Genetic impacts of fiber sugar content on fiber characters in Sea Island cotton, Gossypium barbadense L.

A genetic model with additive effect, dominant effect, additive × additive effect, and their interaction with environment effect (GE) was employed to analyze the 2-year data of F₁ and F₂ hybrids from 5 × 4 diallel cross, whose parents were Sea Island cotton with different fruit branch types. Unconditional and conditional genetic variances were analyzed to demonstrate genetic impacts of fiber sugar content on fiber characters. Results of unconditional genetic variances showed that dominance × environment interaction effect and additive × additive epistatic effects mainly controlled the genetic variation of fiber sugar content, and environment influenced the inheritance of fiber sugar content. Fiber uniformity, fiber elongation, and fiber micronaire were mainly controlled by dominance × environment effects. Fiber strength was mainly controlled by the interaction of additive × additive epistatic effects and the environment. Analysis of correlation coefficients indicated that the varieties or hybrids with high-fiber sugar content had short fiber, low-fiber uniformity, strength, and fineness, which indicated the close co-variation between fiber quality traits and fiber sugar content. Relatively better fiber quality traits could be obtained effectively through selecting parents with low-fiber sugar. Fiber sugar content of different parents had different genetic effect on fiber quality traits.     

Estimation of genetic parameters for in vitro traits in wheat immature embryo cultures involving high X low regeneration capacity genotypes

Summary Estimates of gene actions were obtained for five in vitro traits of immature wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) embryo cultures from a cross of two wheat cultivars and the resulting reciprocal, F₁, F₂ and backcross populations. The contribution of additive gene effects to in vitro traits was not as important as the dominance gene effects. Epistatic gene effects were relatively more important than either additive or dominance gene effects. Of the individual types of digenic epistatic effects, the dominance x dominance estimates were relatively larger in magnitude for all in vitro culture traits measured. The maternal effect played a minor role in the inheritance of the in vitro studied traits since the difference among the reciprocal values was not significant. It is shown from the generation mean method that epistasis played a major role in the inheritance of most of the traits under study. The negative values of additive and dominance genetic variance were estimates of zero. Heritability estimates, in broad sense, were relatively high for the in vitro studied traits. In some cases, heritability estimates in broad and narrow senses are almost equal since the estimation of dominance genetic variance led to negative values. According to the results of the gene effects, dominance and epistasis were important for the shoot formation trait. Selection would be effective among the isolated genotypes on individual basis.     

Inheritance of culm number in two uniculm x multiculm wheat crosses

Summary Effective utilization of uniculm wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) germplasm in breeding programs requires an understanding of the inheritance of the uniculm character. The parents, F₁, F₂, and first generation backcrosses (B₁ and B₂) of two crosses, each utilizing a uniculm spring wheat line and a locally adapted winter wheat cultivar, were space planted in an experiment to acquire information regarding the genetic control of culm number. Significant F₁ deviations from midparent values revealed the presence of substantial non-additive gene effects. The scaling tests of Mather and the joint scaling test detected the presence of epistasis. Hayman's six-parameter model revealed that a negative dominance effect provided the major contribution to variation in culm number, while additive x additive and dominance x dominance gene effects were of considerable importance.     

Genetic Analysis of Resistance to Phytophthora Root Rot in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

The resistant accession, LA1312, and the susceptible cultivar ‘Peto 343′, were crossed to develop F₁, F₂ and BC₁ populations for genetic analysis of resistance in tomatoes to Phytophthora parasitica Dastur, the causal agent of Phytophthora root rot. There was no maternal effect on resistance. Generation means analysis indicated that tolerance to Phytophthora root rot was under genetic control with both simple (additive and dominance) and digenic interaction (additive × additive and additive × dominance) effects contributing to the total genetic variation among generation means. Weighted least square regression analysis indicated that the majority (ca. 96 %) of the genetic variation could be explained by simple additive effects alone. Narrow sense heritability was estimated as 0.22. Based on effective factor formulae, at least five effective factors controlled the resistance. Implications for breeding procedures are discussed.     

Inheritance of reduced height in sunflower

Summary Breeding to improve stem strength is a major objective of researchers of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). This study was undertaken to investigate genetic factors controlling reduced plant height and increased stem diameter in three sources of sunflower, DDR, Donsky, and Donskoi 47, crossed with a conventional height line, HA 89. As these two characters may lead to improved standability, knowledge of their inheritance will assist researchers in utilizing proper breeding methods. Estimates of additive, dominance, and epistatic genetic effects controlling reduced height indicated that the additive component was most important in two of the three crosses with the additive and epistatic component nearly equal in the third cross. Breeding efforts to reduce height of sunflower hybrids utilizing these lines in crosses could be effective due to the magnitude of additive effects. The dominance component of genetic effects controlling stem diameter was the most important for two crosses, with both dominance and additive components important for the third cross. Epistasis was present, but minor, for controlling stem diameter. The high relative importance of the dominance component indicates that testcross evaluation of lines in early generations could identify lines for producing increased stem diameter in hybrids. Even though the three sources of sunflower with reduced height were different in morphologic and agronomic characteristics, they had similar genetic control of plant height and stem diameter. Each could be utilized in a breeding program to develop lines with reduced height and larger stem diameter.     

Estimation of additive, dominance and digenic epistatic interaction effects for certain yield characters in Vigna sesquipedalis Fruw

Inheritance of yield and yield contributing characters were investigated using generation mean analysis, utilising the means of six basic populations viz., P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, BC₁P₁ and BC₁P₂ in four crosses of Vigna sesquipedalis. The analysis reiterated that the importance of dominance (h) gene effects for pod yield/plant and pods/plant as compared to additive (d) gene effects. However, significant and positive additive effects were noticed for pod yield/plant, pods/plant, pod weight and seed weight in different crosses. The three types of gene interactions (additive, dominance and epistasis) were significantly involved for pods/plant in cross KU 7 ×KU 8. Among the digenic epistatic interactions, both additive ×additive (i) and dominance × dominance (l) contributed more for pod yield/plant and pods/plant, however, it varied among the crosses. Populations having earliness can be developed as indicated by reducing dominance effects. Pedigree selection and heterosis breeding is suggested to exploit the fixable and non fixable components of variation respectively in Vigna sesquipedalis. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Segregation for heading date and stem enlargement in kohlrabi x broccoli crosses

Summary F₁ and F₂ progenies from crosses of an early broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica L.) line with kohlrabi (B. oleracea var. gongyloides) indicated that days to flower bud maturity in annual segregates is quantitative and additive in inheritance. It appeared that the biennial kohlrabi parent strongly contributed genetic factors for late maturity. F₁ plants of both crosses, 98% of F₂ plants from early broccoli × kohlrabi, and 81% of the F₂ plants from late broccoli × kohlrabi were annual in 1980. In 1986, 96% of early broccoli × kohlrabi F₂ and 87% of late broccoli × kohlrabi F₂ plants were annual. Kohlrabi stem enlargement showed a continuous range of expression in the F₂ with some dominance of broccoli type. Few F₂ plants were close to the kohlrabi parent in degree of stem enlargement.     

Gene action and heritability for photosynthetic activity in two wheat crosses

Summary Gene action and heritability for photosynthetic activity were estimated from generation means in two wheat crosses during two stages (5 ^th leaf and flag leaf between 2 and 5 days after anthesis). Six generations were available for each cross: parents (P₁ and P₂), F₁, F₂ and backcrosses (BC₁ and BC₂).Correlations between some morphophysiological characters and photosynthetic activity of the flag leaf was also determined. The joint scaling test described by Mather & Jinks was used to determine the gene action. It showed that them; [d]; [h]; [i], [l] (mean, additivity, dominance, additive x additive interallelic interaction effects, dominance x dominance interallelic interaction effects) model fits the two crosses at both measurement times. All the model genetic components were significant for the flag leaf, however for the 5 ^th leaf only [h]; [i] and [l] were significant. The presence of additive and additive x additive effects suggested the possibility of selecting for this character using the flag leaf so as to obtain pure inbred lines. Dominance effects [h] were negative and dominance x dominance effects [l] were positive. Broad sense heritability values were medium to low. There were no correlations between the studied morphophysiological characters and the photosynthetic activity.     

Triple test cross analysis for some morphological traits in mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

Thirty progenies of mungbean were produced by crossing 10 true-breeding genotypes with three testers (NM 92, 6601, and their F₁) in a Triple Test cross (TTC) fashion and evaluated with parents in the kharif (July-October) and spring/summer (March-June) seasons. The data on parents and F₁s were analysed for pod clusters on main stem, pod clusters on branches, node of the first peduncle, nodes on main stem and average internode length to detect epistasis and estimate additive and dominance components of genetic variation. Epistasis was observed for node of the first peduncle and nodes on main stem in the kharif season. Partitioning of total epistasis revealed that both additive × additive (i type), and additive × dominance, and dominance × dominance (j and l types) interactions were significant with prevalent influence of i type interactions on these traits. Both additive and dominance components of genetic variation were significant for all those traits not significantly influenced by epistasis in either or both seasons. The additive component was predominant for pod clusters on main stem, pod clusters on branches and average internode length in the kharif season, and for the node of the first peduncle and nodes on main stem in spring/summer season whereas dominance component was important for pod clusters on main stem, pod clusters on branches, and average internode length in spring/summer season. These results suggested that particular generation of segregating population and specific breeding method for selection might be adopted in each season for the improvement of these traits in mungbean. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Inheritance of tillering and flowering-time in early maturing maize

Summary A diallel cross and F₂ populations derived from eight early maturing maize inbreds were used to investigate the inheritance of tillering and flowering-time (anthesis), and the possible relationship between tillering and flowering-time. Incomplete dominance for increased tillering was observed; potence ratios, representing the overall degree of dominance, ranged from 0.26 to 0.52. Dominance for early flowering ranged from incomplete with a potence ratio of 0.55 to overdominance with a potence ratio of 1.40. Broad-sense heritabilities were low for both characters. The genetic component of variation for tillering was due to general combining ability effects; specific combining ability effects were not significant. A significant negative linear relationship between tillering and flowering-time was found. Lack of independent assortment of tillering and flowering-time in F₂ populations indicated that the two characters are genetically related.     

转基因抗虫棉纤维品质性状的遗传分析

 根据ADAA遗传模型分析了7个转基因抗虫棉亲本、两个非转基因抗虫亲本和36个半双列杂交F1的纤维品质性状的两年资料,估算各项遗传方差和成对性状间的遗传相关性。结果表明,转基因抗虫棉纤维品质的5个性状受加性、显性和上位性的共同控制,其中麦克隆值、2.5%纤维长度和纤维比强度以基因显性效应为主,麦克隆值和纤维整齐度以上位性效应为主。除纤维比强度外,其余4个纤维品质性状都受到环境互作效应的影响,且影响较大。遗传相关分析表明,纤维比强度与2.5%纤维长度的基因型相关和表型值相关达极显著水平,其中加性相关未达显著水平,显性相关达极显著水平。比强度与麦克隆值的基因加性相关也达极显著水平,但表型相关未达显著水平。利用亲本和F₁的资料预测了F₂的基因型值和杂种优势。结果表明,F₂代的麦克隆值、伸长率、2.5%纤维长度、整齐度、纤维比强度的中亲优势分别为1.0%, 8.5%, 0.8%, 0和2.9%, 无超亲优势。     

Genetic analysis of low-temperature tolerance during germination in tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.

The genetic basis of low-temperature tolerance during germination of tomato seed was investigated using two approaches. First, a cold-tolerant (PI 120256) and a cold-sensitive tomato cultivar (UCT5) and their reciprocal F₂, F₃ and BC₁ progeny (total of 10 generations) were evaluated for germination at a low (11 ± 0.5°C) and a high (control) temperature 20 ±0.5° C) Weighted least-square regression analysis indicated that in the low-temperature treatment most of the variation resulted from additive genetic effects, and dominance and epistatic interactions were nonsignificant. Partitioning of the total genetic variance into those attributable to the effects of embryo, endosperm, testa and the cytoplasm indicated that additive effects of endosperm and embryo could individually account for 80% and 77% of the total variance, respectively. In the control treatment, greater than 60% of the variation could be explained by individual additive effects of endosperm or embryo and ? 27% of the variation could be explained by embryo dominance effects. Across generations, there was a positive correlation (r = 0.78, P < 0.01) between germination in the control and low-temperature treatments and there were no significant genotype × temperature interactions. The results indicate the presence of similar or identical genes with predominantly additive effects on germination under both low and high temperatures. In the second approach, the effectiveness of directional phenotypic selection to improve tomato cold tolerance during germination was evaluated by selecting (in an F₂ population of the same cross) the fastest germinating seeds under low temperature and comparing the germination of the selected F₃ progeny with germination of an unselected F₃ population. The results indicated that selection was highly effective and significantly improved germination performance of the progeny; a realized heritability of 0.74 was obtained for low-temperature tolerance during germination. It is concluded that in these tomato lines germination under low temperature is genetically controlled, with additivity being the major genetic component, and thus the trait can be improved by phenotypic selection.     

Quantitative and molecular characterization of heat tolerance in hexaploid wheat

Understanding the genetic basis of tolerance to high temperature is important for improving the productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in regions where the stress occurs. The objective of this study was to estimate inheritance of heat tolerance and the minimum number of genes for the trait in bread wheat by combining quantitative genetic estimates and molecular marker analyses. Two cultivars, Ventnor (heat-tolerant) and Karl92 (heat-susceptible), were crossed to produce F₁, F₂, and F₃populations, and their grain-filling duration (GFD) at 30/25 ^°C 16/8 h day/night was determined as a measure of heat tolerance. Distribution of GFD in the F₁ and F₂ populations followed the normal model (χ², p > 0.10). A minimum of 1.4 genes with both additive and dominance effects, broad-sense heritability of 80%, and realized heritability of 96%for GFD were determined from F₂ and F₃ populations. Products from 59primer pairs among 232 simple sequence repeat (SSR) pairs were polymorphic between the parents. Two markers, Xgwm11 andXgwm293, were linked to GFD by quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis of the F₂ population. The Xgwm11-linked QTL had only additive gene action and contributed 11% to the total phenotypic variation in GFD in the F₂population, whereas the Xgwm293-linked QTL had both additive and dominance action and contributed 12% to the total variation in GFD. The results demonstrated that heat tolerance of common wheat is controlled by multiple genes and suggested that marker-assisted selection with microsatellite primers might be useful for developing improved cultivars. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Genetic and statistical models for estimating genetic parameters of maize seedling resistance to Fusarium graminearum Schwabe root rot

Root lodging is an important problem in corn fields. Fungi recovered from roots include seedling blight and stalk rot pathogens. The objective of this work was to study the inheritance of maize seedling resistance to pathogens causing maize lodging. The Fusarium graminearum strain, 241 Fr1, was isolated from maize lodged plants and identified as the most pathogenic isolate for root rotting. Nine inbred lines of maize and their diallel F₁ crosses plus control genotypes were studied. Seedlings were inoculated at the stage of four-leaves. Disease severity was measured as percentage of the root rotted area. Highly significant differences between inoculated and non-inoculated genotypes were found. Four genetic models and two statistical approaches—the mixed model for the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) and the general linear model (GLM)—were used for the analysis. Favorable heterosis of resistance of hybrids over inbreds was the most important effect detected. The general combining ability (GCA) effects were significant for all genetic models and statistical methods studied, and a good agreement existed among the GCA estimates by the different methods. The type of gene action, either additive or dominance, showed a large variation among the parental inbreds and hybrids. Selection of additive effects based exclusively on inbred lines is not sufficient to confer resistance to hybrids, additional selection should be practiced on hybrids to look for favorable dominance effects. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Inheritance of Bolting in Three Sugar Beet Crosses after Different Periods of Vernalization

The induction of bolting after different periods of vernalization was studied in the parental, F₁, F₂ and backcross generations (F₂× P₁ and F₂× P₂) of three crosses between five sugar beet lines. The parental lines represented different levels of bolting resistance. The populations were evaluated in replicated field or greenhouse trials. Generation mean analysis was used to quantify the genetic effects of bolting. The additive (d) parameter was predominant for those levels of cold treatment that stimulated the bolting to occur. The dominance (h) parameter was also shown to be important in most cases. In one cross, the additive × additive (i) type of epistasis was significant. The chances of detecting genetic effects are increased by exposing the plants to vernalization conditions which maximize the difference between two parental lines of each cross. Hence, it would be sensible to exploit both additive and non-additive genetic effects in any selection programme.     

The inheritance of resistance to head blight caused by Fusarium culmorum in winter wheat

Summary Crosses were made among ten winter wheat genotypes representing different levels of resistance to Fusarium head blight to obtain F₁ and F₂ generations. Parents, F₁ and F₂ were inoculated with one strain of Fusarium culmorum. Data on incidence of head blight 21 days after first inoculation were analyzed. Broad-sense heritabilities averaged 0.39 and ranged from 0.05 to 0.89 in the individual F₂ families. The joint-scaling test indicated that the inheritance of Fusarium head blight resistance was adequately described by the additive-dominance model, with additive gene action being the most important factor of resistance. With respect to the non-additive effects, dominance of resistance predominated over recessiveness. The number of segregating genes governing resistance in the studied populations was estimated to vary between one and six. It was demonstrated that resistance genes differed between parents and affected resistance differently.     

中国南瓜可溶性固形物含量的主基因+多基因遗传分析

为明确中国南瓜可溶性固形物含量的遗传规律,选用中国南瓜杂交获得的6世代群体(P1、P2、F1、F2、BCP1、BCP2)为材料,应用植物数量性状的主基因+多基因遗传模型研究其遗传规律。结果表明,该群体可溶性固形物含量的遗传符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因混合遗传模型,2对主基因的加性效应均为-0.7077,均使可溶性固形物含量降低;显性效应分别为3.5034和1.3586,均使可溶性固形物含量升高。多基因的加性效应和显性效应分别为2.3066和-0.6679。其主基因遗传率在BCP1、BCP2、F2分别为17.06%、56.01%、95%,多基因遗传率在BCP1、BCP2、F2分别为47.16%、18.78%、0;说明主基因表现出较高的遗传力,可以在早期世代对可溶性固形物含量进行选择。研究为中国南瓜育种品质性状选择和分子标记辅助选择提供了理论依据。     

Genetics of resistance to early blight (Alternaria solani Sorauer) in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.)

The genetic nature of early blight resistance in tomato was studied in three crosses at seedling and adult plant stages. A six generation mean analysis of the cross Arka Saurabh (susceptible) × IHR1939 (resistance) and its reciprocal cross revealed that the resistance to early blight was conferred by recessive polygenes at both seedling and adult plant stages. This polygenic early blight resistance revealed the importance of additive and additive × additive gene effects at seedling stage and higher magnitude of dominance and dominance× dominance gene effects at adult plant stage. Evaluation of parents, F₁, F₂ and backcross generations of IHR1816 (resistance) × IHR1939 (resistance) revealed that the early blight resistance genes in IHR1816 (Lycopersicon esculentum NCEBR-1) and IHR1939 (Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium L4394) are independent. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

陆地棉主要农艺与纤维品质性状的双列杂交分 析简

 本文利用加性-显性与环境互作的遗传模型（ADE模型）,分析8个陆地棉亲本及其F1在不同环境下的农艺和纤维品质性状,在估算遗传方差分量、遗传效应的基础上,分析各类性状间的遗传相关性,并预测F1和F2的杂种优势,为棉花杂种优势利用和新品种选育提供了较有价值的信息。研究表明,农艺与纤维品质性状的遗传主要受加性、显性和加性与环境互作效应控制。遗传相关分析表明,皮棉产量与纤维品质性状的显性相关系数值较大,利用杂种优势在早期世代可以得到协同改良,纤维品质性状间易实现协同改良。杂种优势分析表明,F₁和F₂的皮棉产量均具有显著的超亲优势,纤维品质性状的杂种优势不明显。     

Evaluation of genetic variances, heritabilities, and correlations for yield and fiber traits among cotton F2 hybrid populations

Summary F₂ hybrid cultivars continue to occupy a small portion of the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production are in the United States, but occupy a larger proportion of the production area in some other countries. Sixty-four F₂ hybrids resulting from crosses of four commercial cultivars and 16 pest-resistant germplasm lines were evaluated for five fiber and four yield traits in four environments at Mississippi State, MS. An additive-dominance genetic model was employed for these traits. The minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation (MINQUE) method was used with a mixed model approach for estimating genetic variance and covariance components and for predicting genetic correlations. This study investigated genetic variances, heritabilities, and genetic and phenotypic correlations between agronomic and fiber traits among these 64 F₂ hybrid populations and discussed the usefulness of these populations for use as hybrids or for selections for pure lines.Dominance variance accounted for the major proportion of the phenotypic variances for lint yield, lint percentage, and boll size indicating that hybrids should have an advantage for these traits compared to pure lines. A low proportion of additive variance for fiber traits and the significant additive x environment variance components indicated a lack of substantial useful additive genetic variability for fiber traits. This suggests that selections for pure lines within these F₂ populations would have limited success in improving fiber traits. Genetic and phenotypic correlation coefficients were of comparable magnitude for most pairs of characters. Fiber strength showed a positive additive genetic correlation with boll weight. Dominance genetic correlations of fiber strength with elongation and 2.5% span length were also significant and positive; however, the additive genetic correlation of length and strength was zero.Contribution of the USDA-ARS in cooperation with the Mississippi Agric. and Forestry Exp. Stn.