不同硼水平对双低油菜华双4号产量和品质的影响

以甘蓝型常规油菜品种中油821(双高品种)为对照,通过盆栽试验研究了不同硼水平对甘蓝型双低油菜华双4号子粒产量和品质的影响。结果看出,两个油菜品种在缺硼条件下,施硼量从B 0.3 mg/kg增加到B 2.5 mg/kg时,单株角果数、每角粒数和子粒产量显著增加,但增加到B 5.0 mg/kg时,每株角果数、每角粒数和子粒产量显著降低,硼过量影响产量建成。在硼缺乏和硼过量条件下,华双4号的减产程度均高于中油821,表明双低优质油菜华双4号对缺硼和硼过量的反应较常规双高油菜中油821敏感。硼缺乏或过量时,两个品种子粒含油量和油酸含量均表现降低的趋势,而蛋白质含量呈增加趋势。本试验的结果表明,合理施用硼肥对子粒产量的影响大于对品质的影响,而高产优质品种华双4号更应注重硼肥的合理施用;我国栽培油菜的土壤有效硼的适宜浓度可以提高至B 1.0 mg/kg.但硼肥的安全施用应当控制在土壤有效硼含量为B 2.5 mg/kg以下。     

不同硼水平对双低油菜华双4号产量和品质的影响

以甘蓝型常规油菜品种中油821（双高品种）为对照,通过盆栽试验研究了不同硼水平对甘蓝型双低油菜华双4号籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果看出,两个油菜品种在缺硼条件下,施硼量从B 0.3 mg/kg增加到B 2.5 mg/kg时,单株角果数、每角粒数和籽粒产量显著增加,但增加到B 5.0 mg/kg时,每株角果数、每角粒数和籽粒产量显著降低,硼过量影响产量建成。在硼缺乏和硼过量条件下,华双4号的减产程度均高于中油821,表明双低优质油菜华双4号对缺硼和硼过量的反应较常规双高油菜中油821敏感。硼缺乏或过量时,两个品种籽粒含油量和油酸含量均表现降低的趋势,而蛋白质含量呈增加趋势。本试验的结果表明,合理施用硼肥对籽粒产量的影响大于对品质的影响,而高产优质品种更应注重硼肥的合理施用;我国栽培油菜的土壤有效硼的适宜浓度可以提高至B 1.0 mg/kg,但硼肥的安全施用应当控制在土壤有效硼含量为B 2.5 mg/kg以下。     

安徽省直播冬油菜氮磷钾硼肥施用效果研究

针对安徽省直播冬油菜产量水平不高和施肥效率较低的问题,通过大田试验研究氮磷钾硼肥对安徽省直播冬油菜产量、经济效益、养分吸收利用和肥料利用率的影响。结果表明,氮磷钾硼肥配合施用处理的籽粒产量和产值最高,分别达1 850 kg/hm2和7 583元/hm2,各肥料增产顺序为NPKB;扣除肥料成本,施肥效益为NPB≈K。NPKB处理的各养分吸收积累也最高,缺氮和缺磷处理显著降低油菜地上部各养分吸收积累。NPKB处理在产量、施肥效益、养分积累和肥料表观利用率、贡献率上均高于农民习惯施肥处理。说明在安徽直播油菜栽培时,农民需改变沿袭下来的移栽油菜的施肥技术模式,推广使用新的氮磷钾硼肥配合施用技术模式。     

硼、钼营养对甘蓝型油菜产量和品质影响的研究

采用盆栽试验方法,研究施硼、钼和硼钼配施对两个油菜品种种子产量和品质的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,两品种3个处理(+B、+Mo、+B+Mo)的子粒产量均有显著的增产作用,中双6号(双低品种)增幅均达到显著水平,其中以+Mo处理增产效果最好;中油821(双高品种)+B和+B+Mo处理的增幅高于+Mo处理。单施硼肥(+B)和钼肥(+Mo),中双6号增产效果高于中油821;硼、钼配施(+B+Mo),中油821的增产效果好于中双6号。两个油菜品种含油量显著高于对照,其中+Mo处理增幅最大,中油821以+B处理增幅最大,但处理间差异均不显著;芥酸含量较对照明显下降,中双6号以+Mo和+B+Mo处理降低显著,分别下降了1.0和0.8个百分点,中油821下降幅度为1.4～6.4个百分点,以+B、+B+Mo处理下降较为显著;中双6号硫甙含量较对照下降1.5%～13.1%,其中+Mo和+B+Mo处理差异显著,中油821降幅为9.0%～29.1%,差异均达显著水平。本文的研究结果表示,硼、钼营养有利于油菜子粒产量的提高和品质的改善,但影响的程度在不同品种中存在差异。     

施肥对红壤地区直播油菜生长、产量及养分吸收的影响

2009～2010年在江西典型红壤地区设置直播油菜氮磷钾硼肥田间试验,研究施肥对直播油菜生长发育、籽粒产量及N、P、K养分吸收与累积的影响。结果表明,红壤上直播油菜各施肥处理中以NPKB处理的籽粒产量和施肥效益最高,分别为1 722 kg/hm2和1 469元/hm2,而N、P、K、B任何一种养分缺乏均影响油菜的正常发育和籽粒产量。本试验条件下,红壤直播油菜的养分限制因子为P>B>N>K。施肥对直播油菜N、P、K养分的吸收和累积有明显影响,各养分间存在相互影响和制约的关系,NPKB处理最有利于养分吸收及累积,其氮、磷、钾肥吸收利用率分别为29.3%、59.5%和89.1%,均为最高。红壤地区直播油菜的高产应积极推广氮磷钾硼肥平衡配施措施,并实行氮、钾肥分次施用。     

不同施肥处理对油菜产量及品质的影响

通过在姜堰地区的大田试验,研究了不同施肥处理条件下油菜产量及籽粒品质的变化.试验设10个肥料处理:对照(不施肥,CK),缺氮(PKB)、缺磷(NKB)、缺钾(NPB)处理,大量营养元素平衡施肥处理(NPK)、增施微量营养元素处理(NPKB、NPKBZn),不同氮肥施用量处理(1/2N+PKB、3/2N+PKB、2N+PKB).结果表明:①缺失氮、磷、钾中任何一种养分时均能降低油菜产量,且当氮肥施用量为N 18 kg/667m2时,产量最高,而硼和锌肥对油菜增产没有显著效果.②在氮、磷、钾缺素处理中,油菜硫甙含量大小顺序为NKB＞ PKB＞ NPB,芥酸含量大小顺序为PKB＞NKB＞NPB,油菜含油量没有显著变化,油酸含量为NPB＞NKB＞PKB,蛋白质含量在PKB处理下最低.③在NPK处理平衡施肥条件下,施加硼肥能显著降低硫甙和芥酸含量,显著增加油菜含油量、油酸、蛋白质含量;继续增施锌肥对油菜含油量没有显著影响,但能进一步显著降低硫甙和芥酸含量,并显著提高油菜油酸和蛋白质含量;④油菜硫甙对氮肥施用量具有拐点效应.油菜芥酸含量随着氮肥施用量的增加而显著降低.氮肥施用过高(2N+PKB)显著降低含油量.氮肥施用量对蛋白质的影响趋势和油酸一致,即先随施氮量(＜ 12 kg/667m2)的增加而显著增加,而进一步增施氮肥则没显著变化.     

硼肥用量对油菜产量与硼养分吸收的影响

以华油杂9号和中油杂12号为供试油菜品种,在鄂东油菜主产区布置田间试验,试验设置3个硼肥用量梯度,硼砂用量分别为0、3和12 kg/hm2,研究硼肥用量对两种油菜产量、干物质积累量和硼素积累量的影响。结果表明,土壤严重缺硼(有效硼含量为0.12 mg/kg)条件下,施硼显著提高油菜产量和地上部各部位生物量,促进硼素吸收,且其影响随着生育进程的推移而加大。试验条件下最佳硼肥(B含量11%)用量为3 kg/hm2,相比不施硼处理,华油杂9号和中油杂12号分别增产26.8%和38.4%。硼用量为3 kg/hm2时,华油杂9号和中油杂12号的硼肥相对利用率分别为32.2%和19.4%,硼用量进一步增加,利用率显著降低。两个油菜品种相比结果表明,不同品种油菜对硼的吸收利用能力及敏感程度不同,华油杂9号具有较强的吸收、利用硼的能力,而中油杂12号对缺硼更加敏感,增产幅度更显著。研究结果说明,在当前生产条件下,油菜施硼增产效果显著,但目前油菜生产中不施硼和推荐施硼量过大的现象同时存在,应根据实际情况进行调整。     

红壤地区直播油菜施硼对籽粒产量和品质的影响

红壤地区是我国重要的油菜种植区,研究直播冬油菜硼肥施用效果,为直播油菜科学施硼提供理论依据,对促进区域油菜产业发展有重要意义。2017—2018年在江西、湖南、湖北南部和广西北部油菜主产区布置7个硼肥大田试验,设置不施硼、施硼肥(含硼量100 g·kg~(–1))4.5 kg·hm~(–2)、9.0 kg·hm~(–2)、13.5 kg·hm~(–2)四个处理。结果表明,红壤地区土壤有效硼普遍含量低,直播油菜施硼增产效果显著,油菜籽平均产量和施硼经济效益在硼肥用量9.0kg·hm~(–2)时最高,与不施硼相比增产1 021 kg·hm~(–2),增产率达110.6%,分别较施用硼肥4.5 kg·hm~(–2)和13.5 kg·hm~(–2)增产16.6%和3.1%。施硼显著增加直播油菜收获密度、单株角果数和每角粒数,进而增加了油菜产量;同时硼肥的施用可显著提高油菜籽的含油率、油酸和亚油酸含量,与不施硼相比,施用硼肥9.0 kg·hm~(–2)处理各品质指标分别增加26.9%、45.9%和72.6%,相应增加产油量136.1%。在硼肥用量13.5 kg·hm~(–2)范围内,油菜地上部硼含量和硼累积量随着施硼量的增加而增加,但硼肥利用率呈现降低的趋势,硼肥用量为9.0 kg·hm~(–2)处理的硼肥当季利用率也仅为9.4%。综合结果显示,红壤地区直播油菜施硼增产增收效果显著,直播油菜生产中应重视硼肥的合理施用,区域硼肥的推荐用量为9.0 kg·hm~(–2)左右。     

平衡施肥对白浆土水稻产量及品质的影响

通过土壤测试、田间试验和品质分析,明确了三江平原桦川县创业乡丰年村白浆土养分供应状况和水稻平衡施肥效果。结果显示,该土壤98.4%缺氮,76.6%缺磷,97.7%缺钾,72.7%缺锌,35.9%缺硼。与最佳处理(OPT)相比,不施氮肥减产26.2%,不施磷肥减产12.1%,不施钾肥减产10.3%,不施锌肥减产24.2%,不施肥(CK)减产39.9%。与OPT处理相比,不施氮肥、磷肥、钾肥、锌肥、硼肥和CK的经济效益分别降低3936、1774、1527、4070、886和5643元/hm2。平衡施肥(OPT)与农民习惯施肥(FP)相比增产20.3%,经济效益增加3283元/hm2,粗蛋白含量增加0.13个百分点,直链淀粉含量降低0.84个百分点,胶稠度增加1.7 mm,对改善稻米品质有积极作用。     

硼对甘蓝型油菜不同品种苗期生理特性的影响

油菜是我国的主要油料作物之一,种植面积和总产量均居世界首位.油菜也是需硼较多的作物,我国几乎所有油菜主要产区都存在不同程度的土壤有效硼不足现象,严重影响油菜生产[1].80年代中期在推广单低、双低油菜品种时发现优质油菜品种比普通油菜对缺硼反应更敏感,随后我国不少地方开展了油菜缺硼基因型差异的研究[2～4]     

Transformation of the Bryansk Paleosol in Microdepressions in the Center of the East European Forest-Steppe during the Maximum of Valdai Glaciation and in the Holocene

Eurasian Soil Science - Recent and Late Pleistocene soils of the central forest-steppe in the East European Plain have been studied. The main objective of the work is to reveal changes in the...     

Changes in the structure of the rhizosphere complex of actinomycetes in the ontogenesis of winter rye

Changes in the taxonomic structure of actinomycetes in the rhizosphere of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) growing on acid soddy-podzolic soil were studied. During the first stages of ontogenesis of winter rye, the rhizosphere complex of mycelial prokaryotes was characterized by a relatively level generic structure (with respect to the indices of abundance and frequency of particular genera), low values of the species diversity, and low domination frequency of the species from the Streptomyces genus. The numbers and species diversity of the streptomycetes increased during the further growth of the winter rye, so that streptomycetes became a dominant group in the complex of the rhizosphere actinomycetes. According to the two-way ANOVA, the population density of the Micromonospora and the Streptosporangium genera in the rhizosphere was mainly dictated by the winter rye variety, whereas the population density of the streptomycetes depended on the particular stage of the winter rye development. The differences between the actinomycetal complexes characteristic of different varieties of winter rye at the early stages of its development was leveled by the end of the winter rye growth.     

Evolution of forest pedogenesis in the south of the forest-steppe of the Central Russian Upland in the Late Holocene

The Late Holocene stage of forest pedogenesis has been studied on the interfluves along river valleys in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian Upland. The development of gray forest soils from the former chernozems as a result of the Late Holocene advance of forest vegetation over steppes is discussed. It is argued that the climatic conditions of the Subatlantic period were unstable, so that multiple alternation of forest and steppe vegetation communities took place. This specified a complex character of soil evolution upon contrasting substitution of forest pedogenesis for steppe pedogenesis. On the interfluves near the natural drainage network (balkas, ravines, and steep slopes of river valleys), the climate-driven dynamics of forest and steppe vegetation with corresponding changes in the character of pedogenesis could take place during the entire Holocene, which is reflected in a lower thickness of humus profiles and deeper leaching of carbonates from chernozems of the Early Iron Age in comparison with their analogues formed under steppe cenoses in central parts of the interfluves. Two variants of the evolution of gray forest soils can be suggested: the pulsating evolution typical of balkas and interfluves near river valleys and the continuous progressive evolution typical of automorphic (plakor) positions in central parts of the interfluves.     

Accumulation of chemical elements in the raised peatbogs of the subtaiga Trans-Urals in the Holocene

The results of studying the variability of the geochemical parameters of the layers of the Sartamskii upland peatbog in the south of Tyumen oblast based on the radiocarbon time scale are given. Four basic types of peat and stages of peat deposits formation in the Holocene are distinguished: the organomineral layer of the sediments in a paleolake (up to 5065 ± 60 years ago), the low moor layer (4300–4900 years ago), the transitional layer (3100–4300 years ago), and the high moor peat (250–3100 years ago). The upper peat layer (last 200–300 years) significantly differs from its main portion; in particular, it is characterized by an increased ash content and the accumulation of a number of elements. The relationship between the various characteristics of the deposit is analyzed using principal component analysis, and the conditions of the formation of the peat deposit in different time periods are estimated, including the climatic conditions (in relative units). The anthropogenic signal of the accumulation of some elements in wetland systems is identified.     

论图书馆数字馆藏资源建设中亟待解决的问题

论述数字馆藏的产生、概念和特点,分析数字馆藏资源建设中存在的问题,探讨数字馆藏资源建设中应采取的策略。     

Variations in the composition of the sap of zea mays with the increase in osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution

The alterations are studied which are produced in the content of mineral elements and organic fractions of sap with the increase in the osmotic pressure of the nutritive solution at levels of 2.0; 3.5 and 5.0 atm., obtained through the addition to the nutritive solution either of magnesium sulphate or PEG‐4000.

Through the effect of the osmotic pressure, the transformations are modified of the nitrogen and mineral phosphorus at organic fractions experience a series of modifications which produce different values in the Nm%TSN and Pm%TSP ratios with respect to control. Through action of the specific effect of magnesium sulphate, the reducing sugars concentrations in sap having an important increase.     

Seasonal changes in the communities of microorganisms and algae in the litters of tree plantations in the steppe zone

Specific structural and dynamic parameters of communities from various ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms and algae in the litter of artificial tree stands were studied using the example of the Staro-Berdyansky Forest in the steppe zone of Ukraine. The composition of the communities was shown to vary by seasons and depend on the forest-forming woody species. In spring, in all the litters, the maximal number of actinomycetes and aminotrophs was recorded; in the leaf litter, the number of phosphate-mobilizing organisms was also the largest. In summer, the development of cellulolytic organisms, ammonifiers, and nitrogen-fixers was intensified; in autumn, the number of micromycetes and oligotrophic organisms decreased. The composition of dominants, the species richness of algae and their abundance also varied by seasons. Representatives of the Chlorophyta division predominated. The highest species richness of algae was characteristic of the spring litter samples, and their number, for the spring and autumn ones. The positive correlation was established between the numbers of micromycetes and oligotrophs, micromycetes and algae. The negative correlation was found between the numbers of micromycetes and actinomycetes, cellulose-decompose bacteria and algae in the litters.     

近50年博斯腾湖水位变化特征分析

以干旱区博斯腾湖为研究对象,依据博斯腾湖1956—2012年期间的水位监测数据,采用小波分析及MannKendall(M-K)趋势检验等统计学方法,揭示了近50a博斯腾湖水位变化趋势及规律。结果显示:博斯腾湖1956—2012年水位变化分为3个阶段下降(1956—1987年)—上升(1988—2002年)—下降(2003—2012年),其中1956—1987年水位下降了3.39m;1988—2002年上升了3.7m;2003—2012年再次下降了3.21m。水位总体上呈现出显著的下降趋势,且通过了α=0.05时的显著性检验。就其周期性变化规律而言,博斯腾湖水位存在18a的主周期,而38a的周期由于水位资料序列有限难以确定,需要更长的资料序列进行分析验证。     

Changes in the physical properties of soils in the Kamennaya Steppe under the impact of shelterbelts

The physical properties of ordinary chernozems and meadow-chernozemic soils under different land management practices (maple, larch, birch, and pine sections of the shelterbelts; continuous (since 1959) fallow; and arable field (since 1952)) were studied in the Kamennaya Steppe. The soils had favorable physicochemical properties, light clayey texture, and high microaggregation independently from the type of land management. The long-term impact of the shelterbelts improved the soil structure in the upper part of the humus horizon: the content of agronomically valuable aggregates increased, the content of coarse aggregates (>10 mm) decreased, the aggregation coefficient increased by 3.7–4.3 times, and the water stability of the aggregates became by 8–12% higher. The soils under the shelterbelts were characterized by minimum values of the bulk density and solid phase density and by maximum values of the total, active, and air porosities. At the same time, no considerable differences between water reserves in the studied range of soils were detected. The ratio of the optimum productive water range to the active (productive) water range (OPWR/AWR) within the upper soil meter varied from 0.42–0.44 to 0.45–0.54. This points to changes in the character of perched water: the content of intra-aggregate capillary-perched water decreases, and content of film perched water increases down the soil profile.     

Quality of used-snow discharged in the ST-Lawrence river,in the region of the Montreal Harbor

Snow disposal creates problems each year in Montreal. Snow dumping in water courses is favored due to both esthetic and economic considerations. Used snow must be considered as a potential pollutant. Its impact on the aquatic receiving environment is not well known. With river dumping in progress, snow samples were collected at 3 sites: Concorde Bridge, and at piers 30 and 52 in Montreal Harbor. Analysis of 28 routine parameters demonstrated that the quality of snow ultimately dumped in the river varies considerably according to its sources and the time it remains in the streets. Used-snow from residential areas was shown to be less polluted than the snow from commercial areas. Furthermore, from the total number of sampled districts, used-snow dumped at pier 30 appears to be relatively more polluted as it originated from downtown areas where vehicle circulation is more dense. Heavy metals in particles sizes between 0.45 and 63 μm represented more than 70% of the measured suspended solids which reflects the risk of bioaccumulation via benthic organisms. Principal component analysis of present data suggests that with analysis of chlorides, suspended solids and Pb alone, it is possible to approximately determine the quality of used-snow.