中国四川盆地地区侵蚀斜坡土壤酶活性研究

Determining how soil erosion affects enzyme activity may enhance our understanding of soil degradation on eroded agricultural landscapes. This study assessed the changes in enzyme activity with slope position and erosion type by selecting water and tillage erosion-dominated slopes and performing analyses using the ¹³⁷Cs technique. The ¹³⁷Cs data revealed that soil loss occurred in the upper section of the two eroded slope types, while soil accumulation occurred in the lower section. The invertase activity increased downslope and exhibited a pattern similar to the ¹³⁷Cs data. The spatial patterns of urease and alkaline phosphatase activities were similar to the ¹³⁷Cs inventories on the water and tillage erosion-dominated slopes, respectively. On both the eroded slope types, the invertase activity and soil organic carbon content were correlated, but no correlation was observed between the alkaline phosphatase activity and total phosphorus content. Nevertheless, the urease activity was correlated with the total nitrogen content only on the water erosion-dominated slopes. The enzyme activity-to-microbial biomass carbon ratios indicated high activities of invertase and urease but low activity of phosphatase on the water erosion-dominated slopes compared with the tillage erosion-dominated slopes. Both the invertase activity and the invertase activity-to-microbial biomass carbon ratio varied with the slope position. Changes in the urease activity-to-microbial biomass carbon ratio were significantly affected by the erosion type. These suggested that the dynamics of the invertase activity were linked to soil redistribution on the two eroded slope types, whereas the dynamics of the urease and alkaline phosphatase activities were associated with soil redistribution only on the water or tillage erosion-dominated slopes, respectively. The erosion type had an obvious effect on the activities of invertase, urease and alkaline phosphatase. Soil redistribution might influence the involvement of urease in the N cycle and alkaline phosphatase in the P cycle. Thus, enzyme activity-to-microbial biomass ratios may be used to better evaluate microbiological activity in eroded soils.     

A survey to assess the extent of soil water erosion in lowland England and Wales

Abstract. A study of soil water erosion was undertaken between 1982 and 1986 in 17 areas of lowland England and Wales. Air photographs were taken annually, these were checked to identify erosion events and a sample of 392 eroded fields visited between 1983 and 1986. Erosion was most common in fields drilled with winter cereals (39% of cases), which was the crop considered by farmers to be at greatest risk of erosion. Estimated crop losses were greater than 10% for only 5% of fields. 'Clean up' costs were incurred on 15% of the fields studied. Attempts at contour ploughing and planting/drilling appeared to result in more severe erosion, than working up and down the slope. Farmers considered that the main reason for erosion on their farms was arable cropping, and the presence of compacted wheelings/tramlines. Fields where hedges had been removed in the last 20 years suffered from erosion marginally more frequently than other fields. Field slope alone was not found to be a major factor in the occurrence of erosion, with almost 60% of erosion events on slopes of less than 7°. Erosion occurred at least every other year in half the fields studied.     

红壤侵蚀区马尾松林下植被特征与土壤侵蚀的关系

针对南方花岗岩发育的红壤侵蚀区,在赣县大田乡选择5个低丘马尾松林,利用植物样方调查方法对样地的地形、土壤、植被、侵蚀沟进行调查和测量,基于获取的数据,利用统计学方法分析植被特征与土壤侵蚀的关系.结果表明：1）马尾松人工林郁闭度低,林木生长状况差,林地阳坡半阳坡植被总盖度仅为36.9％;2）林下灌草生物量低,物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度差,物种较为单一;3）林下植被以草本为主,草本以芒萁为主,其生物量占草本总生物量的75％以上;4）马尾松林下细沟、浅沟发育,土壤侵蚀严重,仅细沟、浅沟流失的土壤厚度达71.2 mm;5）不同坡位的侵蚀沟发育相关性显著,侵蚀沟与坡面的微环境差异明显,尤其是土壤密度和土壤水分差异显著;6）马尾松林下土壤侵蚀量对植被恢复具有抑制作用,但沟壑密度的发育能够提高灌草物种丰富度、多样性,以及促进灌草均匀性分布.     

南方红壤丘陵区侵蚀沟道内土壤团聚体及有机碳特征

为了更好的揭示特殊地形下水蚀过程对土壤结构和有机碳含量分配的影响,选取典型南方红壤丘陵区-青原山小流域为研究区,采用核素137Cs示踪技术研究小流域侵蚀沟道的水土流失现状,分析了沟道侵蚀对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量的影响。结果表明：侵蚀沟道的坡顶处137Cs含量最高,且高于背景值,属于沉积区,而坡上、坡脚属于中度侵蚀,坡中属于轻度侵蚀;侵蚀沟道顺坡而下侵蚀过程依次表现为绝对沉积、绝对侵蚀、相对沉积和绝对侵蚀,其中植被和地形因子是主导因素;沉积区相比于侵蚀区平均质量直径（Mean Weight Diameter,MWD）和大团聚体含量（粒径≥0.25 mm）更高,侵蚀区中相对沉积的坡中有着更稳定的土壤团粒结构;沉积区各个粒径的土壤团聚体有机碳含量均高于侵蚀区,侵蚀区的土壤团聚体有机碳更趋向于均匀分配,土壤理化性质的空间差异也会影响土壤团聚体有机碳含量。侵蚀沟道中土壤侵蚀模式与传统坡面并不一致,土壤结构及相关碳组分主要受地形和植被支配下的土壤侵蚀程度影响。关键词：土壤;侵蚀;侵蚀沟道;团聚体;有机碳;137Cs     

Water erosion assessment using farmers' indicators in the West Usambara Mountains, Tanzania

The contribution of local knowledge to ecological sciences has not been fully exploited: there is still a gap between the recognition of farmers' knowledge as valid and an effective use of such knowledge in activities aimed at sustainable development. This study explores the use of farmers' indicators of erosion for developing a rapid tool for water erosion assessment at field level in the West Usambara Mountains (Tanzania). Two extensive field surveys were conducted in the research area concurrently. One survey consisted of applying an established erosion assessment method, the Assessment of Current Erosion Damage (ACED). According to the erosion features observed, fields were classified into five erosion classes, from very slightly eroded to very severely eroded. The second survey consisted of recording the type and number of indicators of erosion listed by farmers and present in the fields. The number of farmers' indicators per field increased with erosion intensity, from less than four in slightly eroded fields to more than eight in severely eroded fields. All farmers' indicators were positively correlated to the ACED erosion assessment classes. However, two groups of farmers' indicators could be distinguished in terms of erosion assessment: strong indicators, which were observed in more than 70% of cases in severely eroded fields, and weak indicators, which were observed more frequently in slightly and moderately eroded fields. Weak indicators appeared to be indicative of other land degradation phenomena, such as chemical fertility decline. Strong indicators and number of indicators were used to create a field erosion assessment tool in the form of a classification tree. The tree was built using one half of the field survey data and validated using the other half. The tree consisted of a hierarchical sequence of questions. Presence of rills and number of farmers' indicators were the most important factors of the tree. The validation yielded a highly significant Spearman's rho correlation coefficient (0.81). The contingency table showed that more than 80% of very severely eroded fields were correctly classified, whereas most misclassification occurred among slightly and moderately eroded fields. Farmers include land degradation phenomena and soil fertility decline in their definition of soil erosion. Soil and water conservation planning should address this broader farmers' perception by including, e.g., soil fertility improvements beside soil conservation. The distinction between strong and weak indicators of erosion is important in recommending the right intervention in the right spot, e.g., by counteracting soil erosion where strong indicators are present and by improving chemical fertility where weak indicators are present. The classification tree is of empirical nature and may need adaptation before being applied to other areas. The proposed methodology can be easily replicated and showed a high potential to provide extensionists with a field tool for erosion assessment. The classification tree was a successful example of integrating different types of knowledge for enhancing the co-operation between stakeholders involved in the erosion-control activities.     

喀斯特坡地侵蚀性降雨阈值初探

喀斯特坡地表层岩溶带发育，入渗强烈，产流机制与非喀斯特坡地有较大差异，为提高喀斯特坡地土壤流失模型预测准确性，以贵州省普定县陈旗小流域6个不同土地利用类型径流小区为观测对象，分析2007—2010年、2015—2019年2期泥沙和地表径流数据，了解产流产沙规律，并利用降雨侵蚀力偏差法计算各小区侵蚀性降雨量。结果表明：(1)植被覆盖率与喀斯特坡地地表产流产沙量呈负相关，高植被覆盖下，暴雨和极端暴雨是造成喀斯特坡地水土流失的主要降雨事件；(2)植被恢复十余年随着覆盖度的提高，年均土壤流失量呈显著下降趋势，多小于10 t/km²;(3)喀斯特坡地裂隙发育，地下漏失严重，土壤量少且不易被侵蚀，除少数极端暴雨外，多数降雨不产流不产沙，因此建议将喀斯特坡地侵蚀性降雨量阈值定为50 mm,该阈值显著高于非喀斯特地区。     

基于样带的陕西省水土流失规律研究

陕西省是我国水土流失最严重的地区之一,利用第一次全国水利普查水土保持调查专项数据,抽取横向7条、纵向2条典型样带,共314个调查单元,对比分析了陕西省坡度、坡长、土地利用类型对土壤侵蚀影响的区域差异。结果表明:（1）横向样带自北向南坡度均值先减小后增大,黄土高原地区坡度 < 20°和 > 30°的地块土壤侵蚀模数高于其他地区;整体来看,陕西省土壤侵蚀的临界坡度在15°~30°;（2）随坡长的增加,土壤侵蚀模数整体呈波动增长,10~20 m和 > 30 m坡长范围内,黄土高原地区土壤侵蚀最为严重;（3）耕地、园地土壤侵蚀模数高于林地、草地,耕地与园地土壤侵蚀模数自北向南呈增—减—增的变化特征;（4）区域对比来看,自北向南土壤侵蚀模数先减小后增大,侵蚀强度从大到小依次为黄土高原区、秦巴山地区、关中平原区;纵向样带土壤侵蚀模数均在1 000 t/（km²·a）左右。研究结果为认识陕西省土壤侵蚀因子区域差异,明确水土流失空间分异规律,因地制宜地制定水土保持规划提供了重要依据。     

SOIL SEGMENT OVERLAP IN CHARACTER SPACE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR SOIL CLASSIFICATION

A major problem in soil classification for soil survey is the lack, or uncertainty, of correspondence between mapping units in different localities. The problem is examined using multivariate soil data recorded at short regular intervals along transects in Oxfordshire and Aberdeenshire. The data for each transect were transformed to canonical variates, the first two of which were then used to locate soil boundaries and to show the relationships among the sampling points in that projection of the character space. With few exceptions, the sampling points in adjacent segments on all three transects lay in different parts of the canonical variate (CV) plane, showing that the boundaries were well defined. On the transect near Witney, Oxfordshire, distant segments either occupied distinct parts of the CV plane, or were superimposed on it. For the other two transects the portions of the CV plane occupied by some segments overlapped only partially the space occupied by one or more other segments that were not contiguous on the transects. The results show that on two of the three examples, lack of correspondence between mapping classes in different localities is already present in small tracts of country.     

基于三维激光扫描技术的冻结黑土细沟发育模拟

为探究融雪径流与冻结状态对黑土细沟网络发育的影响,该研究开展了冻结与非冻结处理黑土坡面的融雪径流模拟冲刷试验,利用三维激光扫描技术获取多次定时径流冲刷并直至侵蚀形态稳定的坡面点云,结合数字表面模型差异（digital surface model of difference, DoD）微地形变化监测方法与点云逆向工程,获取细沟网络发育过程的侵蚀面积、侵蚀体积、细沟长度和细沟密度等侵蚀参数。结果表明,冻结因素与温度变化对细沟网络发育过程与程度有重要影响：1）冻结处理的黑土坡面更容易发展出细沟网络,达到坡面侵蚀形态基本稳定后的侵蚀面积、侵蚀体积以及侵蚀细沟长度是非冻结处理黑土坡面的291%、557%和437%。2）冻结处理与非冻结处理沿坡面细沟截面形态变化差异明显。冻结坡面细沟交叉时宽深比R_W/D快速减小,下切速度加快,随后宽度与深度呈比例稳定增加;非冻结坡面汇水处的R_W/D随冲刷次数增加而增大,侧蚀速度加快,其他截面R_W/D随着冲刷次数的增加而减小,下切速度加快。3）采用ArcGIS与点云逆向工程模型联合获取的冻结状态下细沟形态参数与发育过程DoD相对误差范围为-12.70%～4.42%,提取精度在95%以上。该联合方法在冻结土体条件下获取细沟参数具有较高精度,可作为土壤侵蚀参数高精度提取的一种手段。     

Nature,extent and severity of soil erosion in upland Scotland

This paper examines the nature, extent and severity of soil erosion in upland Scotland, an area subject to land management pressures typical of temperate maritime uplands. Erosion features were classified and their area measured from aerial photographs. Some 12 per cent of the upland area sampled was subject to some form of erosion, which is very similar to the percentage for Europe as a whole. The most significant erosion category was peat erosion, with 6 per cent of the area being affected; a figure which increased to 20 per cent in one sub-region. Peat erosion varied in severity, with the most severe erosion being in areas of eastern Scotland with the greatest land management pressures. Gully erosion of slopes on mineral soils was found in almost 5 per cent of the area sampled, particularly in sub-regions with large amplitude of relief. Debris flow/cone features and screes were less extensive and largely found at higher altitudes. Footpath erosion was mapped in popular mountain areas, but overall the mean length of eroded footpaths was less than that of large gullies. There was little evidence of spatial linkages between erosion of mineral soils and land management at the scale of the survey. Separating the roles of upland management and extreme rainfall events in the inception of erosion remains a key issue in the study of accelerated erosion in temperate maritime upland areas. Some guidance for management is presented.     

ERODED SOILS OF THE LOWER SWANSEA VALLEY

The investigation attempts to ascertain rates and amounts of soil erosion from a small unvegetated area (120m×15m). Measurements from markers embedded in the soil indicate a removal of 10 mm per annum on 5°C slopes, 32 mm per annum on 45°C slopes, and 43 mm per annum on 62°C slopes. A sediment trap indicated that in a week when there was 56·8 mm rain, approximately 60 g/sq m was eroded. Results of the work are used in an explanation of the eroded soils of a much larger area, known as the Lower Swansea Valley.     

黄土丘陵区土壤有机碳含量对侵蚀坡面表层土壤含水量时空变化的影响

表层土壤含水量能敏感反映降雨、气温、侵蚀等环境要素的变化,明确表层土壤含水量时空变化特征可为农业生产及土壤环境效应评价等提供参考。以黄土丘陵区不同有机碳水平的侵蚀坡面为对象,连续监测了2016年11月至2018年3月0-5 cm土壤含水量的动态变化,结合降水资料,分析了不同土壤有机碳水平下侵蚀坡面沉积区、侵蚀区及对照区表层土壤含水量的变化特征。结果表明:(1)表层土壤含水量不同季节变化差异显著,夏季变幅最大,单日最大变幅可达14.3%,春、秋、冬季的单日最大变幅<8.0%。换言之,夏季是土壤水分变化的敏感期。(2)土壤有机碳水平、坡面部位、土壤温度对表层水分变异的影响程度因季节而异。(3)土壤侵蚀加剧了坡面表层土壤含水量变异,变异程度表现为沉积区>侵蚀区>对照(未侵蚀)区;侵蚀前后侵蚀区表层土壤含水量变化量与沉积区变化量的差值随有机碳水平升高从0.85%增加至9.81%。(4)侵蚀坡面表层土壤含水量的时空异质性随有机碳水平升高呈非线性变化趋势。     

Temporal changes of eroded soils depending on their agricultural use in the southern Cis-Ural region

Temporal changes of eroded soils in the southern Cis-Ural region (Republic of Bashkortostan) depending on their agricultural use during the period from 1975 to 2011 were studied. In the northern foreststeppe zone, the development of erosion processes was retarded upon the use of soil-saving management practices and grain-fallow-grass crop rotations. In slightly eroded light gray forest soils (Eutric Retisols (Cutanic)), the thickness of humus-accumulative horizons and the content of humus increased; the conversion of cropland into permanent fallow was found to be the most efficient measure to control soil erosion. In podzolized chernozems (Luvic Greyzemic Chernic Phaeozems) and typical chernozems (Haplic Chernozems) of the Cis-Ural steppe, the content of humus in the plow layer under grain-row crop rotation and classical soil management decreased, especially in moderately eroded soils. The development of water and wind erosion on slopes depended on the slope shape: the texture of soils at different degrees of erosion on slopes with free runoff became coarser by one gradation after 35 years; in the presence of linear obstacles in the lower part of slopes, the content of fine fractions in moderately and strongly eroded soils increased.     

三峡库区土壤侵蚀空间分布特征

结合三峡库区的区位特征和数据获取条件,对RUSLE模型的因子算法进行相应修正,最后基于GIS评估库区土壤侵蚀风险及其空间分布特征。结果表明:1)库区年均土壤侵蚀量为1亿8 359.43万t/a,平均土壤侵蚀模数为31.85 t/(hm2.a),水土流失面积占库区土地总面积的66.97%;2)库区土壤侵蚀强度与高程梯度间无直接线性关系,中度以上侵蚀主要分布在500～1 500 m高程带上,其中极强烈、剧烈侵蚀在500～1 000 m间出现频率最高,这应该与该区域强烈的人类活动有关;3)库区土壤侵蚀强度与坡度呈显著正相关,中度以上侵蚀在15°以上坡度带的发生频率急剧增加,其53.74%的面积比例贡献了89.06%土壤侵蚀量;4)库区土壤侵蚀强度在不同坡向上表现为半阴坡>正阴坡>半阳坡>正阳坡,阴坡的侵蚀量稍大于阳坡,占库区总侵蚀量的56.63%。说明500～1 500 m高程带、>15°坡度带以及阴坡是库区发生土壤侵蚀的主要区域,也是水土流失防治及治理的重点区域。     

基于CSLE模型的贵州省水土流失规律分析

应用第一次全国水利普查水土保持专项数据,分析了喀斯特地区实际土地利用单元地块空间统计特征及相应侵蚀规律。结果表明:喀斯特地区土地利用类型以林地、耕地为主,共占调查总面积的86.2%。由于地形破碎,地势陡峭,土地表现出破碎化特征,地块面积、坡长、坡度均值分别为3.45hm~2,45.3 m,21.7°。坡度对土壤侵蚀的影响大于坡长,陡坡耕作是导致耕地土壤侵蚀严重的主要原因,68.6%的耕地位于陡坡,其侵蚀量占总侵蚀量的65.6%。贵州省土壤侵蚀程度由西向东递减,以黔西南地区侵蚀最为严重。工程措施能够有效防治土壤侵蚀,减沙效益在75%以上,但随坡度增大而减小,林草地减沙效益优于工程措施。在区域水土保持规划时,应重点考虑土壤侵蚀强烈地区,减少陡坡耕作,推广还林还草。     

广东大宝山矿区土壤侵蚀强度判别方法研究

大宝山矿区土壤侵蚀主要由露天采矿及排弃的废渣土引起。通过对大宝山矿区范围内40个典型坡面及其中11个特征坡面的调查分析,认为坡长、坡高、侵蚀沟密度可以用来表征矿区不同坡面的土壤侵蚀特性及其差异。采用聚类分析、判别分析方法,构建了矿区土壤侵蚀强度判别模型,模型平均误判概率为0.07,具有较高的可信度。经判别,大宝山矿区现有水土流失面积324.48 hm2,占矿区总面积的48.8%,土壤侵蚀严重,由此引发了一系列环境问题,必须尽快进行整治。由本研究方法得到的侵蚀模数虽只是一个范围值,需要内插后才能得到确定值,但这对于编制水土保持方案、布置水土保持措施来讲,已完全能够满足要求。     

Erosional impacts on soil properties and corn yield on Alfisols in central Ohio

Accelerated soil erosion can impact upon agronomic productivity by reducing topsoil depth (TSD), decreasing plant available water capacity and creating nutrient imbalance in soil and within plant. Research information on soil‐specific cause – effect relationship is needed to develop management strategies for restoring productivity of eroded soils. Therefore, two field experiments were established on Alfisols in central Ohio to quantify erosion‐induced changes in soil properties and assess their effects on corn growth and yield. Experiment 1 involved studying the effects of past erosion on soil properties and corn yield on field runoff plots where soil was severely eroded and comparing it with that on adjacent slightly eroded soil. In addition, soil properties and corn grain yield in runoff plots were compared on side‐slopes with that on toe‐slopes or depositional sites. Experiment 2 involved relating corn growth and yield to topsoil depth on a sloping land. With recommended rates of fertilizer application, corn grain yield did not differ among erosional phases. Fertilizer application masked the adverse effects of erosion on corn yield. Corn grain yield on depositional sites was about 50 per cent more than that on side‐slope position. Corn plants on the side‐slope positions exhibited symptoms of nutrient deficiency, and the ear leaves contained significantly lower concentrations of P and Mg and higher concentrations of Mn and K than those grown on depositional sites. Corn grain yield in experiment 2 was positively correlated with the TSD. Soil in the depositional site contained significantly more sand and silt and less clay than that on the side‐slope position. There were also differences in soil properties among erosional phases. The soil organic carbon (SOC) content was 19\7 g kg⁻¹ in slightly eroded compared with 15\1 g kg⁻¹ in severely eroded sites. Aggregate stability and the mean weight diameter (MWD) were also significantly more in slightly eroded than severely eroded soils. Adverse effects of severe erosion on soil quality were related to reduction in soil water retention, and decrease in soil concentration of N and P, and increase in those of K, Ca and Mg. Severe erosion increased leaf nutrient contents of K, Mn and Fe and decreased those of Ca and Mg. Corn grain yield was positively correlated with aggregation, silt and soil N contents. It was also negatively correlated with leaf content of Fe. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Factors responsible for soil erosion hazard in submontane Punjab, India

Abstract. Various factors of soil erosion (erodibility of the soil, slope of the land and nature of the plant cover) were studied in a representative area of submontane Punjab. In the north-eastern part of the area, slope steepness, slope length, convexo-concave and concave slope patterns and sparse vegetation were the dominant factors governing erosion hazard. In the central and lower south-western part of the area, high soil credibility and sparse vegetation were the most important factors.
Rill erosion was positively correlated ( r = 0.87) with slope steepness. The erodibility of the soil was strongly correlated ( r = 0.98) with amounts of silt + very fine sand.
In the area with steeper slopes, the lower segments of transects were prone to more erosion because of high credibility. Slope shapes such as convexo-concave and concave could result in sloughing and greater erosion hazard if not properly protected. Slopes facing southwest were more prone to erosion than others because of more solar energy, greater aridity, less vegetation and concave shape.     

典型黑土直型坡耕地土壤侵蚀强度的小波分析

土壤侵蚀导致东北黑土坡耕地土地质量严重退化,研究东北黑土区典型坡耕地的土壤侵蚀规律,对控制坡耕地的水土流失以及深化土壤侵蚀规律的认识具有重要的意义。本研究通过采集开垦近100年的黑土直型坡耕地的土壤样品,利用137Cs示踪技术,结合小波分析方法,研究了长坡长直型坡耕地50多年来土壤侵蚀强度的空间变化规律,结果显示4个断面顺坡方向上的坡面侵蚀强度均存在着坡长为142m的强弱交替变化的波动周期,这反映了长坡长直型坡土壤在长期的降雨侵蚀过程中,泥沙沿坡面输移的强弱交替变化。通过对4个断面的侵蚀速率的数学拟合发现,用正弦函数的和拟合的结果最好,R2均在0.96以上,进一步说明了直型坡面侵蚀随坡长变化的波动性规律。所研究的断面控制面积内平均侵蚀速率为3054 t.km-2.a-1。     

L'erosion des sols dans le vignoble alsacien, son importance et son evolution en fonction des techniques agricoles

Soil erosion in countries with a temperate oceanic climate has received little attention but it is far from negligible in the vineyards of Alsace. Its significance, extent and causes have been determined at a regional scale by investigation and by field observations. The mean annual amount of material lost from the slopes is equivalent to a layer of soil about 6 to 7 mm thick, especially on slopes steeper than 10°. This annual value is extremely variable and reflects differences in soil types and slope angle. This loss is not compensated for by the replacement of the soil since this only amounts to 20 to 30 % of the material lost during catastrophic meteorological events.The cost of replacing lost soil is on average 300 francs per year per viticulturist. The total cost of all the consequences of erosion amounts to 2000 francs per year per affected hectare. Both ploughing and cultivation without tillage are practised in the vineyard. During the second type of cultivation grass mulching is used to prevent soil erosion, but the results are not sufficient to enable conclusions to be drawn about the prevention of erosion. On the contrary this might encourage soil loss in some situations, more than ploughing, by stimulating linear erosion (rilling). Both private and public conservation measures will be necessary if the rate of erosion is to be reduced. However, most viticulturists remain attached to their traditional methods of cultivation.