间的相关性,并选择其中相关系数较高的高光谱特征变量作为自变量,分别采用线性、指数、对数和抛物线表达式建立LAI和氮含量的回归模型。结果显示:在多种高光谱数据变量建立的模型中,以绿峰反射率R_g为自变量的对数拟合模型最佳,其拟合样本的决定系数R~2和验证样本的均方根误差RMSE值分别为0.9和0.087 6。以植被指数变量VI_4(红边面积/黄边面积)与氮含量建立的指数模型为最佳建模效果,拟合样本的决定系数R~2和验证样本的均方根误差RMSE值分别为0.830 3和0.102 9,研究结果可为茶树叶面积指数LAI和营养成分的无损检测提供参考。     

不同傅里叶变换红外光谱法研究土壤光谱特征的比较与应用

为了将傅里叶变换红外光谱技术更好地应用于土壤中官能团的定量分析,通过比较3种不同傅里叶变换技术下土壤特征吸收峰的差异,来选取最佳的光谱技术应用于土壤的相关研究。采用透射(T-FTIR)、衰减全反射(ATR-FTIR)和漫反射(DR-FTIR)3种光谱技术分别对有机物(苯甲酸、硬脂酸)和土壤(辽东栎)进行了分析。并将辽东栎和草地土壤样品按不同比例混合,使用T-FTIR和DR-FTIR对混合土样进行光谱测定,用于定量分析研究。结果表明:(1)有机物样品在3种光谱技术中均出现特征吸收峰,苯甲酸在1 600～1 400 cm^-1出现苯环C=C骨架特征峰,硬脂酸在2 900～2 800 cm^-1显现甲基的特征峰。有机物中羧酸-COOH内羰基-C=O在1 720～1 680 cm^-1出现伸缩振动吸收峰,羟基-OH分别在1 430～1 410 cm^-1,940～930 cm^-1附近出现面内和面外弯曲振动吸收峰。有机物在T-FTIR技术中需要用溴化钾(KBr)对其稀释。(2)辽东栎土壤样品在T-FTIR和DR-FTIR技术测试中发现,其土壤谱图中有较多有效特征吸收峰,土壤样品在T-FTIR技术中也需要用KBr进行稀释并使样品均匀的分布在锭片中; 而ATR-FTIR技术测试中仅出现个别有效特征吸收峰,不利于对土壤谱图鉴别与进一步分析。(3)辽东栎和草地土壤样品按不同比例混合的测试结果表明:T-FTIR和DR-FTIR技术测试中质量分数与峰面积比呈正相关,线性拟合分别为R²=0.70和R²=0.88。土壤在3种不同红外技术中,DR-FTIR光谱具有较好的土壤特征吸收峰,对土壤样品可以不用KBr稀释。测试步骤简单易操作,可用于土壤样品定量分析研究。     

茶多酚对可食性马铃薯淀粉/海藻酸钠复合膜性能影响及表征

为探究茶多酚(TP)对淀粉基复合可食膜功能化改性效果,本试验以马铃薯淀粉和海藻酸钠(7∶3,m∶m)为成膜基质,甘油为增塑剂,TP为功能活性物质,通过溶液共混法制备马铃薯淀粉/海藻酸钠/茶多酚复合膜,考察不同质量分数TP对复合膜的物理性能、力学性能、阻湿性能、抗菌和抗氧化性等的影响。结果表明,当TP质量分数为5%时,复合膜的综合性能较好,且各项指标均显著高于空白对照组(P<0.05),此时抗张强度为20.78 MPa,断裂伸长率为24.33%,水蒸气透过系数为2.33×10^-12 g·cm^-1·s^-1·Pa^-1,同时厚度为117.67μm,总酚含量为7.95 mg GAE·g^-1,DPPH自由基清除率为84.47%,对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌圈面积为502.15 mm²。本研究结果为TP在基于淀粉等可食性膜的功能化及其在食品包装方面的应用提供了一定的理论指导和数据参考。     

Factors affecting the levels of tea polyphenols and caffeine in tea leaves

An isocratic HPLC procedure was developed for the simultaneous determination of caffeine and six catechins in tea samples. When 31 commercial teas extracted by boiling water or 75% ethanol were analyzed by HPLC, the levels of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), and total catechins in teas were in the order green tea (old leaves) > green tea (young leaves) and oolong tea > black tea and pu-erh tea. Tea samples extracted by 75% ethanol could yield higher levels of EGCG and total catechins. The contents of caffeine and catechins also have been measured in fresh tea leaves from the Tea Experiment Station in Wen-Shan or Taitung; the old tea leaves contain less caffeine but more EGCG and total catechins than young ones. To compare caffeine and catechins in the same tea but manufactured by different fermentation processes, the level of caffeine in different manufactured teas was in the order black tea > oolong tea > green tea > fresh tea leaf, but the levels of EGCG and total catechins were in the order green tea > oolong tea > fresh tea leaf > black tea. In addition, six commercial tea extracts were used to test the biological functions including hydroxyl radical scavenging, nitric oxide suppressing, and apoptotic effects. The pu-erh tea extracts protected the plasmid DNA from damage by the Fenton reaction as well as the control at a concentration of 100 microg/mL. The nitric oxide suppressing effect of tea extracts was in the order pu-erh tea >/= black tea > green tea > oolong tea. The induction of apoptosis by tea extract has been demonstrated by DNA fragmentation ladder and flow cytometry. It appeared that the ability of tea extracts to induce HL-60 cells apoptosis was in the order green tea > oolong > black tea > pu-erh tea. All tea extracts extracted by 75% ethanol have stronger biological functions than those extracted by boiling water.     

Determination of tea polyphenols and caffeine in tea flowers (Camellia sinensis) and their hydroxyl radical scavenging and nitric oxide suppressing effects

The native occurrence of tea polyphenols, namely, (-)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate, (-)-epicatechin, and (-)-epicatechin 3-gallate, and caffeine in tea flowers was assessed by an isocratic HPLC procedure. The levels of total catechins and caffeine were determined in tea flowers collected from 10 different species of Camellia sinensis. The results showed the levels of total catechin ranged from 10 to 38 mg/g, whereas the level of caffeine ranged from 3 to 8 mg/g. Levels of catechins and caffeine in tea leaves and various teas were also determined and ranged from 2 to 126 mg/g and from 23 to 49 mg/g, respectively. Both tea flower and tea leaf extracts exert their strong hydroxyl radical scavenging effects in the Fenton reaction system and nitric oxide suppressing effects in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Most tea flowers contain less caffeine, but comparable amounts of total catechins, compared to tea leaves and teas. The present study demonstrates that both tea flowers and tea leaves contain appreciable amounts of catechins and caffeine. It is likely that tea flowers might be useful for making alternative tea beverages.     

Metabolic dependence of green tea on plucking positions revisited: a metabolomic study

The dependence of global green tea metabolome on plucking positions was investigated through (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis coupled with multivariate statistical data set. Pattern recognition methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projection on latent structure-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), were employed for a finding metabolic discrimination among fresh green tea leaves plucked at different positions from young to old leaves. In addition to clear metabolic discrimination among green tea leaves, elevations in theanine, caffeine, and gallic acid levels but reductions in catechins, such as epicatechin (EC), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), glucose, and sucrose levels were observed, as the green tea plant grows up. On the other hand, the younger the green tea leaf is, the more theanine, caffeine, and gallic acid but the lesser catechins accumlated in the green tea leaf, revealing a reverse assocation between theanine and catechins levels due to incorporaton of theanine into catechins with growing up green tea plant. Moreover, as compared to the tea leaf, the observation of marked high levels of theanine and low levels of catechins in green tea stems exhibited a distinct tea plant metabolism between the tea leaf and the stem. This metabolomic approach highlights taking insight to global metabolic dependence of green tea leaf on plucking position, thereby providing distinct information on green tea production with specific tea quality.     

电子舌在红茶饮料区分辨识中的应用

为检验电子舌在茶饮料方面的辨识能力,该文应用法国Alpha M.O.S公司生产的传感器型电子舌对中国市场上已有的7种红茶饮料进行检测,所得数据用主成分分析法（PCA）和聚类分析法（CA）进行分析。结果表明,该电子舌可以很好的区分这7种红茶饮料。且在PCA第1主成分和第2主成分得分图上,区别指数达95.38。由此可见,电子舌在茶饮料的品牌区分、质检以及真伪辨识中有巨大的应用潜力。同时,该研究也初步探讨了聚类分析法在电子舌数据处理方面的应用。     

Comparison of the chemical constituents of aged pu-erh tea, ripened pu-erh tea, and other teas using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn

Pu-erh tea is a popular beverage in southwestern China and South Asian countries. To explain the differences of aged pu-erh tea and ripened pu-erh tea, the chemical constituents of these teas were identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS(n). In addition, HPLC was used to determine the contents of the major polyphenols, gallic acid, caffeine, and theobromine, in various types of teas. These results showed that the majority of chemical constituents in ripened pu-erh tea and aged pu-erh tea were similar, but the contents of catechins and gallic acid presented significant differences between these two teas. After fermentation by microorganism, the levels of catechins in ripened pu-erh tea were decreased, but the contents of gallic acid and caffeine were conversely elevated compared with aged pu-erh tea.