沙蚕毒素类杀虫剂作用机制及其抗性的研究进展

本文对沙蚕毒素类杀虫剂的研究历史、对害虫的作用机制、害虫对沙蚕毒素类杀虫剂的抗性及其抗性治理研究进展等作了介绍。     

新烟碱类杀虫剂毒理学研究进展

以吡虫啉和啶虫脒为代表的新烟碱类杀虫剂具有卓越的内肖活性及很高的残留活性。放射配基结合实验表明，新烟碱类杀虫剂对多种昆虫乙酰胆碱受体具有高亲和力，乙酰胆碱是其竞争性结合抑制剂，电生理学研究表明，该类杀虫剂与乙酰胆碱类似，可诱导瞬时内向电流，并可作用于药理学性质不同的昆虫烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体（nAChR)亚型，分子生物学研究进一步表明，该类杀虫剂主要作用于昆虫nAChRα亚基。     

杀虫剂及杀螨剂的研究进展

本文概述了近１０年国内外杀虫,杀螨剂的研究成果,文中涉及有机磷炎,拟除虫菊酯类,苯甲酰脲类,吡唑类,吡啶甲胺类,吡咯类,四嗪类,恶二嗪类及双酰肼类等１５类化合物,同时对其生物活性也做了介绍。     

应用昆虫毒素基因构建重组病毒杀虫剂研究进展

由于基因工程技术的发展和安全性研究的深入,以重组杆状病毒为主的重组昆虫病毒杀虫剂的应用正面临着突破。文章综述了通过插入昆虫专一性毒素基因构建重组昆虫病毒杀虫剂的技术路线,展望重组病毒杀虫剂的发展趋势。     

吡唑类、吡咯类杀虫剂的研发进展

本文对吡唑类、吡咯类杀虫剂的开发现状及应用前景进行了简要的介绍。文中涉及吡唑类、吡咯类杀虫剂的化学结构、生物活性、登记与专利和开发公司等。     

烟碱类杀虫剂的应用、开发现状及展望

本文对烟碱类杀虫剂的开发现状及应用前景进行了简要的介绍。文中涉及烟碱类杀虫剂的化学结构、生物活性、登记和开发公司等。     

新烟碱类杀虫剂抗药性研究进展

新烟碱类杀虫剂是一类新开发的杀虫剂。研究表明，害虫野外种群对其敏感性差弄较大，现已有多种害虫对吡虫啉和啶虫脒产生了抗性。初步研究显示，马铃薯叶甲对吡虫啉抗性以不完全隐性的常染色体遗传；抗性似不稳定，交互抗性谱随虫种而变化，抗性形成可能与多功能氧化酶和酯酶有关。合理轮用和高剂量杀死策略是治理其抗性的有效措施。     

微生物杀虫剂研究进展

微生物杀虫剂是目前生物农药产业的主要组成部分。本文分细菌杀虫剂、抗生素杀虫剂及转微生物杀虫基因抗虫植物 3个部分 ,综述该领域近年的研究开发概况 ,同时对其潜在问题和发展前景展开了讨论     

杀虫剂抗性监测技术研究进展

本文介绍了生物化学技术和分子生物学技术在害虫抗性监测中的应用进展。免疫盘分析法和斑点法能准确地监测具Ｅ４酯酶扩增和不敏感性乙酰胆碱酯酶的抗性频率,多种建立在ＰＣＲ技术基础之上的抗性基因监测法也显示了巨大的应用潜力。     

新型烟碱类杀虫剂啶虫脒研究进展

本文对新型氯化烟碱类杀虫剂啶虫脒在国内外的研究进展作了详细论述,并对其存在的问题和有效利用提出了一些见解和展望。     

Effects of nereistoxin on the neuroexcitatory action of insecticides

Nereistoxin suppressed the excitatory actions of α- and γ-BHC and HEOD in the central nervous system of Periplaneta americana (L.). However, it did not affect the neurotoxic action of DDT and DBrDT. Since nereistoxin is an acetylcholine antagonist, it is postulated that BHC and HEOD act to produce high level of acetylcholine and the resulting after-discharges, while DDT and DBrDT seem to attack the noncholinergic region of insect nervous system.     

Evaluation of the time-concentration-mortality responses of Plutella xylostella larvae to the interaction of Beauveria bassiana with a nereistoxin analogue insecticide

Six bioassays were conducted to evaluate the interaction between Beauveria bassiana SG8702 and a nereistoxin analogue insecticide, diammonium S,S'-(2-dimethylaminotrimethylene)di(thiosulfate), which is highly compatible with the fungal biocontrol agent against diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (L.). Second-instar larvae were exposed to sprays of B. bassiana alone (assay 1) at concentrations of 21-38, 157-232 and 822-1133 conidia mm(-2) or together with the insecticide at the low application rates of 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 microg AI ml(-1) (assays 2-6), and then maintained at 25 degrees C and 12:12 h light:dark photoperiod for daily monitoring of mortality for 8 days. Based on the modelling of the resultant time-concentration-mortality data sets, the fungal agent was highly virulent to P. xylostella with an LC50 decreasing from 269 conidia mm(-2) on day 4 to 107 on day 8. Lower lethal concentrations or shorter median lethal times resulted from fungal sprays including the tested chemical rates; the latter never caused higher mortalities than the fungal treatments alone. The fungal action over 3-7 days after spray was significantly enhanced by including in the fungal sprays the chemical at rates of > or =25 microg ml(-1) for 2.6- to 1756-fold reduction of LC50 values, > or =50 microg ml(-1) for 4- to 274-fold reduction of LC70 values and 100 microg ml(-1) for 9- to 33-fold reduction of LC90 values respectively. These rates were equivalent to 5-20% of the chemical rate labelled for field application. The fungal and chemical interaction outlined above highlights the feasibility of combined formulation or application of B. bassiana and the chemical insecticide for P. xylostella control.     

杆状病毒杀虫剂研究进展

杆状病毒杀虫剂已成功用于农林害虫的防治 ,但与化学农药相比 ,它有杀虫谱窄 ,杀虫速度慢等缺点。近年杆状病毒杀虫剂在扩大病毒宿主域 ,提高病毒杀虫速度 ,增强病毒毒力等方面的研究有较大的进展。     

14种杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾的杀卵活性

为筛选对草地贪夜蛾卵具有活性的杀虫剂,为防治卵期草地贪夜蛾提供数据支撑。采用浸渍法,室内测定了14种杀虫剂的杀卵活性。结果表明:14种杀虫剂均具有一定的杀卵活性。在100 mg/L浓度下,苯氧威、灭多威和吡丙醚的杀卵活性最强,显著高于其余药剂,且能够完全抑制卵的孵化。甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐(甲维盐)、氟虫脲、硫双威、氟铃脲、除虫脲和溴氰虫酰胺的杀卵效果无显著差异(P0.05),杀卵活性在71.67%～90.00%之间。在10 mg/L浓度下,苯氧威和吡丙醚杀卵活性最高,可完全抑制卵的孵化。甲维盐、除虫脲和溴氰虫酰胺也表现出较好的杀卵效果,杀卵活性介于55%～66.67%之间,以上药剂均可作为草地贪夜蛾的杀卵剂轮换使用。值得注意的是,茚虫威是一种对鳞翅目害虫具有优异杀虫活性的新型杀虫剂,且对环境友好。其在100 mg/L和10 mg/L处理浓度下对草地贪夜蛾杀卵活性为52.38%±6.25%和36.67%±6.67%。甲氧虫酰肼在两个处理浓度下的杀卵活性均低于30%,不推荐作为草地贪夜蛾的杀卵剂。上述结果可为草地贪夜蛾的有效防治提供参考。     

20种杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾的杀卵活性

在前期测定14种杀虫剂对草地贪夜蛾杀卵活性的基础上,本文采用浸渍法又测定了20种不同类型杀虫剂的杀卵活性,以期为草地贪夜蛾卵期防治药剂的选择提供更全面的参考。结果表明,所测的20种杀虫剂均具有一定的杀卵活性。在100 mg/L浓度下,溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和乙基多杀菌素表现出出色的杀卵活性,能够完全抑制卵的孵化,杀虫双的杀卵活性最差,低于10%。而噻虫胺、氯虫苯甲酰胺、高效氯氟氰菊酯、多杀霉素、联苯菊酯、噻虫啉、氧乐果、噻虫嗪、甲氰菊酯、烯啶虫胺和啶虫脒的杀卵活性相对较好,其校正死亡率在70.95%～98.52%之间,毒死蜱、吡虫啉、辛硫磷、虫螨腈和杀虫单的杀卵活性相对较差,在42.26%～61.51%之间。在10 mg/L浓度下,噻虫胺、乙基多杀菌素和噻虫啉的杀卵活性均在70%以上,而杀虫双、毒死蜱和烯啶虫胺的杀卵活性低于15%。特别是在100 mg/L和10 mg/L浓度下,新烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫胺和噻虫啉对草地贪夜蛾表现出较高的杀卵活性,分别为98.52%、76.91%和89.37%、72.44%。上述药剂在田间对草地贪夜蛾的杀卵效果还有待进一步验证。     

Toxicity of insecticides to the sweetpotato whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and its natural enemies

Efficient chemical control is achieved when insecticides are active against insect pests and safe to natural enemies. In this study, the toxicity of 17 insecticides to the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and the selectivity of seven insecticides to natural enemies of this insect pest were evaluated. To determine the insecticide toxicity, B. tabaci adults were exposed to abamectin, acephate, acetamiprid, cartap, imidacloprid, malathion, methamidophos, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, fenitrothion, fenpropathrin, fenthion, phenthoate, permethrin and trichlorphon at 50 and 100% of the field rate (FR), and to water (untreated control). To determine the insecticide selectivity, adults of Encarsia sp., Acanthinus sp., Discodon sp. and Lasiochilus sp. were exposed to abamectin, acephate, acetamiprid, cartap, imidacloprid, malathion and methamidophos at 50 and 100% FR, and to water. Groups of each insect species were exposed to kale leaves preimmersed in each treatment under laboratory conditions. Mortality of exposed individuals was recorded 24 h after treatment. Cartap and imidacloprid at 50 and 100% FR and abamectin and acetamiprid at 100% FR showed insecticidal activity to B. tabaci adults. Abamectin at 50 and 100% FR was the least insecticidal compound to the natural enemies Acanthinus sp., Discodon sp. and Lasiochilus sp. The present results suggest that abamectin at 100% FR may decrease B. tabaci field populations but can still be harmless to predators. Implications of these results within an integrated pest management context are discussed.     

植物源药剂混配防治西花蓟马的药效研究

通过对9种植物源药剂进行药剂混配并与1种化学药剂（2.5%溴氰菊酯）对苜蓿上西花蓟马（Frankliniella occidentalis）进行防治比较试验,筛选出针对西花蓟马具有较好防效的复合植物源药剂。结果表明,10%柠檬草乳油250倍液与0.3%印楝素乳油800倍液以及0.3%印楝素乳油800倍液与2.5%鱼藤酮乳油800倍液两种组合具有显著效果,防效分别为76.5%～92.5%和79.9%～88.7%,具有见效快、持效期长的特点。     

美洲斑潜蝇幼虫对杀虫剂的敏感性研究

利用浸叶法测定了美洲斑潜蝇幼虫对１１种不同类型杀虫剂的敏感性。实验结果表明,齐墩螨素对美洲斑潜蝇具有较高的毒力,其ＬＣ_５０仅为０.０８１８ｍｇ／Ｌ,其次是菊酯类杀虫剂溴氰菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯。美洲斑潜蝇对有机磷杀虫剂马拉硫磷、敌敌畏、乙酰甲胺磷、氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂灭多威和丁硫克百威具有较强的耐药性。