紫苏精油对短期温度变化稻谷的品质保持研究

研究了紫苏精油对短期温度变化的稻谷品质的保持效果。方法:13%左右水分的稻谷分别经0、1μL/g和4μL/g终浓度的紫苏精油处理后使用恒温恒湿箱储藏,期间隔日调升0.5℃(储藏温度由13℃逐渐上升至25℃),储藏30 d,每10 d取样一次,检测稻谷的不完善粒和脂肪酸值等品质指标,并采用平板计数法跟踪稻谷霉菌的带菌量。结果显示:未添加紫苏精油的常规组稻谷不完善粒数量增加约50%;脂肪酸值由初始的23.2(KOH/干基)/(mg/100 g)上升至33.9(KOH/干基)/(mg/100 g),增加46.1%;稻谷中的霉菌数量由3.6 log CFU/g增加至3.9 log CFU/g。1μL/g终浓度的紫苏精油处理组的不完善粒数量增加25%、脂肪酸值由23.2(KOH/干基)/(mg/100 g)上升至27.9(KOH/干基)/(mg/100 g),增加20.3%;稻谷中的霉菌数量由3.3 log CFU/g,增加至3.6 log CFU/g。4μL/g终浓度的紫苏精油处理组的不完善粒数量没有增加、脂肪酸值由23.2(KOH/干基)/(mg/100 g)上升至27.7(KOH/干基)/(mg/100 g),增加19.4%;稻谷中的霉菌数量由3.3 log CFU/g增加至20 d时的3.39 log CFU/g后降至30 d时的2.9 log CFU/g。试验结果表明:紫苏精油处理的稻谷品质优于未处理的稻谷,紫苏精油处理可一定程度上用于控制稻谷品质的劣变,为稻谷的短期保藏提供了一种可行的解决思路。     

脂肪酸值仪法测定稻米脂肪酸值研究

本研究建立了稻米中脂肪酸值的脂肪酸值仪测定方法。该方法适用于在室温下以无水乙醇提取稻谷、糙米、大米中游离脂肪酸,用标准氢氧化钾滴定液滴定,进行脂肪酸值的测定。结果表明,脂肪酸值在0~240(KOH)/(mg/100g)范围内与消耗标准滴定液的体积呈良好的线性相关,r=0.9997;方法的回收率为89%~113%;三个不同脂肪酸值的稻谷样品15次平行测试的极差最大者为1.73(KOH)/(mg/100g)干基,小于重复性临界值2(KOH)/(mg/100g)干基,标准偏差在0.36~0.55范围内,99%置信区间(随机误差的不确定度)均≤±0.42;40个样品的检测结果与GB/T15684-1995法检测结果比较,均小于重复性临界值2(KOH)/(mg/100g)干基。     

测定稻谷脂肪酸值不确定度的评定

根据GB/T 20569-2006测定稻谷脂肪酸值,通过建立不确定度数学模型,对结果进行不确定度分析与评定,得到样品的合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。分析稻谷脂肪酸值测定的不确定度来源并建立不确定度评定方法,为检验数据的准确性和可靠性提供参考。结果显示,该稻谷的脂肪酸平均值为15.70(KOH/干基)/(mg/100g),本实验条件下的扩展不确定度U=0.21(KOH/干基)/(mg/100g),包含因子k=2。实验过程中随机效应引入的不确定度最大。     

吉林地区内环流控温玉米储粮效果评价

通过内环流控温技术在中央储备粮榆树直属库有限公司玉米仓的应用实践,表明内环流控温技术有效降低仓温和表层粮温至23℃和20℃以下,均衡各层之间温差,温差缩小了15.1℃;保水、保质效果明显,内环流后玉米水分未下降,脂肪酸值升高0.5(KOH/干基)/(mg/100g),品尝评分下降2分;无生虫、无生霉现象发生,未使用任何化学储粮药剂;与常规储粮技术相比,经济社会效益显著。同时,总结了试验仓在内环流控温技术使用过程中存在的问题,需要在日常管理中继续研究和探索,不断提升内环流控温技术的储粮水平。     

玉米脂肪酸值测量结果不确定度评定

为评定玉米脂肪酸值测定过程中影响测量不确定度的各种因素,依据GB/T20570-2015 《玉米储存品质判定规则》附录A和GB 5497-85 《粮食、油料检验水分测定法》中定温定时烘干法,按照《测量不确定度评定与表示》(JJF 1059.1)和《化学分析中不确定度的评估指南》(CNAS-GL006)中规定的方法和要求,对测量结果不确定度评定中的建模、分量计算、合成标准不确定度、扩展不确定度的评定和计算方面进行阐述。玉米脂肪酸值六平行测定结果为:■=46.0 [(KOH/干基)/(mg/100g)],U=2.5 [(KOH/干基)/(mg/100g)],k=2。空白液消耗标准滴定溶液的体积对玉米脂肪酸值测定影响最大。     

不同储藏形式粳谷品质变化研究

试验选择15％，10％水分的粳谷，采用四种储藏温度（15℃、20℃、25℃、常温），八种储藏形式（露天散装、露天包装、仓内散装、仓内包装密闭、磷化氢低剂量1g／m3、28／m3、对照）储藏三年．试验证明，粳谷品质的变化与储藏温度、储藏年限、储藏形式有关。低温15℃、准低温20℃条件下储藏，稻谷的品质变化效慢，储藏三年后，粳谷粘度12cst，脂肪酸值17mg／100g，品尝回归评分70分．30℃常温条件下包装稻谷储藏三年后，稻谷粘度6cst，脂肪酸20mg／100g，品尝回归评分68分．散装稻谷三年后，稻谷粘度4cst左右，脂肪酸25mg／100g，品尝回归评分65分左右．根据品质指标，初步得出各种储藏模谷的安全储藏期，15℃、20℃条件较谷可以储藏3年以上，常温条件包装稻谷可以储藏2～3年，散装稻谷可以储藏1．5～2年。     

鄂中地区平房仓稻谷氮气气调储藏应用研究

粮堆"五面"密闭,在仓房气密性达到4min的情况下,利用智能气调管理系统进行充氮,一次将氮气浓度充至98%以上,98%左右的氮气维持时间超过2个月。通过该方法储存新收获水分14.5%的晚籼稻谷,在气调储藏期间快速上升的粮温得到抑制,储粮害虫得到有效防治;扦样检测水分下降0.1个百分点,脂肪酸值上升0.3(KOH/干基)/(mg/100g),储粮品质保持良好,有效保证了储粮安全度夏,气调运行成本0.56元/t·年。     

面粉储藏品质指标的研究

本文提出面粉在储藏期间,脂肪酸、水溶酸、面筋吸水率、面筋值与熟食品尝评分密切相关,以脂肪酸对品尝评分的相关性最显著。根据实验与调查结果指出:面粉在合理储藏期内,精粉脂肪酸值不能超过72mg KOH/100gDS,水溶酸不能超过147mg KOH/100gDS,面筋吸水率不能低于172％;标粉脂肪酸值不能超过84mgKOH/100g DS,水溶酸不能超过240mg KOH/100g DS,面筋吸水率不能低于167％。     

基于动态隔热阻断的低温储粮靶向通风控温系统设计与试验

针对传统低温储粮系统效能低、功能单一、精细化管控不足等问题,基于动态隔热阻断理论,创新研发低温储粮靶向通风控温系统。该系统主要包括温度监测、决策控制、驱动执行和远程监控等模块,可实现自主化智慧联动靶向通风控温作业。为验证系统的实用性和有效性,从控温性能、储粮品质等方面进行综合评价。结果表明：在1年试验周期内,全仓均温低于14.2℃,最高粮温低于20℃,水分降低0.2%,脂肪酸值增幅为1.4(KOH/干基)/(mg/100g),相较传统低温储粮控温系统脂肪酸值增幅降低41.7%,且无虫霉发生发展,具有较好的控温性能和品质保持性。系统化解决因储藏局部发热、盲目通风、冷心热皮等问题而造成储粮经济损失,达到高标准低温储粮技术要求。     

粳稻谷储存品质变化规律的研究

通过对北京市现有高大房式仓采取隔热保温措施,能有效地抑制粮温上升,三年内稻谷脂肪酸值上升约7 mgKOH/100 g.靠近阳面墙体下1 m处稻谷的储存品质指标变化明显高于其它部位,其次是阳面墙体表层、中心表层部位、中心表层下1 m处,15℃低温储存的稻谷的储存品质指标几乎没有变化.建议在稻谷储存过程中,应重点加强阳面墙体的防护处理和监测,尽可能降低局部稻谷品质劣变速度.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.