10种禾草苗期抗旱性的比较研究

采用盆栽断水方式模拟土壤干旱胁迫,研究不同程度干旱胁迫对10种禾草苗期7种抗旱性特征的影响,结果表明,随着干旱胁迫程度增加,禾草叶片含水量及相对含水量降低,叶片相对电导率与可溶性糖含量升高,重度干旱胁迫时,草地雀麦、无芒雀麦、苇状羊茅、沙生冰草和草芦根冠比增加,其余草种均有所降低,重度干旱胁迫对禾草株高胁迫指数与干物质胁迫指数影响不大;通过聚类分析可以将10种禾草按苗期抗旱性大小分为3类,强抗旱性禾草有无芒雀麦、草地雀麦、苇状羊茅,中抗旱性禾草有沙生冰草、蓝茎冰草、长穗偃麦草、鸭茅,弱抗旱性禾草有紫羊茅、猫尾草、草芦;通过主成分分析进一步确定10种禾草苗期抗旱性由强到弱的顺序为无芒雀麦>苇状羊茅>草地雀麦>鸭茅>沙生冰草>长穗偃麦草>蓝茎冰草>草芦>猫尾草>紫羊茅.     

不同禾草混播组合对草群密度,结构和产量的影响

针对青南地区牧草品种单一问题,采用多年生禾本科高禾草、矮禾草搭配混播,筛选较理想的牧草品种组合。研究结果表明,在玉树县栽培多年生禾本科牧草,以短芒老芒麦和中华羊茅混播为优;在不同组合混播时,高禾草短芒老芒麦的表现,无论是草群密度还是产草量,都优于无芒雀麦和西伯利亚冰草;矮禾草中以中华羊茅表现较好,与不同高禾草混播后3年时仍能正常地生长发育,而星星草株高下降率为17.75％,鲜叶重仅占草群植株总重的4.2％。     

禾草对禾顶囊壳玉米变种的抗病性研究

利用人工接菌方法测定了10种草坪禾草,包括多年生黑麦草、高羊茅、紫羊茅、中华结缕草、硬羊茅、草地早熟禾、加拿大早熟禾、匍匐剪股颖、细弱剪股颖、狗牙根;13种禾本科牧草,包括一年生黑麦草、鸭茅、碱茅、扁穗冰草、沙生冰草、披碱草、老芒麦、杂交小米草、猫尾草、弯叶画眉草、无芒雀麦、百喜草、苏丹草;以及4种禾本科作物,包括燕麦、甜高粱、小麦、玉米对禾顶囊壳玉米变种的抗病性。结果表明,多数供试禾草对其具有免疫能力,多年生黑麦草、一年生黑麦草、草地早熟禾、小麦高度抗侵染;无芒雀麦和玉米具有中等程度的抗侵染能力,但抗侵入能力较差;高粱属的苏丹草和甜高粱中度感病,属于中感作物。多年生黑麦草和草地早熟禾品种间存在着抗病性差异,有免疫品种和高抗品种。     

11种优良坪用禾草对禾草云斑病抗性的初步研究

１９９７～１９９８年选用１１种坪用禾草品种在自然条件下做了对禾草云斑病的抗性鉴定。结果表明,结缕草、细叶结缕草及狗牙根不发病,表现免疫;高羊茅抗病;草地早熟禾、紫羊茅、黑麦草及匍茎剪股颖发病较重,表现感病。     

刈割对羊茅黑麦草和无芒雀麦蘖转化的影响

根据种群生命统计分析原理，进行了刈割对羊茅轩麦草和无芒雀麦蘖转化的影响的研究。结果表明，羊茅黑草经元芒雀麦有较低的蘖死亡率和较高的蘖出现率，在营养期对刈 茅黑麦草优于繁殖期，应避免频繁强度利用元芒雀麦，羊茅黑草则适合频敏地强度与轻度结合刈牧。     

一种具坪用价值的植物—小颖羊茅

对野生禾草—小颖羊茅（Festuca parvigluma）的植物学、生物学特性等进行了阐述,采用株高、质地、绿度、抗病等草坪指标对其进行了评价。小颖羊茅在株高、叶色、质地、分蘖、耐密集性、均匀性和抗病虫害等方面均具有草坪草的坪用性状,同时其常年绿色、抗旱、耐贫瘠和修剪、易于管理,是一种具有开发潜力的草坪草种质资源。     

三江源区四种栽培禾草抗寒性研究

通过对质膜相对透性、渗透调节物质、内源保护酶系等生理生化指标的测定,对三江源区引种栽培的4种禾草:青海草地早熟禾,青海冷地早熟禾,青海中华羊茅和无芒雀麦的抗寒性进行了研究。通过综合指标判定,4种牧草的抗寒能力为青海草地早熟禾最强,然后依次是青海冷地早熟禾,青海中华羊茅,无芒雀麦的最弱。     

内生真菌在我国部分国产和引进禾草品种种子中的分布

对我国部分国产和引进的禾草品种进行了种带内生真菌的检验。自检验的２２属，４８种，８４个种样的国产禾草中，发现６种７个种样的种子中含有内生真菌，按带菌率的高低，它们依次是：产自甘肃山丹县的中华羊茅：１００％；产自甘肃天祝县的紫羊茅：８０％；产自新疆阿勒泰的布顿大麦草：１８％；产自青海省的羊草：１２％；产自甘肃省甘南州的大雀麦：１０％；产自甘肃省的无芒雀麦：６．０％和产自甘肃甘南州的中华羊茅：４．５％     

NaCl胁迫下禾本科草坪草和牧草萌发特性的研究

应用室内培养皿萌发试验,在0和150mmol/L NaCl胁迫下对三个类型草坪草、五个类型牧草的46个品种进行了研究.结果表明,150mmol/L NaCl胁迫下草坪型多年生黑麦草、牧草型一年生黑麦草和多年生黑麦草的耐盐性较强;草坪型高羊茅、牧草型苇状羊茅次之;雀麦、鸭茅、翦股颖的耐盐性最差.前7d相对发芽率作为鉴定禾草耐盐性指标较好,并鉴定出部分耐盐品种.     

张家口坝上地区不同禾草生产性能及营养品质评价

为筛选出适宜在张家口坝上地区种植的禾草,揭示不同禾草的生产潜力,以丰富人工草地建植,提升草地生产力,通过随机区组试验,比较了不同禾草的产量性状、农艺性状、营养成分指标,并采用隶属函数和标准差系数赋予权重法及粗饲料分级指数(Grading Index)对不同禾草进行了综合评价分析。结果表明,不同禾草的各性状指标均存在显著差异。扁穗冰草(Agropyron cristatum)、细茎冰草(Agropyron trachycaulum)(牧丰)、老芒麦(Elymus sibiricus)干草产量能达到2 400 kg/hm²以上,相对较高;紫羊茅(Festuca rubra)和无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)(原野)粗饲料分级指数在21.50以上,营养品质优良;综合评价表明,老芒麦和披碱草(Elymus)(垂穗二级)的草产量及品质较好,在张家口坝上地区可优先利用。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein