一些抗氧化剂的抗/促氧化作用及其机制

在外界恶劣环境,或受到细菌、病毒等因素诱发的病理条件下,动物机体抗氧化/氧化平衡系统被打破,易引发氧化损伤,并可能影响到动物健康及生产.生产中维生素A、维生素C、维生素E、异黄酮、α-硫辛酸被用作抗氧化物质;但近年来越来越多证据表明,该类抗氧化物质在低剂量使用条件下表现抗氧化作用,而在高剂量作用下却表现促氧化作用.本文就机体中活性氧的生成、抗氧化物质的抗/促氧化效应及其机制作一综述,为动物的抗氧化研究和科学使用抗氧化剂提供参考.     

鸡蛋中的抗氧化成分及其抗氧化活性的影响因素

鸡蛋是最常见的动物源食品,不仅含有丰富的蛋白质、维生素和矿物质等营养成分,而且含有丰富的类胡萝卜素、维生素E、硒、碘等抗氧化物质。抗氧化物质可以延迟、防止或消除有害物质对靶分子产生的氧化损伤,提高机体免疫力,有益于人体健康。一些亲脂性抗氧化剂可以从饲料转移到蛋黄中,从而生产富抗氧化剂鸡蛋。鸡蛋加工、贮藏以及人的胃肠消化都可能成为其中抗氧化剂活性的影响因素。     

水溶性抗氧化剂在水分散型复合维生素中的应用

水溶性抗氧化剂是指能溶解于水的一类抗氧化物质,主要通过对氧化离子的掩蔽而发挥其抗氧化作用,同时还能够对含水油脂和脂类乳化物中的脂溶性抗氧化剂产生辅助和强化作用。常用的水溶性抗氧化剂包括茶多酚、迷迭香酸、抗坏血酸、硫辛酸、植酸、氨基酸、肽类等。近年来,水溶性抗氧化剂在水分散型复合维生素中的应用研究多集中在抗氧化机理及复配组合应用领域。     

水溶性抗氧化剂在水分散型复合维生素中的应用

水溶性抗氧化剂是指能溶解于水的一类抗氧化物质,主要通过对氧化离子的掩蔽而发挥其抗氧化作用,同时还能够对含水油脂和脂类乳化物中的脂溶性抗氧化剂产生辅助和强化作用。常用的水溶性抗氧化剂包括茶多酚、迷迭香酸、抗坏血酸、硫辛酸、植酸、氨基酸、肽类等。水溶性抗氧化剂在水分散型复合维生素中的应用研究近年来多集中在抗氧化机理及复配组合应用领域。     

微生物源性抗氧化剂对大鼠抗氧化及损伤修复的作用

本试验以脂多糖(LPS)致氧化损伤大鼠为模型,研究微生物源性抗氧化剂对大鼠生长性能、脏器系数、抗氧化及损伤修复的作用。将64只70日龄SD大鼠随机分成4组,每组16只,雌雄对半。对照组和损伤模型组饲喂基础日粮,抗氧化剂组和损伤修复组饲喂基础日粮并添加0.8 mL/d.只微生物源性抗氧化剂。损伤模型组和损伤修复组腹腔注射LPS 1 mg/kg,对照组和抗氧化剂组注射等量的生理盐水,试验期22 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,抗氧化剂显著增加大鼠日增重,提高血清超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活力,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量和一氧化氮(NO)水平(P0.05),对脏器系数影响不显著。与损伤模型组相比,损伤修复组可提高大鼠抗氧化性能,修复损伤使大鼠抗氧化性能恢复至对照组水平,表明微生物源性抗氧化剂具有提高大鼠抗氧化性能、修复机体氧化损伤的作用。     

肉种鸡和产蛋鸡营养中维生素的抗氧化特性研究进展

自由基与多不饱和脂肪酸反应启动一个被称为生命系统中脂质过氧化反应以及食物氧化酸败的连锁反应过程.多不饱和脂肪酸更易氧化,导致有毒产物的形成.由于胚胎组织中不饱和脂肪酸含量较高,在肉种鸡日粮中使用抗氧化剂可以改善雏鸡的氧化状态.带壳蛋被认为具有抗氧化酸败的作用,然而研究表明食用蛋中的卵黄脂质在储存时易被氧化,这种氧化受到储存时间、温度及卵黄脂肪酸不饱和程度的影响.因此有许多在蛋鸡饲料中添加抗氧化剂来保持其营养价值的试验研究.文献表明,卵黄中的VE具有抗氧化活性,对孵化期的胚胎以及初生的雏鸡均有较好的保护作用.然而这些研究均未考虑到维生素对孵化率的影响.由于经济方面的因为.维生素的实际使用量明显低于研究中的建议使用量,因此,它在胚胎中的积极作用以及雏鸡的抗氧化作用在生产中的应用价值不是很大.其他抗氧化剂如角黄素等与VE具有协同作用,然而,这些高成本的物质可能限制了它们在肉种鸡上的应用.本文综述了肉种鸡和产蛋鸡营养中的维生素(特别是VE)对胚胎组织和卵黄脂抗氧化性的影响.     

荞麦花粉甲醇提取物对羟基自由基致DNA损伤的保护作用

【目的】研究荞麦花粉甲醇提取物的抗氧化作用。【方法】以羟基自由基诱导2-脱氧核糖和pBR322DNA氧化损伤为模型,研究荞麦花粉甲醇提取物对羟基自由基致DNA氧化损伤的保护作用。【结果】荞麦花粉甲醇提取物的还原力,Fe2+的络合能力和对羟基自由基的清除能力均与其在反应体系中的含量成正相关。【结论】荞麦花粉是一种有效的羟基自由基清除剂;且在体外环境,对羟基自由基氧化损伤的pBR322 DNA有保护作用。     

动物氧化应激与免疫的研究进展

氧化应激是对动物生产造成巨大经济损失的常见问题之一,它是机体自由基生成增加或(和)清除能力降低,引起机体氧化系统和抗氧化系统紊乱,导致自由基在体内积累而引起的氧化损伤过程。然而,机体抗氧化系统与免疫系统密不可分,其中,核转录因子-κB(NF-κB)信号通路是联系2个系统的重要途径。目前,应用外源抗氧化剂改善动物健康和提高肉制品品质的研究较多,如植物多酚、维生素A和维生素E等。但是,这类试验大多思路较窄,着眼点片面,缺乏系统性探讨。本文在详述氧化应激与免疫关系的基础上,对外源抗氧化剂调控机体免疫系统的研究现状进行了分析与总结。     

维生素E的新用途

维生素Ｅ的新用途维生素Ｅ的生理功能极为多样化，其主要生理功能是抗氧化作用，还有维持动物的生理机能。通过对小白鼠的实验证明，维生素Ｅ可抗亚硝酸盐中毒。其机理是因为维生素Ｅ是抗氧化剂，它与具有氧化作用的亚硝酸盐相遇时，有保持血红蛋白不被氧化的作用。在亚硝...     

适用技术摘萃

饲料用复方抗氧化剂——鲜灵(Endox) 饲料需添加抗氧化剂,目的是防止饲料的油脂酸败,减慢饲料中维生素的损失和饲料氧化产生褐变,延长贮藏期并保存美味。不同的抗氧化剂对特定的物质抗氧化能力表现不同,饲料是由多种原料组成,故复方抗氧化剂具有相加作用。当前,台湾省建明公司生产的鲜灵是一种     

转基因水稻对蜜蜂及其产品潜在性影响研究初探

本文以蜂花粉团重量差别研究蜜蜂采集的偏爱性,以阵列杂交技术比较混合蜂花粉和水稻蜂花粉中的蛋白种类,并探讨可食性稻花粉开发利用的可能性和蜂花粉作为检测转基因蜂蜜的可行性,根据转基因水稻对蜜蜂及其产品存在潜在影响的必然性,强调建立检疫转基因蜂产品体系的紧迫性.     

中蜂对不同蜂花粉的取食偏好

以来自不同地区的10个蜂花粉,在云南及重庆两地的缺粉季节饲喂中蜂蜂群,探索中蜂对花粉取食的偏好。研究结果显示中蜂蜂群对来自不同地方不同种类的花粉有选择偏好性,对同种花粉选择差异性不显著,发现中蜂对所用的山东茶花粉的取食量最大。     

2011年转地蜂场生产蜂花粉经济效益调查

调查了浙江省缙云县80家转地蜂场2011年生产蜂花粉的经济效益,结果显示:2011年蜂花粉平均产量3.49 kg/群,同比增长175.79%,平均产值87.70元/群,同比增长160.86%,占群总产值的7.85%,为8年来最高。其中,蜂花粉收入前10位蜂场的蜂群饲养量平均168群/家,蜂花粉收入35 007元/家(207.88元/群),占蜂场年总收入的16.48%,表明蜂花粉生产在提高蜂农经济效益中大有可为。在与历年数据综合比较分析的基础上,探讨了蜂花粉生产的经济效益以及存在的问题,并提出了一些合理化建议。     

蜂花粉深加工产品开发研究进展

为了探明当前蜂花粉深加工产品的开发研究进展,本文在参考大量文献的基础上结合多年生产实践,阐述了蜂花粉片、蜂花粉功能性饮料、花粉酸奶、花粉酒、花粉化妆品等深加工产品的制作特点和工艺,为蜂花粉深加工产品相关研究人员提供了宝贵参考。     

茶（Camellia sinensis）蜂花粉与蜂粮中花粉形态和营养成分的比较

采用扫描电子显微镜观察茶蜂花粉和不同酿制时间的蜂蜂中花粉粒外部形态和萌发沟,没有发现花粉的细胞壁和细胞结构被破坏的迹象,花粉粒在蜂粮酿制过程中外部形态保持不变。通过体外模拟消化试验和光学显微镜观察,发现蜂粮中花粉粒内含物外吐的数量比蜂花粉多,而且在蜂粮酿制过程中,随着时间的延长,其内含物外吐的花粉粒所占的比例增加,花粉内含物外吐使花粉更易于被破壁和消化。蜂花粉和蜂粮中营养成分测定结果表明,蜂粮配制初期,由于蜜蜂的添加物和乳酸发酵的作用,其蛋白质、总糖含量比蜂花粉高;随着配制时间的延长,蜂粮中营养成分有下降的趋势。     

Consumption of bee pollen affects rat ovarian functions

The aim of this study was to examine possible effects of bee pollen added to the feed mixture (FM) on rat ovarian functions (secretion activity and apoptosis). We evaluated the bee pollen effect on the release of insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) and steroid hormones (progesterone and estradiol), as well as on the expression of markers of apoptosis (Bcl‐2, Bax and caspase‐3) in rat ovarian fragments. Female rats (n = 15) were fed during 90 days by FM without or with rape seed bee pollen in dose either 3 kg/1000 kg FM or 5 kg/1000 kg FM. Fragments of ovaries isolated from rats of each group (totally 72 pieces) were incubated for 24 h. Hormonal secretion into the culture medium was detected by RIA. The markers of apoptosis were evaluated by Western blotting. It was observed that IGF‐I release by rat ovarian fragments was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased; on the other hand, progesterone and estradiol secretion was increased after bee pollen treatment at dose 5 kg/1000 kg FM but not at 3 kg/1000 FM. Accumulation of Bcl‐2 was increased by bee pollen added at 3 kg/1000 kg FM, but not at higher dose. Accumulation of Bax was increased in ovaries of rats fed by bee pollen at doses either 3 or 5 kg/1000 kg FM, whilst accumulation of caspase‐3 increased after feeding with bee pollen at dose 5 kg/1000 kg FM, but not at 3 kg/1000 kg FM. Our results contribute to new insights regarding the effect of bee pollen on both secretion activity (release of growth factor IGF‐I and steroid hormones progesterone and estradiol) and apoptosis (anti‐ and pro‐apoptotic markers Bcl‐2, Bax and caspase‐3). Bee pollen is shown to be a potent regulator of rat ovarian functions.     

Effect of different levels of bee pollen on performance and blood profile of New Zealand White bucks and growth performance of their offspring during summer and winter months

The effect of bee pollen on productive and reproductive performances of adult buck rabbits and their offspring was studied during winter and summer seasons. Forty New Zealand White bucks were equally divided among four groups feeding the same commercial diet and receiving a water solution containing, respectively, 0 (control), 100, 200 and 300 mg bee pollen/kg body weight, twice per week along two experimental periods. The experimental periods were listed for ten weeks both during winter (30–40 weeks of age) and summer seasons (56–66 weeks of age). During the trials body weight, body weight gain, total feed intake, semen quality, fertility and blood constituents were determined. Fertility was determined after natural mating with no treated females. For each season, 80 weaned rabbits obtained from the bucks of the control group were equally divided (20 per group) among 4 levels (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg BW) of bee pollen, given as a water solution twice per week. The offspring sired by bucks given 100, 200 and 300 mg (20 for each group and season) were not administrated bee pollen. The effect of bee pollen on growth performance of rabbits was studied from 4 to 12 weeks of age. Bee pollen at 200 mg/kg BW significantly (p < 0.01) improved semen quality, increased fertility percentage, improved biochemical profiles of blood and helps outstanding of bucks during both seasons. The same concentration of bee pollen increased body weight gain and survival rate and reduced feed intake and feed conversion ratio of offspring up to 12 weeks of age.     

Effect of bee pollen levels on productive, reproductive and blood traits of NZW rabbits

Forty New Zealand White (NZW) rabbit does were equally divided among four groups feeding the same commercial diet and receiving a water solution containing, respectively, 0 (control), 100, 200 and 300 mg bee pollen/kg body weight (BW), 1 week before and after mating during moderate (October-February) and hot seasons (May-September) for three consecutive mating in each season. Does were mated with non-treated adult NZW male rabbits 11 days after kindling. Body weight of does, number of service per conception, conception rate, feed intake, litter size, milk production, blood constituents, weight of kits from birth up to weaning and survival rate were determined. For each season, 80 weaned rabbits originated from the does of the control group (untreated does) were equally divided into four groups (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg BW) of bee pollen, given as a water solution twice per week from 4 to 12 weeks of age. The kit of the does given 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg BW did not receive bee pollen during the growing period (4-12 weeks of age). The effect of bee pollen on growing rabbit's performance was studied from 4 to 12 week of age. Bee pollen at 200 mg significantly (p < 0.01) increased body weight of does, conception rate, milk yield, litter size; improved biochemical profiles of blood and helps outstanding of does during both seasons. The same dose of bee pollen significantly increased kit growth and their survival rate until weaning. Growth and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of kits from the treated does during 4-8 weeks of age were significantly better than growth of kits from the untreated does that administrated bee pollen during 4-12 weeks of age. Meanwhile, during the following period (8-12 weeks of age) growth and FCR of kits given bee pollen from the untreated does were significantly better than that of treated does.     

速溶蜂花粉的抗疲劳作用研究

为了研究速溶蜂花粉的抗疲劳作用,给小鼠灌胃不同剂量的速溶蜂花粉21d后,进行负重游泳实验,分别测定小鼠的负重游泳时间,运动后的肝糖元、血乳酸和血清尿素氮含量。结果表明：速溶蜂花粉可以明显延长小鼠游泳时间,减少肝糖元消耗,降低血乳酸和血清尿素氮含量。破壁蜂花粉的抗疲劳效果显著,速溶蜂花粉的中高剂量组具有显著效果,其中高剂量组（5g／kg）抗疲劳效果最好。     

台湾市售蜂花粉产品之抗氧化活性特性分析

随着保健养生的意识的增强,人们于利用蜜蜂相关产品的基础上,逐渐地了解且接触并开始应用蜂花粉。蜂花粉中的多酚类及黄酮类化合物提供了良好的抗氧化活性,对人类的健康有很大的益处,可减少人体被自由基攻击。蜂花粉的成分及香气亦会因花粉来源不同而有很大的差异,本研究将针对常见的几种蜂花粉产品进行抗氧化活性测试并比较之间的差异性。在此分别针对油菜花粉、花莲百草花粉、蒲盐花粉、茶花粉、松花粉、含羞草花粉、云林百草花粉等7种不同蜂花粉产品进行抗氧化测试包含清除DPPH自由基能力、清除氢氧自由基能力、清除超氧自由基能力、抑制亚麻油酸能力及还原力等抗氧化活性方法测试,并分析其总蛋白质含量及总酚类含量。结果显示,不同蜂花粉产品因花粉源、制程或加工不同,总酚类含量即不同,进而影响了抗氧化活性之表现。其中以油菜花粉、花莲百草花粉及蒲盐花粉于多项抗氧化能力测定下,具有较佳之抗氧化性效能。