滴灌施肥下不同栽培模式对马铃薯生长和水肥利用的影响

为了研究滴灌施肥灌溉条件下马铃薯配套的栽培模式,参考大型喷灌机灌溉条件下马铃薯的栽培模式,布置了"窄垄种植单行马铃薯"和"宽垄种植双行马铃薯"两种栽培模式,研究了滴灌施肥灌溉条件下两种栽培模式对马铃薯生长、产量和水肥利用效率等的影响。结果表明,在滴灌施肥灌溉下,通过负压计指导施肥灌溉,当滴头正下方20cm深度处的土壤水基质势低于-25kPa时进行施肥灌溉时,与"窄垄种植单行马铃薯"栽培模式相比,"宽垄种植双行马铃薯"的栽培模式能有效地改善根区土壤水分状况,促进马铃薯的生长,马铃薯不仅增产9.0%~18.0%,并且灌溉水利用效率提高了15.6%~46.0%,偏肥料生产力提高了17.5%~38.0%。     

再生水分根交替地下滴灌对马铃薯品质和重金属积累影响

以大田马铃薯为试验材料,研究了再生水地下滴灌充分灌溉(FSI)、分根交替灌溉(APRSI)、沟灌充分灌溉(FFI)和分根交替灌溉(APRFI)4种灌水方式对马铃薯块茎品质、重金属积累和产量等的影响。结果表明,APRSI可显著提高马铃薯块茎中淀粉和有机酸含量,与清水对照和再生水充分滴灌相比,淀粉含量分别增加0.37%和0.15%,有机酸含量分别提高4.17%和8.70%;APRSI处理的马铃薯块茎中Cr、Pb、Cu含量较清水对照降低12.5%、5.56%、3.15%,而比FSI降低了20%、10.53%、10.4%;地下滴灌不同灌水处理对马铃薯产量影响不显著,但对水分利用效率较清水和充分灌溉分别提高21.01%和21.90%。因此,再生水地下分根交替滴灌滴灌可提高块茎品质,减轻重金属Cr、Pb和Cu在块茎中的积累,达到二级处理以上要求的再生水对马铃薯进行地下滴灌是一种实用的安全高效灌溉技术。     

微咸水滴灌施肥灌溉对马铃薯生长和水肥利用的影响

针对柴达木盆地马铃薯农业生产对水-肥-盐综合管理的需求,布置了5个滴灌施肥灌溉比例(施肥量分别为当地马铃薯施肥量的10%、30%、50%、70%、90%)的田间试验,试验通过控制滴头正下方20 cm处的土壤基质势下限高于-20 k Pa进行滴灌水盐调控和施肥灌溉。结果表明:在柴达木盆地、微咸水灌溉条件下,当滴头正下方20 cm深度土壤基质势控制在-20 k Pa以上,滴灌施肥灌溉阶段0~40 cm内土壤水分和盐分状况良好,但灌溉停止后土体中的盐分有增加的趋势;随着施肥比例的增加,马铃薯的株高、叶面积、地上生物量干质量及产量先增加再降低,当施肥比例为70%时达到最大。滴灌高频施肥灌溉且当施肥比例为当地马铃薯推荐施肥量的70%左右时,马铃薯既能获得高产,又可保证较高的水肥利用效率。     

宁夏扬黄限额灌溉区降水资源就地高效利用技术集成研究

结合宁夏中部干旱补灌区水资源与限额供水的特点,集成覆盖保墒技术、大田微集水技术、限额补充灌溉技术、抑制蒸腾技术,提出多因素组合的玉米、马铃薯降水资源高效利用集成模式,开展多因素正交组合模式试验研究。在试验监测的基础上,综合分析作物玉米、马铃薯的需水关键期,将多年平均降水量与各作物需水过程进行比较,分析作物的缺水期和缺水程度;在充分利用降水资源的前提下,采用限额灌溉技术在作物需水关键期进行补充灌溉,分析土壤含水率、作物产量、水分利用效率,提出适宜宁夏中部干旱区限额补充灌溉的降水资源高效利用模式。     

浅谈四子王旗农作物种植中膜下滴灌技术的重要性

本文在四子王旗特定的环境下,对其主要农作物-马铃薯的种植中所应用的膜下滴灌技术进行了分析,包括技术在节水、省工、增产等多方面的优点,同时通过马铃薯膜下滴灌与普通灌溉两种灌水方式的对比,进一步说明四子王旗在种植马铃薯中适合使用膜下滴灌技术。     

不同补灌水量对膜下滴灌马铃薯产量及水分利用的影响研究

以宁夏中部干旱带扬黄工程供水延伸区的膜下滴灌马铃薯为研究对象,依据2014-2015年灌溉试验数据分析了不同补充灌溉水量对马铃薯根区土壤水分、叶片光合生理、产量及水分利用效率的影响并提出适用于当地的补充灌溉模式。主要结论有:膜下滴灌马铃薯生长主要利用0～60 cm土层土壤水分,6月中下旬和7月下旬-8月上旬为需水关键期;叶片光合速率(Pn)及蒸腾速率(Tr)均呈双峰抛物线型变化,峰值出现在12∶00和16∶00,14∶00有极小值;补灌可提高马铃薯产量和水分生产效率,最大增幅分别为53.11%和12.88%;综合分析提出研究区马铃薯膜下滴灌补充灌溉定额1 050 m~3/hm~2,灌水次数3次,即芽条生长期(5月中旬),块茎形成期(6月下旬)和块茎增长期(7月下旬)各1次。     

古交市：举办马铃薯膜下滴管技术推广演示会

近日,古交市农机局在岔口乡关头老农种植养殖专业合作社试验田里首次进行了马铃薯膜下滴灌试验。膜下滴灌技术种植马铃薯是一项新技术,能够一次完成播种、覆膜、下管等工序,省时、省力、节水。地膜覆盖减少了地表蒸发,滴灌系统管道输水,局部灌溉,无深层渗漏,和畦灌相比节水50%以上;     

不同灌水处理对马铃薯光合性能和产量的影响

通过马铃薯覆膜滴灌大田试验,研究了灌溉定额、灌水次数对马铃薯光合性能影响;研究了马铃薯光合性能对产量的影响特性.试验结果表明:在整个生育期内,马铃薯光合性能(蒸腾速率、气孔导度和光合速率)均呈先增后减的变化规律,在马铃薯块茎形成期最大、块茎增长期开始逐步减小,到成熟期骤减,几乎停止光合作用;覆膜滴灌马铃薯时,灌溉定额越大,灌水次数越多,蒸腾速率、气孔导度、光合速率就越大;蒸腾速率、气孔导度均与产量呈显著相关关系,光合速率与产量呈极显著相关关系.提高光合作用,将有助于作物产量的提高.     

马铃薯水肥一体化技术规程

针对目前我国马铃薯水肥一体化灌溉系统操作不规范问题,制定了马铃薯水肥一体化技术规程。马铃薯水肥一体化灌溉是目前世界上公认最好的灌溉方式,马铃薯水肥一体化灌溉不仅可以大大减少农业灌水的使用,还能显著减少化肥农药的使用,对保护环境、净化地下水起到了非常重要的作用。结合马铃薯种植农艺要求及水肥一体化操作要求,制定了智能马铃薯水肥一体化系统的使用操作技术规程,在设施要求、硬件系统操作及马铃薯农艺种植方面进行了规范,为广大马铃薯种植用户提供了合理的技术参考,为马铃薯高效滴灌施肥施药推广提供理论依据。      

农业节水设备信息

8DWG-50滴微灌机（设备） 滴灌可分为膜下滴灌与地埋式滴灌。8DWG-50滴微灌机（设备）用于马铃薯、大棚蔬菜等经济作物的灌溉。可将作物生长所需的水分和各种养分通过滴灌系统精确地、适时地输送到作物根部附近的土壤供作物需求,具有显著的节水、节肥,增产、增效、省工等优点。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。